CHAPTER 1-3 Asdfghj

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) have been known by the Local
Government Units (LGU) as their general planning material for their community for the
next twenty years. It is a long-term type of document which shows the blueprint or the
planned action such different projects, activities and programs (P/A/Ps) or a set of
policies made by a specific political subdivision for the growth and development of their
community. A Comprehensive Land Use Plan includes guidance on how to make
decisions on public and private land developments proposals, the expenditures of
public funds, availability of tax policy, cooperative efforts and issues of pressing
concern, such as farmland preservation or the rehabilitation of older neighborhood
areas (Taylor, 2015). It would definitely help the community to shape into competitive
and increase quality of life. But it takes coordination, participation and governance to
achieve the desires goals and objectivezofzazcommunity.
Participation refers to an active process whereby beneficiaries influence the
direction and execution of development projects rather than merely receive a share of
project benefits (Samuel Paul, World Bank). Participation is an engagement of the two
parties such people and government to come up with one effective and efficient
decision. It is necessary for the people to participate in their community’s decision-
making considering that the pressing issue there is are being directly felt by the
residents. The problems and struggles will be the basis of local government to make a
plan that benefit them more rather than for self—interest. Through engagement,
suggestions and opinion will be added to the original plan, different perspectives and
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new information will be accommodated for making a best decision. Moreover, it will
help the policy-makers to understand the problems and struggles that their constituents
is facing so that they will makes a policy that solve it. Therefore, the solutions and
alternatives laid by them can be somewhat accurate to address their grievances.
The researchers believed that in the status quo, the local government
plan in connection to its people needs is not coordinated. There are situations that the
services and programs that is being made by the local government did not meet the
needs of the public especially those poorest of the poor or marginalized sector or
sometimes it is a matter of extension of the past plan. Without participation, there are
obviously no partnerships, no developments, and no program (Aref et al., 2010).
Alignment of what the public wants and needs and what the policymakers wanted to
do is the best way to understand the path or direction of their community in a long run.
Forming of Comprehensive Land use Plan shouldn’t rely only to the policymakers. The
researchers believed that it is not only the tasked of policymakers, although they have
the highest authority, who shall decide and determine the outcome of the community,
because they are not the one who feel and experience the problems of the public
outside of their offices but instead considering the opinion of people that always face
and encounter difficulties in their everyday life. Through participation and proper
governance of both parties, the researcher foresee the smooth decision-making
process, fair making of policies and laws, promoting partnership, increase trust of the
public to the government, accountability and transparency of the local government to
its people and the achievement of effective and efficient comprehensive land use plan.
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Theoretical Framework
The researchers adapted the participatory governance by Frank
Fischer which puts significance on the democratic involvement through deliberative
practices such as policymaking and decision making
Participatory governance seeks to deepen this citizens’ in the governmental
process by examining the assumptions and practices of the traditional view that
generally hinders the realization of a genuine participatory democracy (Gaventa, 2002
as cited by Fischer, 2012).
The theory explains that even though the citizens practices its
participation through voting and being a watchdog, a citizen can also be a part of the
actual process of the decision-making and the policy-making. In addition, rather than
speaking and giving subsidies for the marginalized citizens’ needs and issues,
participatory governance theory is about communicating with them to fully understand
their grievances.
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Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework exposed the flow of this study which
recognized the system approach that encompass the input which will be analyze
through process to come up with the output.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Farmers of  Request to
Barangay Prenza, conduct a thesis  The alignment
Lian, Batangas study in the
of needs of
municipality
Farmers of
 Profile Barangay
 Ownership of  Document
analysis of the Prenza, Lian,
land
Comprehensive Batangas under
 Number of years
Land Use Plan the
as farmers
 Number of Comprehensive
trainings taken  Interview with Land Use Plan
by the farmers the officials of of their
 Amount of Rodriguez, Municipality
funding received Rizal
 Number of
grants received  Conduct Survey
to farmers
 Farmers’ actual
needs and
concerns
FEEDBACK
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Statement of the Problem
Along with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of a community
are the plans for its constituents – one in particular are the local farmers. Local
farmers’ participation to their community’s decision making are said to be an important
tool for a sustainable agricultural development. Without participation, there are
obviously no partnerships, no developments, and no program (Aref et al., 2010).
Therefore, a lack of participation in the decision to implement an agricultural policy can
lead to failure in the agricultural development. In this study participation is used with
the involvement of farmers in decision making with the collaboration and interaction
with agricultural organizations.
1. What are the existing Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) programs and
services?
2. What is the Socio-Demographic profile of the farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian,
Batangas
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Civil Status
d. Educational Attainment
e. Family Members
f. Monthly Income
g. Years as a Farmer
h. Ownership of Land
i. Amount of subsidies or grants received
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3. What are the inadequacies and gaps of the programs and services for farmers
under Comprehensive Land Use Plan?
4. Are there established mechanisms that will promote cooperation among the
stakeholders?
5. What suggestions and proposed recommendations that can be derived in order
to re-align or re-program Comprehensive Land Use Plan for the benefit of the farmers?
Hypothesis
H01: There is a relationship between the participation of farmers,
and the programs and services included in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan of
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas
Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on the programs and services under the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan aligned with the needs of farmers of Barangay Prenza,
Batangas City. The respondents of this study were composed of 175 randomly
selected farmers which is from the sample size of the total population. A survey will be
conducted with the use of questionnaire to assess the effectiveness of the programs
and services under the CLUP.
The result of this study is not applicable to other local government units
depending upon its own Comprehensive Land Use Plan. This study will be conducted
with limited amount of money and time framework.
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Significance of the Study
This study aims to determine whether different programs and services
under Comprehensive Land Use Plan aligned with the needs of the farmers in
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas. The results of the study is also intended to be
beneficial to the policymakers, the community and future researchers.
Significance to the Community
To determine that the local government unit’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan is
aligned with the problems and needs of the community. In addition, the community
would be able to realize the existing programs and services that will mostly benefit
them and for them to criticize the changes and enhancement needed necessary for
their well being.
Significance to the Policymakers
As policymakers, the goal of their task is to determine what programs and
services will most help the problem of the farmers within the community. It will be
serve as a guide to make better programs and services, to remove the gaps existing
between the relationships of the local government unit (LGU) and the problems and
needs encountered by their people, especially farmers.
Significance to the Future Researchers
This study would help future researcher on conducting another study related to
the Comprehensive Land Use Plan and its alignment with the needs of the farmers. It
will also be their guide on understanding and recommending better programs and
services that a local government unit should create and provide to solve the needs
encountered by the farmers within their vicinity.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
(DILG). Department of Interior and Local Government
(NGO). Non-Government Organizations
Bottom-up approach. An approach in which there is a direct involvement of the
community in the decision making.
Decentralization. Transfer of authority from the National Government down to the
Local Government Units.
Decision Making. Formulating alternatives towards the needs and issues of the
recipients.
Marginalized Sector. Those one who usually experience injustice and unfair
approach from different sectors.
Policy Making. Refers to the actual actions of the government towards the needs and
issues
Sanggunian. Council within the municipality who are the member of policymaking
Top-bottom approach. The decision comes from the higher authority
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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature
Each local government unit shall have a comprehensive multi-sectoral
development plan to be initiated by its development council and approved by its
sanggunian. For this purpose, the development council at the provincial, city,
municipal, or barangay level, shall assist the corresponding sanggunian in setting the
direction of economic and social development, and coordinating development efforts
within its territorial jurisdiction. The Local Government Code was enacted into law,
transferring control and responsibility of delivering basic services to the hands of local
government units (R.A. No. 7160).
Under this enactment, it mandates that the local government units shall
have its plan for its constituents to sustain development. In addition, the local
government units are not to be seen as a single unit on deciding the plans for their
constituents as the law mentions different groups to assist the said plan. Local
Government Code also enhances the term decentralization as it promotes to transfer
authority to the lower level.
Different Approach of Agriculture Farming
Strategic farming in farm management in the 21st century consist of two
methodology – strategic and tactical. Strategic management consists of charting the
overall long-term course of business. While tactical management consists of short-run
actions that keep the business moving along the chosen course until the destination is
reach (Kay et al., 2012).
Along with the strategic approach of farmers in the United States – except
Hawaii and Alaska – are the factors of decision making in the environment of
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agriculture. These are the biological processes and weather, fixed supply of land,
small size, and perfect competition. The following factors assists the farmers in making
their decision for their farmlands. With the farmers given the opportunity to plan and
decide for themselves, the state is giving them management independence and
freedom in which is an important variable for them as a farmer. In addition, with the
factors of decision-making given, in can be concluded that farmers are aware with the
common problem that arises during their actual farming and harvest.
For growing economies, agricultural development entails diversification
into high-value activities. Such activities are best seen in the context of value chains
that link farmers to modern markets (Briones et al., 2014). Farmers’ link to modern
markets involves a farmers who directly sell to institutional buyers, often under a
contract growing arrangement.
Linking small farmers to modern markets is seen as effective by the study
wherein it shows that non-contract farmers spend a lot for their cost of farming but only
gain a little while contract farmers spend a little for their cost of farming but gain much
more than a non-contract farmer. One of the contributing part on why contract farmers
gain more than a non-contract is because of the absence of a middle-man -
considering that a non-contract spends more for the reason he has to pay the middle-
man for the delivery of his crops to market – and a contract farmer can have its own
reasonable price for his harvest.
In relation to this study, one of its recommendation is for the government
to establish enabling environment for the expansion of supply chains. As it was seen in
the data that farmers who have access to modern market have higher net farm income
than a non-contract farmer who sell its harvest first to a middle-man then to market.
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Also, since Philippines has the face of seasonal climate variability, the
smallholder farmers, particularly those in rural communities, are among the most
adversely affected. As a way to address this, together with concern on low productivity,
the Philippine government has been implementing a range of risk management
programs for farmers and other agricultural stakeholders (Reyes et al., 2009). Given
the unanticipated occurrence happening in the Philippines such as drought, flood and
other natural calamities, it is only considerable to make contingency plans to address
these kinds of events. One of the preferred action of the farmers to approach this
problem is through special assistance programs such as irrigation and seeds
provision. It is also noticeable that the farmers in the Philippines are somewhat
synonymous with marginalized people, it is appropriate to consider the fact that
government needed to support and subsidized them. Another given program in the
study presented is the crop insurance in which the government has to subsidize the
loss of crops, livestock and agricultural assets on account of natural calamities.
Crop insurance can be seen as an ambitious program for a developing
country like the Philippines. Given that it is a tropical country, it likely prone to these
kinds of events. According also to the data in the study, from 1981 to 2007, the
program was able to serve a total of 3,468,155 farmers insuring a total sum of P 31
Billion. The program is somewhat suitable to what Filipino farmers are facing but with
the kind of amount given, its hindrance is that the government may not be able to
provide for this kind of program considering that agriculture is not one of its main
priority in the national budget.
Further addition to this, is the entrepreneurial activities in agriculture. With
the farmers expected to retire in a decade or so, there is a need to entice a new
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generation of Filipinos to practice value-added agriculture to replace them in the future
(Santiago, 2014). This can be done by introducing entrepreneurial activities to the new
generations. One of the reason on why youth nowadays has no interest in the
agriculture sector is because of the reason that farmers, fishermen, and foresters are
among the poorest citizens in the Philippines. Considering that entrepreneurial
activities are somewhat seen as an effective tool for an economic development and
youth in this generation are into innovative idea, the author has mixed the two
expecting to see better results.
Even though the government continues to invest in the farm-to-market
roads, and other infrastructure that can help the production of farmers, it could still
mean nothing if there are no key players left to manage the farmland in the Philippines.
In the study, it proposes that in the younger years of a youth in an academic
institutions, they should enhance the interest of a student towards agriculture
education moreover in agricultural entrepreneurship.
Challenges and Problems of Farmers
According to IBON Foundation, the more farmers assert sustainable
agriculture practices, the bigger the challenges become. One immediate challenge is
how to bring back the health of the soil conditioned from decades of chemical farming.
Depending on soil quality, it takes about ten years of full organic farming practice for
farmers to enjoy the full benefits. Furthermore, chemical farming has encouraged
dependence on ready-made, easy to use but destructible chemical inputs, taking away
from the farmers their natural tendency to be observant and creativity.
Chemical and organic farming can be stated as two different ways of
farming. From the term itself, the chemical farming uses various kinds of chemical for
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an easier way of farming. Organic farming on the hand, focuses on natural way of
farming such as using excrement fertilizers and the actual nutrients present in the soil.
Chemical farming are also said to be dangerous not only on the soil itself but also on
the products there will be in the time of harvest. Moreover, with the chemical farming
present in the farming methods of the farmers, this may hinder them from innovating
alternatives in the future as they are comfortable with the convenience the chemical
farming has brought them.
Another existing challenge a farmer faces nowadays, is the government’s
lack of genuine agrarian reform. It is difficult to sustain the gains of sustainable
agriculture if land reform at the minimum is not implemented. There are blatant cases
where farmers, just because they do not have land titles are forbidden by the land
owners to practice sustainable agriculture. The continuing promotion of conventional
farming by the government is a major hindrance to the advancement of sustainable
agriculture; organic farming can never develop side by side with chemical farming
(IBON Foundation, 2014).
Few of the elements given in the book entitled “Farm Management” by
Ronald D. Kay et al., are the advantages there are if a farmer owns his farmland.
Some of these are the pride of ownership and management independence and
freedom of a farmer. Given the cases in which farmers are often not allowed to
practice sustainable agriculture just because of them not being the owner of the land
they farm, it can be stated that with the actual land ownership of a farmer, they can
practice sustainable agriculture.
Inadequate application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has been identified by the
Food Staples Sufficiency Program (FSSP) as a major constraint in achieving rice self-
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sufficiency (Briones, 2016). Philippines has to be known as an agricultural country but
the goal to rice self – sufficiency remains tricky. According to Roehlano M. Briones,
one of the reason why the Philippines cannot achieve rice self-sufficiency is because
the farmers does not use enough amount of nitrogen fertilizer thus the crops
production here in the Philippines are lower compare to other countries like China,
Vietnam, and Indonesia who are major rice producers. The reason why farmers apply
small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is because of the price of fertilizer itself, and the
farmers’ lack of water supply or the irrigation supply of the municipality which is also
needed by this kind of fertilizer.
Another reason on why farmers – considering that most of them are traditional -
does not use nitrogen as their fertilizer is because they tend to think that investing on it
will just be a waste on their part for the reason that they save their left money for future
natural calamities or tragedies.
Comprehensive Land Use Plan
Land is a basis for livelihood especially farmers who till land for producing
main crops to sell in the markets and to earn income for their families. Land use
planning is a mechanism on identifying the available land to be regulated and the
comprehensive land use plan is the instruments that composed of projects, activities
and programs (P/A/Ps) that local government make for their municipality. “Current
Issues of the Philippine Land Use Planning and Management System” (Lech and
Leppert, 2018) stated that the most issues are the overlapping mandate and functions
of the Philippine land use planning and management system and mismatch of one
comprehensive land use plan to other national plan. The comprehensive land use plan
is made by the local government and it is being reviewed by the national government
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agency particularly the DILG. Sometimes, the plan is misaligned to other municipal
plan, the misinformation or incomplete information is one of the reason for the
incoherence of different municipal and national plan.
In accordance to the thought, this indifferences might also lead to the
dominant vested interest of local political elites to prioritized ad hoc projects that might
benefit them more instead of their localities. Rights and titles of land as well as proper
implementation are another issues regarding the Land Use Planning and Management
System in the Philippines. It is important that plans are coordinated with each other so
it will provide the same direction and for the public to know the path where the local
government plans to take its constituents.
A study of “How cities are planning to respond to climate change?” by
Reckien, Salvia, et al, discussed local climate plans of cities among 885 urban areas in
EU-28. Each differ on local climate plans that is being made from different urban cities
in Europe but the most used by these cities are mitigation and adaptation plans. Both
contribute on the preparation to climate change through different approaches but
Europe exercise the mitigation plans more because of its capability on reducing the
impact of climate change in long-term before it happens through the different
technology such as lowering the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and
planting of plants and trees. Although the two have a similar definition because they
prepare before a natural disaster happens. The geography of a city such size,
population and income, international climate networks and national regulation are the
factors that local government consider before making a Local Climate Plans (LCP) and
serves as an influential parameters in driving development of LCPs. The LCP of
Europe cities are drafted and published in a variety of forms, and vary in terms of
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detail, structure and scope depending upon the city. The study discussed that urban
cities differ from they approach on climate change depending upon the strong attack of
climate change and their factors as a city as well. Some may wanted to have a
mitigation plan rather than adaptation plans and vice versa. On the other hand, some
city make both mitigation and adaptation plans and some don’t. Through local climate
plans, cities respond to climate change.
Monitoring changes to our agricultural landscapes is critically important
for understanding and managing food production, conservation, and climate change as
well as informing and evaluating policies focused on addressing these grand
environmental challenges. Using advance technologies are important for the farmers
considering that they will be able to increase their production and have an alternative
mechanism on how they will boost their production. As years goes by, a lot of changes
happen in our environment and it should be consider by the farmers as well as the
policymakers. Monitoring changing to our landscapes are very important because we
will be able to distinguish what are the things that needs to be consider and what are
the best alternative to increase production of the farmers. It will also help the
policymakers to formulate policy that is suitable to the problem of the farmers such as
climate changes and understanding and managing food production. There agricultural
lands are not use properly because the farmers does not have enough knowledge on
what is the best crop to plant and best alternative in farming. In United States, the
Department of Agriculture’s Cropland Data Layer (CDL) provides an information about
land cover classification map and crop identification. In this kind of technology the
farmers will be able to cope up in every changes happen in their crop land because the
CDL gives the information publicly. The CDL is one of the tools that will help in monitor
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changes to agricultural landscape and it will help them to have a clear view on
understanding landscapes.
A human development is one factor for national development. In the study
conducted by Arturo Corpuz entitled, “Land Use Policy Impact on Human Development
in the Philippines,” the inadequacies of matters than a land use plan policies forgot to
consider before being made. It provides linkages and shortcomings that became one
factor on why land use plans cannot meet its goals and objectives. Although there are
land that are being used for another purposes depending upon of changing the image
of it, the study provides that as long as it is safe, secured, protect lifeline systems and
promote key services, a land becomes an important resource towards human
development.
Most land use plan that is being use at a local government unit stays at
the status quo of one political subdivisions, provided, however, that it will just solving a
single matter cynically but changed slowly, or worse, stays at its constant level. The
study stated that, if the basis for assessing the impacts of land use policies and plans
us the current state of the built environment and given obvious gaps in quality and
capacity, then it is reasonable to conclude that they have fallen short of expectations. If
the linkages continue to flow and its shortcoming is unaddressed, a land use plan
would not be successful even though some projects, activities and programs are being
budgeted and implemented and the development a local unit desire would not be able
to achieve.
If a local government plans an entire land use plan, it should also
consider up until the implementation process because if it does not, everything will go
to waste. A plan that is not being followed by another action, may lead to an
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uncertainty on achieving goals and objective set. If every projects, activities and
programs are being planned, invested, programmed, budgeted in an appropriate way
and implemented properly, a local government unit can achieve its own desired
development.
Land Use Planning is an instrument towards sustainable land
management. It consist different sub-set and its purposes confirm that it will make a
big impact on sustainable land management. A sustainable land management is a
process of using and managing all possible resources towards satisfying human wants
and needs and producing crops. According to the Graciela Metternicht, sustainable
land management encompasses the ecological, economic and socio-cultural
dimensions of sustainable development: as a process, it comprises land use planning,
land use design and land development.
Planning must come first because its capability to achieve certain goal. In
terms on land perspective, land use plan is a cause and the sustainable is the effect. If
the state is in the situation of achieving sustainable land management, land use plan
should be well-planned and consider the different factors it may affect in order to know
what should be change for the better. Land use planning has become a central
prerequisite for spatial development that aims at social, ecological and economic
sustainability.
Land use conversion has direct effect on the lives of indigenous
communities (Philippines Task Force for Indigenous People’s Right, 2016). The term
development and progress is not only for the local people in the community or the
people in a city. It is about positive change of the whole community that includes all of
its constituents. However, since the term development has been long associated with
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urban places, policymakers always tend to view development policies as industrious or
land conversion. One of the result in the case study conducted in Sofronio, Espanola,
about the land conversion in the land of the indigenous people, shows that land
conversion on indigenous land resulted on the grievances of its people such as
dispossession of land, decrease in livelihood sources and food insecurity dues to
environmental degradation and dwindling access to resources. This signifies that the
development policymakers think of for the indigenous are not appropriate for them.
Participation
According to Uphoff, as cited by Weston, self-confidence that is gained in
participation leads to empowerment, control and even liberation. Through participation,
the information that is being received have a clearer picture to depict the experiences
locals are having and as it increases the self-confidence of an individual, it also
remodels an original knowledge into a development solutions. With the development
that it has to an individual, according to IFAD, it also leads with the progress in social
and culture life and hence towards the development of the community itself.
According to Ashley and Maxwell (as cited by Etwire, el al, 2013), the
performance of the agriculture sector has a direct bearing on livelihoods, environment,
poverty and malnutrition. To enhance these performance and to also alleviate poverty
and malnutrition, and improve their livelihood and its environment, a bottom-up
approach must be administered in which instead of regarding farmers as a mere
benefactor of the programs the government has to offer, they must be viewed as
member of the process in decision making. Considering that they are the benefactor of
the programs and that they are the ones who understand the problem there are the
most, it would be only considerable that they can be a part of it, and this can lead to
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sustainable and development. Along with the recognition the bottom-up approach
towards development, it is also established by the study that its converse – top-bottom
approach – was seen as ineffective for the reason that it has insufficient information
from their benefactor.
Farmers’ participation is an important factor for sustainable agriculture in
rural areas such as North West province (Botlhoko and Oladele, 2013). For the
participation that the farmers have provided, local people has given the chance to
present their ideas towards their growth and also the priorities essential for their part. It
is also beneficial for the government to conduct its people’s participation for the reason
that they gain further trust from their constituents given that they construct the policy
needed – or even wanted – by them, and given the trust of government granted to the
local people towards decision making, they tend to have more faith to the
government’s actions and decision
Public Participation in governance involves the direct involvement – or
indirect involvement through representatives – of concerned stakeholders in decision-
making about policies, plans, programs in which they have an interest (Quick et al.,
2016). Through these direct or indirect involvement, stakeholders may interact with
different actors of policymakers such as government agencies, political leaders, non-
profit organization and business organization for the creation and implementation of
their desired policy.
In democratic states, public participation thus is a fundamental part of
public-democratic relationship considering that it highlights the engagement of the
citizens towards their policy in which at the end will still be felt by them. One of the key
themes of public participation is its legitimacy. Few of the arguments arises towards
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this is how participants can explain themselves clearly, use logical arguments and
utilize valid criteria for evaluating options and outcomes. It had to be understood that
the citizens’ participation in the decision and policy-making will not be based from their
desire and wants, but from what is truly needed by them to address their problems in
the community. The theme legitimacy focuses on how critical the public holds their
participation towards policy-making by creating a logical and valid arguments and
recommendations
Participation is a learning space for citizenship. The exercise arises from
the opportunity, access to information, and education. These factors combine in
building awareness of sustainable development. Public participation promotes
responsible, shared decision making on issues that affect individual and collective life
(Carriera et al., 2016).
Considering that participation is the learning space for citizens to practice
their rights towards the community, it is apparent that its key them is about democracy.
Democracy in a state can be associated with the constant communication between the
politicians and citizens and also with the level of trust the public has for its government
since it is said that trust in public institutions may influence the level and quality of
citizen participation in public policy, and develops public participation in politics and
increases support for democracy. With the practice of the citizens intervening with the
decision the state will have, and constantly communicating with the politicians, they
can further realize that they can control and regulate the powers given to the politicians
to ensure that the programs and services given to them are truly needed and
appropriate for them.
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To allow participation in the decision making process from the early stage
of related planning procedure as this will encourage citizens’ input in the planning
process and present the views of the entire community on specific issues to ensure the
proposed plan will mirror their aspirations.
Few of the problems of allowing the public to participate in decision
making are the technicalities and complex issues that may arise. That being stated, it
is considerable that the state will not left the decision alone to their hands, and that
they will be needing the government’s support as well. It can be understood as a give-
and-take relationship between the two variable, the public will feed the government or
state the specific issues and problems they are facing and eventually, the government
will supply them the appropriate solution towards their problems. And lastly, the
evaluation of the public will also be needed for the government to understand results of
their actions.
Involvement of the people has been found to be a necessary ingredient
for local project success in many projects and participation becomes more feasible
when the government is decentralized (Tapales, 2000).
It is an important ingredient for local governance for the reason that
through the involvement of people, the state can enumerate the problems and issues
being faced by the public and can produce a suitable policy for them. Partnership
between the government and the public is also one of the main key factor upon the
success in many projects. It has to be understood that these two works hand-in-hand
towards the development of the other.
People’s participation is not only talking about the public organizations but
also to different institutions such academe institutions, NGOs, church and media. The
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study entitled Democratizing governance in the Philippines: Redefining and measuring
the state of people’s participation (Buendia, 2005), discusses the measurement of the
people’s participation in the perspective of the marginalized sectors. It is believe that
through participation, it strengthens the democratic institutions and practices on the
enhancement of quality of government and public service. If one of all the systems is
only functioning, it will slowly move or worse it will not. It is important that the two sides
of the story are being heard so it would make a misunderstanding. People’s
participation especially the grassroots organization is an important aspect to
understand what government is for.
It is undertaken to better understand the state of people’s participation in
governance, upholding the principle of people-centered and people-powered
development and utilize an approach to measure it (Buendia, 2005). The government
being made for rendering services to the public is also the government which is tasked
on controlling people by letting them participate on different processes conducted by
the government in order for them to voice out their suggestions, opinions and ideas for
the sustainable development. Considering the statement above, the marginalized
sectors should be the center of attention of the government since they are the one who
needs more help from the government. Through this, the government does not only
enhance the capability of its people to participate but also increase the trust of people
towards them. The governance by the people is a shared and collective effort to shape
a nation or a community towards genuine peace and sustainable prosperity.
Democratizing governance through people’s participation is a basic step towards
sustainable development.
23
Communication between the municipal officials and the public has been seen
as one of the main key points towards achieving an effective participatory governance.
The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, indicates that the planning tools and
methods that made possible the introduction of necessary changes mutually agreed
upon by the managers and also the public themselves. Furthermore, the assistance
and guidance of the barangay to the public was also seen as pivotal to the participatory
governance.
The response toward participatory have always positive for the reason that it
includes the direct participation of the public, however, in the book published by
Avelino P. Tendero, it states that the number the constituents in the participatory
decision-making might hinder the actual process of it for the reason that the officials
might not facilitate its quantity.
Local Governance
According to Moracio R. Morales Jr. and James Putzel, agrarian reform in
one country may not be applicable to one country because they faces different
struggles, challenges and problems. It also answers the question on how critical is
agrarian reform in globalizing environment. The study on “Power in the Village:
Agrarian Reform, Rural politics, institutional change and Globalization. Project
Development Institution,” said that agrarian reform varies according to the substance
and nature of the reform process and the relationship between state and society in
each of the country settings. Agrarian Reform can provide the key to international
competitiveness or it can also hinder access to capital and investment, technology and
market. Agrarian Reform of one country has an advantage of being competitive
internationally if it’s capable on solving agrarian cases and since it focus on reforming
24
agriculture sector to increase productivity and to produce income-earn products. On
the other hand, it also have disadvantage wherein it may interfere on the development
of capital and investment, or in industry sector, technology and market. The logic of
agrarian reform is to bring together the state action with the action of rural producers
and communities to ensure that those who have previously been excluded from the
benefits of growth and development can operate effectively within markets and secure
livelihoods and opportunities for improvement.
Different countries made and introduced different agrarian reform to
solve their own political struggles regarding on their agrarian land. In addition to the
thought, they also started to search for projects and programs that might help on their
rural development. The study entitled, “Competing and strategies on agrarian reform:
International Perspectives,” talks about on international and political policies and
theoretical debates on agrarian reform as well as provides different competing
perspective on agrarian reform. These perspectives may be classified into four. These
are; market-led, state-led, peasant-led, and state/society perspective. These four play
some significant difference while also sharing some important similarities. The market-
led plays on the significance of economic efficiency and productivity while state-led
treats land mainly as economic factor of production but also a socio-political and
cultural resources and natural state-building. On the other hand, peasant-led views
that state as an unreliable partner because it tend to captive to anti-reform class and
elite interest in society to carry out significant redistributive reform because elite class
became dominant factor on handling markets. Meanwhile, the state/society
perspective talks about on the interactions between state and societal actors that
actually push, or do not push, for land reform. Understanding the four perspectives
25
abovementioned might conclude if land reform of different country, using this ideal
forms, might help them for their sustainable rural development. Moreover, the study
doesn’t concern on the quantity of projects and programs of one country introduced
but the reason of economic institutions, whether it is for economic efficiency or to solve
poverty problems, to be included in their agenda.
Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies
Most of the studies presented justified the needs of public participation towards
the Comprehensive Land Use Plan are important for the community. The needs and
concerns of the constituents are directly felt by them, it is understandable for the
officials to involve the public’s participation to fully execute a projects, activities, and
programs that are well suited for the people.
The agriculture sector was seen for a long period poor type of livelihood thus
holding the term as one of the marginalized people in the Philippines. As a result, the
government tries several of policies to be able to alleviate the condition of the farmers.
A particular method they have seen was to involve them with the decision making in
order to fully understand their needs and to also hear their recommendation about the
problem. However, the literatures that was presented, was not solely about the
participation of the public per se, but to also involve the authority for the technicalities
of the policies being made.
That being stated, communication between the stakeholders and the
policymakers was seen as one the main key points towards achieving participation.
Participation does not always means to be fully give the authority and power to the
26
public to their choices but to consider and include their thoughts, ideas, and opinions
towards solving their grievances.
27
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
Research Method
The researchers will use a descriptive normative research design under
quantitative research since the researcher wants to know if the programs and services
under the Comprehensive Land Use Plan are aligned with the needs of the farmers of
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas.
Population, Sample Size, Sampling Technique
This study focuses to the selected farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian,
Batangas. The researchers also include municipal officials of Lian Batangas and
ensures that the said respondents are knowledgeable and able to suffice the needed
information. In this study, stratified sampling technique will be use where the
respondents divide Barangay Prenza into separate groups of agricultural workers and
non-agricultural workers. In addition, the researchers will also conduct an interview
with the municipal official of Lian, Batangas.
Description of Respondents
The respondents of this study will be the farmers from Barangay Prenza,
Lian Batangas. The target population of this study is 175 farmers from Barangay
Prenza. The respondents are composed of male and female farmers with different
ages and different number of years in farming.
28
Research Instrument
The researchers will use a survey questionnaire to gather the information
needed in the study. The content of the survey questionnaire shows the demographic
profile of the respondents and the assessments of programs and services under the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan and the needs of the farmers to summarize the
needed data to form up the conclusion and recommendation.
The survey is divided into two parts; The first part of the questionnaire
would be the demographic profile of the respondents such as their name, age, gender,
civil status, educational attainment, monthly income, and the number of members of
the family and the second part is the programs and services under the Comprehensive
Land Use Plan that are aligned with the needs of the farmers of Barangay Prenza.
The following scale was used to assess the programs and services under
the Comprehensive Land Use Plan aligned with the needs of farmers of Barangay
Prenza, Lian, Batangas.
5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
1 Poor
Data-Gathering Procedure
A request letter will be given to each barangay before they conduct a
study. The researcher will use survey questionnaire as their research instrument and
will be disseminate to each chosen respondents. The respondents will be asking to
29
answer the first and second part of the questionnaire and the researchers will formally
introduce their study and explain the procedure happens while they were conducting it.
The researchers will also use a multivariate procedure to analyze the
connections of each variables. The data gathered will be analyzed through interpreting
it with the use of groups and tables.
Statistical Treatment and Analysis
After all the responses were interpreted, analyze and tabulated. Result of it
took the researchers a week to formally organize the response from the questionnaire
specifically with the help of groups and tables.
1. Frequency Distribution – It is defined as the arrangement of data which shows
the frequency of different values or group of values of variables.
2. Slovin’s Formula – is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population
size (N) and a margin of error (e). It will employ a simple random sampling
technique formula to estimate sampling size using the formula below:
3. Percentage – determining the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender,
civil status, educational attainment, family member, years as a farmer, ownership
of land, and assistance from the government.
Formula:
1
P = 𝑛 x 100
30
Where:
P = Percentage
1 = Frequency
N = Number of Respondents
4. Mean – since the options to the items of the questionnaires were assigned
points, the mean was used as the best measure of central tendency. It was
solved using the formula:

Ʃx
𝑥̅ =
n
Where:
𝑥̅ = Mean
Ʃ = the summation of the product of the frequency and weights
𝑥 = midpoint
n = number of respondents
5. Weighted Mean – the likert method of scaling techniques assigns a scale to each
of the five options. The weighted mean points for each item was obtained by
multiplying the scale value of responses by the total number of responses
indicating it. The total weighted point for each value weighted means of each
item was obtained by dividing the total weighted point by the total number of
respondents.
31
Where:
WM = Weighted Mean
∑ = Summation
fw = sum of the products of the frequency and unit weight
n = total number of respondents
6. Likert Scale – used to interpret weighted means value based on the value
corresponds to scale value.
Verbal Response
Arbitrary Scale
Weight interpretation category
5 Excellent 5 4.51 – 5.00
4 Very Good 4 3.51 – 4.50
3 Good 3 2.51 – 3.50
2 Fair 2 1.51 – 2.50
1 Poor 1 1.0 – 1.50
32
Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
The data and findings of the study are presented, analyzed and interpreted in this
chapter. The data below consideration are focused on the following topics:
1. Socio-Demographic Profiles of Respondents
1.1 Age
Table 1 shows the respondents distribution according to Age
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents by Age
AGE
FEMALE % MALE % TOTAL %
(Years)
23-29 1 0.57% 5 2.86% 6 3.43%
30-36 3 1.71% 4 2.29% 7 4%
37-43 13 7.43% 15 8.57% 28 16%
44-50 1 0.57% 24 13.71% 25 14.29%
51-57 6 3.43% 21 12% 27 15.43%
58-64 5 2.86% 23 13.14% 28 16%
65-71 12 6.86% 22 12.57% 34 19.43%
72-78 4 2.29% 16 9.14% 20 11.43%
Table 1 presents the distribution of respondents according to age. One or 0.57
percent of female respondents and five or 2.86 percent of male respondents belonged
from ages 23 to 29 group. From ages 30 to 36, there were three or 1.71 percent of
female respondents and four or 2.29 percent of male respondents. Thirteen female
respondents or 7.43 percent and fifteen of male respondents or 8.57 belonged from
33
ages 37 to 43 years old group. One or 0.57 percent of female respondents and twenty
four or 13.71 percent of male respondents belonged from ages 44 to 50 group. Six or
3.43 percent of female respondents and twenty one or 12 percent of male respondents
belonged from ages 51 to 57 group. Female respondents have five or 2.86 percent and
male respondents have twenty three or 13.14 percent that belonged from ages 58 to 64
group. Twelve or 6.86 percent of female respondents and twenty two or 12.57 percent of
male respondents belonged from ages 65 to 71 group. Four or 2.29 of female
respondents and sixteen or 9.14 percent of male respondents belonged from ages 72 to
78 group.
In total, there were six or 3.43 of respondents who responded that their ages
were from 23 to 29 years old, seven or 4 percent from ages 30 to 36 years old, twenty
eight or 16 percent from ages 37 to 43 years old, twenty five or 14.29 percent from ages
44 to 50 years old, twenty seven or 15.43 percent from ages 51 to 57 years old, twenty
eight or 16 percent from ages 58 to 64 years old, thirty four or 19.43 percent from ages
65 to 71 years old, and twenty or 11.43 percent from ages 72 to 78 years old.
This table indicated that average age of the respondents ranges from 65 to 71
years of age and the youngest age of the respondents ranges from 23 to 29 years of
age.
34
1.2 Gender
Table 1.2 shows the respondents distribution according to Gender
Table 1.2
Distribution of the Respondents by Gender
GENDER TOTAL %
FEMALE 45 25.71%
MALE 130 74.29%
Table 1.2 displays the distribution of respondents according to their gender.
Female respondents have forty five or 25.71 percent and male respondents have one
hundred and thirty or 74.29 percent.
This table shows that there are more male respondents than female
respondents.
1.3 Civil Status
Table 1.2 shows the respondents distribution according to Civil Status
Table 1.3
Distribution of the Respondents by Civil Status
CIVIL
STATUS
Single 2 1.4% 11 6.29% 13 7.43%
Married 28 16% 101 57.71% 129 73.71%
Separated 0 0% 5 2.86% 5 2.86%
Widowed 15 8.57% 13 7.43% 28 16%
35
Table 1.3 shows the distribution of respondents according to their civil status.
There were two or 1.4 single female respondents and eleven or 6.29 percent single male
respondents. Twenty eight or 16 percent of female respondents and one hundred and
one or 57.71 percent belonged to the married class. None of the female respondents
were separated with their partners while there is five or 2.86 percent of male
respondents who were separated with their partners. Female respondents has fifteen or
8.57 percent of being widowed while the male respondents have thirteen or 7.43
percent.
In total, thirteen or 7.43 percent of the respondents are single, one hundred and
twenty nine or 73.71 percent of them are married, five or 2.86 percent were separated,
and twenty eight or 16 percent of them were already widowed.
This table presents that most of the respondents are married.
36
1.4 Educational Attainment
This table shows the respondents distribution according to Educational
Attainment.
Table 1.4
Distribution of the Respondents by Educational Attainment
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
Elementary
23 13.14% 46 26.29% 69 39.43%
Graduate
Elementary
2 1.14% 6 3.43% 8 4.57%
Undergraduate
High School
4 2.29% 39 22.29% 43 24.57%
Graduate
High School
5 2.86% 20 11.43% 25 14.29%
Undergraduate
College
9 5.14% 9 5.14% 18 10.29%
Graduate
College
2 1.14% 2 1.14% 4 2.29%
Undergraduate
The Highest Educational Attainment of the respondents are shown in the Table
1.4. Among the female respondents, there are only two or 1.14 percent college
undergraduate and two or 1.14 percent elementary undergraduate, while in the male
respondents, only two or 1.14 percent are college undergraduate and six or 3.43 percent
37
are elementary undergraduate. And there are four or 2.29 percent of female respondents
who are high school graduates, while there are thirty-nine or 22.29 percent in the male
respondents. Meanwhile, there are five or 2.86 percent of the female respondents who
are high school undergraduate, while twenty or 11.43 percent are from the male
respondents. Second to the last, there are nine or 5.14 percent female and male
respondents who are college graduate. Lastly, there are twenty-three or 13.14 percent of
female respondents who are elementary graduate, and forty-six or 26.29 percent are
from the male respondents.
As a total result, only four or 2.29 percent are college undergraduate, eight or
4.57 percent are elementary undergraduate, eighteen or 10.29 percent are college
graduate, twenty-five or 14.29 percent are high school undergraduate, forty-three or
24.57 percent are high school graduate, and finally, sixty-nine or 39.43 percent are
elementary graduate.
To sum up, the college undergraduate with only four respondents has the lowest
number of responses, while elementary graduate has the highest number of responses
which is sixty-nine or 39. 43 percent of the whole population of the respondents.
38
1.5 Family Members
This table shows the respondents distribution according to Family Members.
Table 1.5
Distribution of the Respondents by Family Members
FAMILY
MEMBERS
2–4 30 17.14% 78 44.57% 108 61.71%
5–7 13 7.43% 33 18.86% 46 26.29%
8 – 10 2 1.14% 19 10.86% 21 12%
Among the female respondents, only two or 1.14 percent of them responded that
they have 8 to 10 family members with them, while in the male respondents nineteen or
10.86 percent said that they have 8 to 10 family members with them. Then only thirteen
female respondents or 7.43 percent responded that they have 5 to 7 family members
with them, while thirty-three male respondents or 18.86 percent responded that they also
have 5 to 7 family members with them. Lastly, thirty or 17.14 percent of the female
respondents said that they have 2 to 4 members with them, while having the highest
number of responses from the male respondents, seventy-eight or 44.57 percent
responded that they have 2 to 4 family members with them.
To sum up, twenty-one or 12 percent of the whole population of the respondents
said that they have 8 to 10 family members with them, while forty-six or 26.29 percent
responded that they have 5 to 7 family members with them and one hundred-eight or
61.71 percent responded that they have 2 to 4 family members with them.
This table presents that the majority of the respondents have 2 to 4 family
members with them.
39
1.6 Monthly Income
This table shows the respondents distribution according to Monthly Income.
Table 1.6
Distribution of the Respondents by Monthly Income
MONTHLY
INCOME
1-5 24 13.71% 86 49.14% 110 62.86%
6-10 15 8.57% 29 16.57% 44 25.14%
11-15 4 2.29% 11 6.29% 15 8.57%
16-20 2 1.14% 4 2.29% 6 3.43%
Illustrated in the table above is the monthly income of the respondents. Only two
or 1.14 percent of the female respondents responded that they are earning 16 to 20
thousand pesos monthly, while in the male respondents only four or 2.29 percent are
earning 16 to 20 thousand pesos monthly. On the other hand, four or 2.29 percent from
the female respondents are earning 11 to 15 thousand pesos monthly, while eleven or
6.29 percent are earning the same amount in the male respondents. At the same time,
fifteen or 8.57 percent responded that they earn 6 to 10 thousand pesos per month from
the female respondents, while in the male respondents, twenty-nine or 16.57 percent
responded. Twenty-four or 13.71 percent of the female respondents only earn about 1 to
5 thousand pesos per month, while in the male respondents, eighty-six or 49.14 percent
earn about 1 to 5 thousand pesos per month.
As total, six or 3.43 percent earn 16 to 20 thousand pesos per month, fifteen or
8.57 percent earn 11 to 15 thousand pesos per month, forty-four or 25.14 percent earn 6
40
to 10 thousand per month, and lastly, a hundred and ten or 62.86 percent earn 1 to 5
thousand per month.
This table presents that the majority of the respondents earn 1 to 5 thousand
pesos monthly.
1.7 Years as a Farmer
This table shows the respondents distribution according to Years as a Farmer
Table 1.7
Distribution of the Respondents by Years as a Farmer
YEARS
AS A FEMALE % MALE % TOTAL %
FARMER
1-5 0 0% 6 3.43% 6 3.43%
6-10 14 8% 19 10.86% 33 18.86%
11-15 6 3.43% 18 10.29% 24 13.71%
16-20 4 2.29% 7 4% 11 6.29%
21-25 0 0% 13 7.43% 13 7.43%
26-30 0 0% 14 8% 14 8%
31-35 0 0% 10 5.71% 10 5.71%
36-40 12 6.86% 22 12.57% 34 19.43%
Others 9 5.14% 21 12% 30 17.14%
Table 1.7 shows the respondents’ years as a farmer. In the female respondents,
none of them have been farming at the span of 1 to 5 years while six or 3.43 percent of
male respondents stated that they have been farming at the said years. Fourteen or 8
percent of female respondents already in the service of farming of 6 to 10 years while
41
nineteen or 10.86 percent of the male respondents said that they were farmers for the
same years. Six or 3.43 percent of female respondents and eighteen or 10.29 percent of
male respondents responded that they were farmers for 11 to 15 years. Four or 2.29
percent of female respondents stated that they are farmer for 16 to 20 years while seven
or 4 percent of male respondents asserted of being a farmers of the said year. None of
the female respondents have been farming at the years of 21 to 25, 26 to 30 and 31 to
35, on the other hand, thirteen or 7.43 percent of the male respondents said that they
have been farming for almost 21 to 25 years, fourteen or 8 percent proclaimed that they
are farmers for 26 to 30 years and ten or 5.71 percent indicated that they have been
farmers for 31 to 35 years. Twelve or 6.86 percent of female respondents and twenty
two or 12.57 percent of male respondents stated that they were in service of farming at
the span of 36 to 40 and nine or 5.14 percent of total female respondents stated that
they are 40 and above years as farmers, and twenty one or 12 percent of male
respondents responded of being a farmer as the same years.
In totality, six or 3.42 percent of total percentage of both male and female respondents
are farmers in the span of 1 to 5. Thirty three or 18.86 percent are in the years of 6 to 10.
Twenty four or 13.71 percent of the total percentage of both female and male
respondent are farmers for 11 to 15 years. Eleven or 6.29 percent of both female and
male respondents stated that they already been farmers for 16 to 20 years. Thirteen or
7.43 percent indicated that they are in the service of farming for 21 to 25 years already.
Fourteen or 8 percent asserted that they are farmers for 26 to 30 years. Ten or 5.71
percent of total percentage of both respondents stated that they have been farming for
31 to 35 years. Thirty four or 19.43 percent of respondents said that they already have
42
been a farmer for 31 to 35 years already and thirty or 17.14 percent of both female and
male respondents stated that they already been a farmers for 40 and above years.
This table presents that most of the respondents have been farming for 36 to 40
years.
1.8 Ownership of Land
This table shows the respondents distribution according to Ownership of Land.
Table 1.8
Distribution of the Respondents by Ownership of Land
OWNERSHIP OF
LAND
Yes 4 2.29% 35 20% 39 22.29%
No 41 23.43% 95 54.29% 136 77.71%
Table 1.8 presents the farmers ownership of land. Among female farmers, there
are four or 2.29 percent own a land and forty one or 23.43 percent of the total
respondents does not own a land. Meanwhile, among male farmers, thirty five or 20
percent own a land, and ninety five or 54.29 percent doesn’t own a land.
This indicated that most of the respondents does not own a land with weighted mean
of one hundred and thirty six or 77.71 percent and only few own a land with total of thirty
nine or 22.29 percent.
43
1.9 Assistance from the Government: Subsidies or Grant or None
This table shows the respondents distribution according to the Assistance of the
Government
Table 1.4
Distribution of the Respondents by the Assistance of the Government
ASSISTANCE
FROM THE
GOVERNMENT:
SUBSIDIES,
GRANTS OR
NONE
Subsidies 6 3.43% 27 15.43% 33 18.86%
Grants 23 13.14% 56 32% 79 45.14%
None 16 9.14% 47 26.86% 63 36%
Table 1.9 illustrated the distribution of respondents according to the subsidies or
grants they received or none from the government. In the female respondents, six or
3.43 percent stated that they are receiving subsidies, twenty three or 13.14 percent
received grants and sixteen or 9.14 percent indicated that they are receiving none from
the government. On the other hand, in the male respondents, twenty seven or 15.43
percent stated that they are receiving subsidies, fifty six or 32 percent asserted that they
received grants and forty seven or 26.86 percent said that they are receiving none from
the government.
This table revealed that most of the respondents received grants with the total
weighted mean of seventy nine or 45.14 percent. Meanwhile, it follows the weighted
44
mean of sixty three or 36 percent of the respondents who received no assistance from
the government and the weighted mean of thirty three or 18.86 of the respondents who
received subsidies as an assistance are the least.
2. Assessment of the respondents’ knowledge regarding the Comprehensive Land
Use Plan (CLUP)
Table 2.1
Comprehensive Land Use

Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
Plan
1. Have an idea on what are
the plans of your
municipality is all about. 1.74 Fair
This table shows that the idea of the farmers in the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan in the municipality has a weighted mean of 1.74. It means that the farmers of
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas has a fair idea on what are the plans of their
municipality.
45
Table 2.2

Plan
2. Familiarity of the farmers
with the activities and
projects conducted by the 2.58 Good
municipality.
This table shows that the familiarity of the farmers with the activities and projects
conducted by the municipality has a weighted mean of 2.58. It means that the farmers of
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas are well familiar with the activities and projects
conducted by the municipality.
Table 2.3

Plan
3. Sustainability of projects,
activities, and programs to
your needs. 2.67 Good
This table shows that the sustainability of projects, activities, and programs that
the farmers need has a weighted mean of 2.6.It means that the programs, activities and
project are well suitable with the need of farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas.
46
Table 2.4

Plan
4. Accessibility of the
farmers to the government-
initiated programs. 2.69 Good
This table shows that the accessibility of the farmers to the government-initiated
programs has a weighted mean of 2.69. It means that the farmers of Barangay Prenza,
Lian, Batangas has a good access to the government-initiated programs.
3. Assessment of the Participation among the respondents
Table 3.1
Participation Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. Visitation of the
municipality in your
2.56 Good
community.
This table shows that the visitation of the municipality in their community has a
weighted mean of 2.56. It means that the municipal officials had a good visitation in the
farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas.
47
Table 3.2
2. Voicing-out of their
problems/issues directly to
2.70 Good
your officials.
This table shows that the voicing-out your problems/issues directly to their
officials has a weighted mean of 2.70. It means that the farmers of Barangay Prenza,
Lian, Batangas is good in voicing-out their problems or issues directly to their officials.
Table 3.3
3. Responsiveness of the
officials towards your

2.67 Good
concerns.
This table shows that the responsiveness of the officials towards the farmers’
concerns has a weighted mean of 2.67. It means that the officials are good in response
with the concerns of farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas.
48
Table 3.4
4. Participation in decision-
making process for the

3.02 Good
community.
This table shows that the participation in decision-making process for the
community has a weighted mean of 3.02. It means that the farmers of Barangay Prenza,
Lian, Batangas have a good participation in decision-making process for their community
Table 5.5
5. Responsiveness of the
officials towards calamities

2.59 Good
and disaster’s concerns.
This table shows that the responsiveness of the officials towards calamities and
disaster’s concerns has a weighted mean of 2.79. It means that the officials are good in
response with the concerns of farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas during
calamities and disasters.
49
4. Assessment of the Application and Engagement of the respondents
Table 4.1
Application and
Engagement
1. Increase of the crop
production because of the
projects, activities, and 2.59 Good
programs.
This table shows that the increase of the crop production because of the projects,
activities, and programs has a weighted mean of 2.59. It means that the projects,
activities and programs are good in increasing the crop production of the farmers in
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas
Table 4.2
Application and
Engagement
2. Increase of your income
because of the projects,
activities, and programs of 2.38 Good
the municipality.
This table shows that the increase of their income because of the projects,
activities, and programs of the municipality has a weighted mean of 2.38. It means that
50
the projects, activities and project are good in increasing the income of farmers of
Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas.
Table 4.3
Application and
Engagement
3. Sufficiency of the earned
income to your family. 2.48 Good
This table shows that the sufficiency of the earned income to their family has
weighted mean of 2.48. It means that the income earned by farmers of Barangay
Prenza, Lian, Batangas are well sufficient to their family
Table 4.4
Application and
Engagement
4. Success of the projects,
activities, and programs on

3.13 Good
your part.
This table shows that the success of the projects, activities, and programs on
their part has a weighted mean of 3.13. It means that the projects, activities and
programs has a good success for the farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas
51
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Problem and Its Setting

community. A Comprehensive Land Use Plan includes guidance on how to make

decisions on public and private land developments proposals, the expenditures of

concern, such as farmland preservation or the rehabilitation of older neighborhood

achieve the desires goals and objectivezofzazcommunity.

Participation refers to an active process whereby beneficiaries influence the

decision. It is necessary for the people to participate in their community’s decision-

alternatives laid by them can be somewhat accurate to address their grievances.

obviously no partnerships, no developments, and no program (Aref et al., 2010).

governance of both parties, the researcher foresee the smooth decision-making

public to the government, accountability and transparency of the local government to

The researchers adapted the participatory governance by Frank

Fischer which puts significance on the democratic involvement through deliberative

practices such as policymaking and decision making

Participatory governance seeks to deepen this citizens’ in the governmental

generally hinders the realization of a genuine participatory democracy (Gaventa, 2002

as cited by Fischer, 2012).

participatory governance theory is about communicating with them to fully understand

The conceptual framework exposed the flow of this study which

through process to come up with the output.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Statement of the Problem

Along with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of a community

farmers’ participation to their community’s decision making are said to be an important

tool for a sustainable agricultural development. Without participation, there are

obviously no partnerships, no developments, and no program (Aref et al., 2010).

Therefore, a lack of participation in the decision to implement an agricultural policy can

with agricultural organizations.

2. What is the Socio-Demographic profile of the farmers of Barangay Prenza, Lian,

i. Amount of subsidies or grants received

under Comprehensive Land Use Plan?

5. What suggestions and proposed recommendations that can be derived in order

H01: There is a relationship between the participation of farmers,

Barangay Prenza, Lian, Batangas

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on the programs and services under the

and services under the CLUP.

with limited amount of money and time framework.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine whether different programs and services

beneficial to the policymakers, the community and future researchers.

Significance to the Community

their well being.

Significance to the Policymakers

As policymakers, the goal of their task is to determine what programs and

needs encountered by their people, especially farmers.

Significance to the Future Researchers

encountered by the farmers within their vicinity.

(DILG). Department of Interior and Local Government

(NGO). Non-Government Organizations

Bottom-up approach. An approach in which there is a direct involvement of the

community in the decision making.

Decentralization. Transfer of authority from the National Government down to the

Local Government Units.

Top-bottom approach. The decision comes from the higher authority

Review of Related Literature

Each local government unit shall have a comprehensive multi-sectoral

development plan to be initiated by its development council and approved by its

direction of economic and social development, and coordinating development efforts

government units (R.A. No. 7160).

Government Code also enhances the term decentralization as it promotes to transfer

authority to the lower level.

Different Approach of Agriculture Farming