MET – LET Specialist

JONATHAN T. JIMENEZ, MAT

Master Teacher I, MAPEH
Accredited Faculty of the Graduate Diploma
in Cultural Education, NCCA-PCEP
LEGAL BASIS OF PE

Article XIV, Section 19 of the 1987

Philippine constitution states that:
“The state shall promote physical
education and encourage sports
programs, league competition and
amateur sports, including training for
international competition, to foster
discipline, teamwork and excellence for
the development of healthy citizenry.”
Further:
“All educational institution shall
undertake regular sports activities
throughout the country, in
cooperation with athletic clubs and
other sector.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PE
PRIMITIVE TIME

• Physical activities were

not organized
• Physical activities were
mainly for survival
• Physical activities were
at its highest level
Ancient China
Physical
activities were for
the rich, Chinese
classic show in
music and dance
performed.
India

Concentrate
solely on spiritual
rather than
physical activities
Ancient Egypt

Boys use weapons of

war and girls danced for
royal entertainment
Persia
There was no
training in the intellect,
rather empire building
through military
aggression was the
main objective.
Greece
In Sparta, the main
objective was to
contribute to a strong
and powerful army. Only
strong and vigorous
babies were allowed to
live.
The objective of
PE in Greece was
for physical
perfection.
Palaestra was
built for exercise
and space for
jumping and
wristling.
 PE IN GERMANY

Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724-1790)

– Established the “Philanthropinum”
school where PE was part of the
curriculum.

Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts

Muths (1759-1839)
– The founder of modern PE in
Germany who wrote “Gymnastics
for the Young and Games”
 SWEDEN
Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839)
– To stress on anatomy and
physiology help to understand
human body needs

Lars Gabriel Branting (1799-

1881)
– Teachings were based on the
premise that physical activity
causes changes in the muscular,
nervous, and circulatory systems.
 PE IN AMERICA
Turnverein
association were
introduced where
equipment as the
horizontal bar,
parallel bars, side
horse, and vaulting
horse were used.
• Normal School of
PE were
established.
• James Naismith
invented
basketball.
Born: November 6, 1861, Canada
Died: November 28, 1939,
Lawrence, Kansas.
GYMNASTICS
 Gymnastics is the
practice of athletic
exercises for the
development of the body,
especially those
exercises performed with
apparatus such as rings,
pommel horse, bars, and
balance beam.
Its roots for Western culture lie
in ancient Greece, hence the
derivation from the Greek word
gymnazein, which literally
means ‘to train naked’ (gymnos:
naked). The early Greeks
practiced gymnastics in
preparation for war, as jumping,
running, discus throwing,
wrestling, and boxing helped
produce the strong, supple
muscles necessary for hand-to-
hand combat.
 Because military training was
necessary for the production of Greek
citizens, and because the Greeks viewed
the training both of the body and the mind as
inextricably linked, gymnastics became a
central component of ancient education.
Gymnasia, the buildings with open-air courts
where such training took place, evolved into
schools where youths learned gymnastics,
rhetoric, music, and mathematics.
 Gymnastics provided
a way to train for the
athletic festivals around
Greece, the most famous
of which was the Olympic
Games, held every four
years from 776 bce until
393 ce.
 With the end of the Olympic Games,
Greek-style gymnastics training declined,
not to be revived until the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries in Western Europe.
With this revival came a concomitant revival
of the corporeal values associated with
gymnastics: upper body strength,
musculature, elasticity, litheness, flexibility,
poise, and equilibrium.
 In the mid 1800s
Friedrich Jahn did
much to re-introduce
gymnastics into
German education
and became known
as the ‘father of
gymnastics’.
 Jahn introduced the horizontal bar,
parallel bars, side horse with pommels,
balance beam, ladder, and vaulting bucks.
His gymnastics program was promoted in
Turner societies, clubs established to
develop self discipline and physical strength
in the name of national unity.
 In Sweden,
Pehr Henrik Ling
followed closely
behind Jahn,
systematizing
Swedish pedagogic
gymnastics with a
strong emphasis on
the medical
benefits.
 In the early nineteenth century,
educators in the US imported German and
Swedish gymnastics training programs. With
the American integration of gymnastics into
the general education curriculum, its
connections to nationalism and military
training re-emerged stronger than ever.
 The first
Modern Olympic
games in 1896
featured
competitive
gymnastic events
for men, which
have been
included in every
Olympics since.
 Men's gymnastics events are scored
on an individual and team basis, and
presently include the floor exercise,
horizontal bar, parallel bars, rings, side
horse (also called pommel horse), vaulting,
and combined exercises (the all-around),
which combines the scores of the other six
events.
 Combined exercises for women were
first held in 1928, and the 1952 Olympics
featured the first full regime of events for
women. Women's gymnastic events include
balance beam, uneven parallel bars,
combined exercises, floor exercises,
vaulting, and rhythmic sportive gymnastics.
Johann Bernhard
Basedow (1724-1790)
– German educational reformer
who introduced gymnastics in
school curriculum

Johann Guts Muths

(1759-1839)
– The great grandfather of
modern gymnastics
– German founder of a system of
gymnastics who invented
outdoor apparatus i.e. see-saw,
horizontal bar, balance beam,
and rope ladder
Adolf Spiess (1810-
1858)
– German gymnast and
educator who introduced
marching and freehand
exercise performed with
the music.
Dr. Dudley Sargent
– The first American to
include gymnastics in their
school curriculum
PHASES OF EDUCATIONAL
GYMNASTICS PROGRAM

• 1. Conditioning Program
– Carefully selected exercise to prepare the body to a
more complicated task
• 2. Rhythmic Gymnastics
– Exercises accompanied by music includes freehand
exercise with the use of light apparatus

• 3. Tumbling
– Series of fast gymnastics activities
• 4. Pyramid Building
– Static body positions to create a picture properly and
selected to form a shape of the pyramid
• 5. Apparatus Exercise (Heavy)
– Artistic routine done on
(MEN): balance beam, horse vault, uneven bars
(WOMEN): parallel bars, rings, horizontal bar, horse vault
TUMBLING

Tumbling is a form of acrobatic activity

that involves flips, jumps, rolls, somersaults
and handsprings linked together into
performance routines and usually performed
on a padded floor and choreographed to
music.
Women's Artistic Gymnastics

Women's artistic
gymnastics competitions
include performance in
four separate events: the
floor exercise, vault,
uneven parallel bars and
balance beam.
Men's Artistic Gymnastics

Men's artistic
gymnastics includes
six distinct events:
the floor exercise,
pommel horse,
rings, high bar,
parallel bars and
vault.
 Rhythmic and Acrobatic
Gymnastics
Unlike artistic gymnastics
and tumbling, rhythmic and
acrobatic gymnastics do not
make much use of tumbling
activities. Rhythmic gymnastics
involves acts of great flexibility
and artistic grace rather than
the powerful athletic moves of
tumbling and artistic
gymnastics.
TERMINOLOGIES
Hop - takes off from one
foot and lands on the same
foot.

Jump - takes off from two

feet.

Leap - takes off from one

foot and lands on the other
foot.
CARTWHEEL

A cartwheel is a
sideways rotary
movement of the
body. It is performed
by bringing the
hands to the floor
one at a time while
the body inverts.
Split Leap - leap
where the gymnast
takes off from one
foot with one leg
horizontally to the
front and the other
to the back.
Switch Leap -
split leap where
the front leg
moves to the
back and the
back leg to the
front in mid-air.
Ring Leap - jump
with head thrown
back and knees bent
(one to the front and
one to the back) and
raised towards the
head.
Stag Jump - rear
leg is straight, front
leg is bent. A double
stag is done with
both legs bent.

Straddle
Jump - jump
with legs
straight out to
the side.
Sheep Jump -
jump with back
arched and both
legs bent
backwards and
raised towards the
head.
Fish Jump (also known
as Wolf Jump) - pike
jump with one leg
straight out in front and
the other bent.
OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Physical development
• Social development
• Emotional development
• Mental development
PHYSICAL FITNESS

Physical fitness is a general state of

health and well-being and, more specifically,
the ability to perform aspects of sports,
occupations and daily activities.
Physical fitness is generally achieved
through proper nutrition, moderate-vigorous
physical exercise, and sufficient rest.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
IS COMPOSED OF…

Regular class program

 Core activities
 Related activities
 Adaptive activities
Extra class program
 Intramurals
 Extramurals
 Field mass demonstration
 Exhibition groups
PE Activities:
1. Developmental Activities
Perceptual-motor learning
These develop neuromuscular coordination for the
child to attain a certain degree of competency
Posture and body mechanics
Refers to the habitual or assumed alignment of the
main segments of the body
Basic movement skills
Include locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative
skills
2. Simple Games
 Story plays
 Simple organized games
 Relays and races
3. Rhythmic Activities
 Fundamental rhythms
 Rhythmic interpretations
 Singing games
 Folk dances
 Other dance forms

4. Educational Gymanastics
 Self-testing activities
Stunts
Dual or couple stunts – e.g. Chinese get-up. wheelbarrow
Group stunt – e.g. walking chair, skin the snake, merry-go-round
Combative stunt – tug-of-war
Stunt race – any stunt conducted in the form of a race
 Tumbling
Any body rolling movements
 Pyramid-building
Conditional Exercises
 Isotonic exercises
 Isometric exercises
 Aerobic exercises
Apparatus Exercises
 Performed with light equipment such as rings, wands,
dumbbells or balls
Sport-type Games
 Also called lead-up games. Skills needed in a
particular sport
Athletic Sport
 Team sports
 Individual-Dual Sports
 Track and Field
 Swimming
TWO KINDS OF FITNESS:

1.General fitness - This means you’re

healthy, and can do everyday activities
without feeling too tired. For this, you need
the four S’s: Strength, Speed. Stamina.
Suppleness

2.Specific fitness – necessary for a

particular sport
GENERAL FITNESS

1. Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic fitness)

– so your muscles can get enough oxygen to
work properly

2. Muscular endurance – so your muscles don’t

get tired too quickly

3. Good body composition – you shouldn’t be

too fat or too thin
SPECIFIC FITNESS

1. Agility – to change direction quickly

2. Balance – so you don’t fall over
3. Coordination – to move accurately and
smoothly
4. Explosive strength – brute strength combined
with speed
5. Fast reactions – to respond quickly
6. Good timing – so you can act at just the right
moment
CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS AND
MUSCULAR FITNESS

1. Cardiovascular fitness (CV) – This is about

keeping your muscles supplied with oxygen. If
your heart and lungs can provide a lot of
oxygen, your CV fitness (or CV endurance) is
good.

2. Muscular fitness – This is good if your

muscles can apply a lot of force to something.
Basically this means you can push, pull, lift,
throw, etc. very hard or very quickly.
BENEFITS OF EXERCISE

Physical
Mental
Social
 Physical Benefits

 improves your body

shape and posture
 reduces the
chances of illness
 increases your
strength,
endurance, and
flexibility
 Mental Benefits

gives you a
challenge to
aim for
helps you deal
with stress
and tension
 Social Benefits

can improve
your
teamwork and
cooperation
can lead to
new
friendships
Not everyone will need (or want) the same amount
of exercise. It all depends on a person’s…

• physical condition. Its good to take things easy or

see a doctor before starting to exercise if you’ve…
 not exercised for quite a long time
 been ill for a while
 reached middle ages

• long-term goal. You’ll need different amounts of

exercise, depending on what your goal is…
 to walk up stairs without feeling out of breath
 to do a 5-mile fun run
 to win an Olympic gold medal for rowing
You can hurt yourself exercising if you’re not
careful. Here are some guidelines:

1. Exercise should be regular – so

establish routine. Exercising 4 times a week for
20 minutes will really help

2. Start with gentle exercise and increase the

intensity as you get fitter

3. Don’t overdo it.

 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE

1. Your muscles start to produce more carbon dioxide and

need more oxygen so you start to breathe more deeply
and quickly
2. And your heart beats faster to circulate more
oxygenated blood
3. Your arterioles widen to stop your blood pressure getting
too high
4. And to make the most of your blood supply, blood that
would usually go to organs like the gut and liver is
diverted to the muscles
5. By blood vessels either widening (vasodilation)
or constricting (vasoconstriction)

6. Contracting muscles squeeze your veins –

squirting blood back to your heart more quickly

7. And as the heart’s a bit elastic, it stretches, and

then contracts more strongly to pump even
more blood
PRINCIPLES FOR AN
EFFECTIVE WORKOUT
1. Overload
 working the body harder than it is normally worked
done by increasing repetitions of a specific exercise
2. Progression
 Gradual increase in overload necessary for achieving
higher levels of fitness
3. Specificity
 Particular exercises and activities improve particular
areas of health-related fitness
4. Reversibility
 Your fitness level changes all the time –and it will go
down if you stop training. It takes much longer to gain
fitness than to lose fitness
PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST

Series of test conducted to :

1. To determine the level of fitness.
2. To identify strengths and areas for
development/improvement.
3. To identify bases for physical activities.
4. To gather and analyze data for norms and
standards setting.
5. To motivate and guide students in choosing
sports activities they would like to participate in.
COMPONENTS OF PFT

• Health-related Fitness
• Skill-related Fitness
HEALTH-RELATED
FITNESS TESTS
BODY COMPOSITION
To compute for Body Mass Index (BMI)
formula: weight (in kg)
height2 (in m)
Classification:
Below 18.5 - Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 - Normal
25.0 – 29.9 - Overweight
30.0 & above - Obese
Weight & Height

Weight – the heaviness Height – the distance between

the floor to the top of the head
of lightness of a person in standing position
Waist Circumference
It is a good
indicator of
visceral fat
which contributes
more risk of
cardiovascular
disease and
diabetes than fat
located in other
areas.
ZIPPER TEST

A test of upper arm

and shoulder girdle
flexibility intended to
parallel the
strength/endurance
assessment of that
region.
SIT-AND-REACH

A test of flexibility for

the lower extremities
particularly the
hamstring.
3-MINUTE STEP TEST

A test to measure
cardiovascular
endurance.
90 DEGREES PUSH-UP

A test to measure
strength of
upper
extremities.
BASIC PLANK

A test to measure
strength of the
abdominals,
back, and
shoulders.
CURL-UPS

A test to measure
strength of
abdominal
muscles.
SKILL-RELATED
FITNESS TESTS
40-METER SPRINT

A test to measure
running speed.
BASKETBALL PASS

A test to measure
the explosive
strength and
power of the
upper body
muscles.
STANDING LONG JUMP

A test to measure
the explosive
strength and
power of the leg
muscles.
HEXAGON AGILITY TEST

A test to measure
the ability to
move quickly
while maintaining
balance.
STICK DROP TEST

A test to measure
the reaction time
as to how fast a
person can
respond to a
stimulus.
PAPER JUGGLING

A test to measure
the coordination
of the individual
in the
performance of
motor tasks.
STORK STAND BALANCE

A test to assess
the ability to
balance on the
ball of the foot.
THREE BASIC STAGES OF EXERCISE

1.Warm-up
2.Workout
3.Cooldown
WARM-UP

 Activity that prepares

the muscles for the
work that is to come
 Allows your pulse rate
to increase gradually.
Sudden increase in
the pulse rate puts
unnecessary strain on
the heart and the
blood vessels
 WORKOUT

 Part of an exercise program is

where you perform the activity at
its highest peak. The activity
needs to follow:
• Frequency – how often you
do the activity each week
• Intensity – how hard you
work at the activity during
session
• Time – how much time you
devote to a given session
• Type – what exercise you
should use
COOL-DOWN

 Engaging in activity to
gradually decrease
activity
 Vigorous activity causes
increased blood flow to
the muscles. If you stop
suddenly, the blood pools
or collects in those
muscles, resulting in less
blood flow to the brain.
This can lead to dizziness
or fainting
TRAINING METHODS

Isometric Training –
muscles contract, but
there is no movement
 Example: Sit with
your back to the
wall and your
knees bent at 45o
and hold it
Isotonic Training –
muscles contract and
shorten producing
movement
 Example: Hang
from a bar and
then pull yourself
up until your
head is over it
Isokinetic Training –
Muscles contract and
shorten at a constant
speed
 Using of a special
weight machine, which
detects when a
muscle is speeding
up, and increase the
weight load to slow it
down again
Circuit Training – uses
loads of different exercise
Each circuit has between
8 and 15 stations in it. At
each station you do a
specific exercise for a set
amount of time before
moving onto the next
station. You’re allowed
short rest between
stations
Continuous Training
– means no resting
- constant rate
doing activities like
running or cycling
6. Fartlek Training – is all
about changes of speed
Can be made easy or
hard to suit your fitness
Example: fartlek run
could be to sprint for 10
seconds, then jog for
20 seconds (repeat for
4 minutes) – followed
by long stride running
for 2 minutes
7. Interval Training – uses
fixed patterns of exercise
– Fixed patterns of fast
and slow exercise are
used in interval training.
Each repetition of a
pattern is called “rep”
(repetition), and you’ve
got to finish a “set”
(group of reps) before a
rest
AQUATICS
HISTORY OF AQUATICS
Rock paintings of people
swimming were found in
the Cave of Swimmers
near Wadi Sura in
southwestern Egypt. These
pictures seem to show
breaststroke or doggy
paddle, although it is also
possible that the
movements have a ritual
meaning unrelated to
swimming.
SWIMMING IN EARLY
MODERN ERA
In 1798, Guts Muts wrote a book, Small
Study Book of the Art of Swimming for Self-study,
recommending the use of a "fishing rod" device to
aid in the learning of swimming. His books
describe a three-step approach to learning to swim
that is still used today. First, get the student used
to the water; second, practice the swimming
movements out of the water; and third, practice the
swimming movements in the water.
Matthew Webb
Thomas William Burgess

Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English
Channel (between England and France), in 1875. He used breaststroke,
swimming 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T.W.
Burgess made the crossing in 1911.
OLYMPIC ERA

The Olympic Games

were held in 1896 in Athens, a
male-only competition. Six
events were planned for the
swimming competition, but
only four events were actually
contested: 100 m, 500 m, and
1200 m freestyle and 100 m
for sailors. The first gold medal
was won by Alfréd Hajós of
Hungary in the 100 m
freestyle.
 FINA

• In 1908, the world

swimming association
Fédération Internationale
de Natation Amateur
(FINA) was formed.
• Women were first
allowed to swim in the
1912 Summer Olympics
in Stockholm, competing
in freestyle races.
DEFINITIONS

• Swimming is an art of self-support or self-

movement by means of hands and feet.
• Swimming is to propel oneself in water by
the use of arms and legs; to float in a
liquid; to do smooth gliding motion in water
(Webster, 1997)
 FACILITY

• The Pool
– 50 m (length)
– 15 m (width)
– 1.8 deep
– 8 lanes
– 2.5m each lane
SWIMMING ACCESSORIES

Cap
made up of latex, silicon,
traditional
cap (chinstrap).
Goggles
used to protect eye from
chlorinated water.
Nose plug or nose
clip
used to avoid
panic especially for
new swimmers.

Earplug – protect
the ear from water.
 SWIMMING EQUIPMENT

• Kickboards –support upper parts of the body

and allows normal breathing.
• Pull Buoys – used in supine kicking drills.
• Fins – help to develop muscles in our thighs,
calves and abdomen.
• Hand Paddle – used to overload the arms
during pulling by creating extra resistance.
TERMINOLOGIES
Breath holding
– to inhale and
hold the inspired
air for a certain
time before
exhailing.
Bobbing – to
take through the
mouth above the
surface of the
water and breath
out the air
through the nose
under water.
Floating – to
extend the legs
and arms with
the face
pointing
downwards.
Water Balance –
to maintain the
position of the
body in the water.
Rhythmic Breathing –
the process of inhaling
above the surface of
the water through the
mouth and exhaling
below the water the
surface through the
nose.
Thread Water –
to maintain the
body erect in
water with the
head above the
surface.
Sculling – to
propel
oneself in the
water by
using hands
in figure of
eight.
BENEFITS OF SWIMMING

1. Decreases stress
2. Provides overall fitness
3. Improves self-esteem and alertness
4. Tone and strength of muscles are
developed
5. Stimulates circulation and flow of
oxygen
 SWIMMING STROKES
Crawl
• The front crawl or forward
crawl, also known as the
Australian crawl, or "American
crawl" is a swimming stroke
usually regarded as the fastest
of the four front primary strokes.
As such, the front crawl stroke
is nearly universally used
during a freestyle swimming
competition, hence freestyle is
used metonymically for the front
crawl.
Breaststroke

or “frog stroke” style in

which the swimmer is on
his or her chest and the
torso does not rotate.
Breaststroke at speed
requires comparable
endurance and strength to
other strokes. The stroke
itself is the slowest of any
competitive strokes and
thought to be the oldest of
all swimming strokes.
Butterfly
is a swimming stroke swum on the
breast, with both arms moving
simultaneously, accompanied by the
butterfly kick (also known as the
"dolphin kick"). While other styles
like the breaststroke, front crawl, or
backstroke can be swum adequately
by beginners, the butterfly is a more
difficult stroke that requires good
technique as well as strong muscles.
It is the newest swimming style swum
in competition, first swum in 1933
and originating out of breaststroke.
Backstroke

This has the

advantage of easy
breathing, but the
disadvantage of
swimmers not
being able to see
where they are
going.
SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING

an artistic form of rhythmical activity in

water with definite pattern to follow.
INJURY TYPES AND TREATMENTS

Heat Exhaustion
• Body temperature gets too
high – weak pulse,
clammy pale skin
• Results from over-
exercising and dehydration
on a hot day.

• Treatment: Lay the patient

down in a cool place, and
give the liquids. Get advise
from a doctor
Heat Stroke
Body stops sweating and its
temperature rises uncontrollably.
Fast pulse. Casualty becomes
confused or delirious – may fall
unconscious. Results from
overexposure to heat and
humidity.

Treatment: Lay the patient down

in a cool breeze, remove clothes
and wrap in a cold wet sheet.
Keep sheet soaked. Call an
ambulance
Cramp
Involuntary contraction of
a muscle caused by lack
of salt minerals in the
blood, or by lack of blood
flowing to a muscle. It’s
painful but easy to treat

• Treatment: Just stretch

the muscle and hold it like
that, massaging it gently,
until the muscle relaxes
Concussion
Unconsciousness, disorientation,
memory loss caused by a blow to
the head

• Treatment: If unconscious,
place in the recovery position
and get ambulance. If
conscious, keep casualty under
observation for 24 hours to
make sure they don’t suffer
delayed concussion
Stitch
A sharp pain in your side or
abdomen. It’s basically cramp
of the diaphragm and can
make breathing difficult
caused by vigorous exercise
too soon after eating
• Treatment: Stop
exercising, take deep
breaths, and breathe out
slowly
Treatment for Minor Injuries
MAJOR EXERCISE-RELATED INJURIES

Fractures
Any type of break in a bone
Dislocation
Result when a bone slips from its normal position at a joint
Tendinitis
A condition in which the tendons – bands of fiber that
connect muscles to bones, are stretched or torn from
overuse
Blows to the head
Can cause swelling of the brain resulting in
unconsciousness and even death
• Make sure the airway is clear

• Procedure:
1. Tilt the head back
2. Check the tongue’s not blocking
the airway
3. Loosen tight clothing. Clear away
any vomit
Look for signs of
breathing

• Procedure:
1. Look at the
chest to see if
it’s moving
2. Put your cheek
by their mouth
to see if you can
feel their breath
 Feel the neck to see
if the casualty has a
pulse (carotid pulse)
IF…
• the casualty is breathing, put casualty into
the recovery position
• there’s a pulse but no breathing, give
mouth-to-mouth ventilation until breathing
returns, then, put casualty into the recovery
position
• there’s no pulse, give mouth-to-mouth
ventilation with cardiac massage
(compression) to keep blood flowing, until
breathing and pulse returns, then put
casualty into the recovery position
NOTE: an
ambulance
should be
called at the
earliest
opportunity.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
Mouth-to-mouth Ventilation
The idea of mouth-to-mouth ventilation is for you to
breathe for the casualty, forcing oxygen from your lungs
into theirs

Cardiac Massage
An emergency procedure that employs rhythmic
compression of the heart (either through the chest wall or,
during surgery, directly to the heart) in an attempt to
maintain circulation during cardiac arrest
 Mouth-to-mouth Ventilation

Procedure:
1. Tilt the casualty’s head back,
open their mouth and pinch
their nose closed
2. Breathe in deeply, then press
your lips onto theirs and
breathe out slowly, making
sure their chest rises
3. Take your mouth away and let
their chest fall again
4. Repeat these steps until
breathing returns or help
arrives
Cardiac Massage

Procedure:
1. Do 2 breaths of mouth-to-mouth
ventilation
2. Press down on the chest 15
times, a bit faster than once a
second
3. Repeat this pattern – 2 breaths,
15 chest compressions
4. Look for signs of improvement,
e.g. skin color returning. Check
for a pulse every minute
5. Don’t practice this on someone
who’s conscious
1.
PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCE
PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES

• The Philippine folk dances are perhaps the

easiest dances to understand and perform due to
its simplicity, quickness and liveliness.
• No single Philippine dance exists without
meaning since most of them if not all reflect
lifestyle, moods, feelings, sentiments and the
soul of their total social being.
• Dance is within the body and mind of every
Filipino which is traceable from its roots and
beginnings of Philippine history from periods of
precolonization to the modern times.
 National Artist for Dance
Francisca
Reyes Aquino is
acknowledged as the
Folk Dance Pioneer.
This Bulakeña began
her research on folk
dances in the 1920’s
making trips to remote
barrios in Central and National Artist for Dance (1973)
(March 9, 1899 – November 21, 1983)
Northern Luzon.
Ramon Obusan was a
*dancer, choreographer,
stage designer and artistic
director. He achieved
phenomenal success in
Philippine dance and
cultural work.
National Artist for Dance (2006)
(June 16, 1938 – December 21,
2006)
Lucrecia Reyes-
Urtula, choreographer,
dance educator and
researcher, spent almost
four decades in the
discovery and study of
Philippine folk and ethnic
dances. National Artist for Dance (1988)
(June 29, 1929 – August 4, 1999)
To simplify the understanding of
Philippine Dance, it can be grouped into
five major divisions namely.
• The highland Cordillera Dances
• Dances of the Tribal Groups in Visayas, and
Mindanao
• Muslim Dances
• Western Influenced Dances
• Dances of the Countryside or local Motifs
BIBAKIIG Groups Examples of their Dances
Bontoc Managayaw - A ritual preparation for a battle of
headhunting expedition
Ifugao Bumayah - A festival dance in celebration of victory
or bountiful harvest
Benguet Bendian - A welcome dance for successful headhunting
Apayao Pingpingaw - An imitative gestures of the high flying
bird Turayan
Kalinga Ragragsakan - A work dance of women balancing
loads of claypots
Itneg Idudu- A lullaby and dance portraying their
matriarchal society.
Ilongot Tagem - A hunting gestures seeking for food and
protection
Gaddang Bumbuak - A festival dance in varied celebrations
Tribal Groups Examples of their Dances
Mangyan Tarok Bakal - A portrayal of their daily lives from
planting to harvesting
Negrito/Ita/Agta Talbeng - An imitative gestures of monkey
movements
Tagbanua Seguitset - A flirtation dance of a couple
Palawanun Pagdidiwata - A healing ritual or offering activity
Muslim Groups Examples of their Dances

Maranao Singkil - Royal dance using fans intricately or

skillfully performed on clapped bamboo poles
Maguindanao Sagayan - A warrior dance which portrays the
mythological hero prince called Bantugan
Yakan Pindulas - A couple dance displaying intricate hand movements
Samal Maglangka - A dance of noble women being instructed
by a dance teacher
Tausug Pangalay - Imitating the graceful movements of
swift Vinta as well as the birds and fishes
Jama Mapun Lunsay - A song and dance activity done during
full moon and in circular patterns
Badjao Tawte-tawte - An occupational dance showing diving
skill and swimming underwater movements
Traditionalist Examples of their Dances
Bagobo Gin-um - A festival dance of lavish feast or of tribal gods
B’laan Kanfu de dafeng - A courtship dance where Kanfu is
previledged to choose from among
the three maidens to be his bride
Bukidnon Dugsu - A ceremonial dance for thanksgiving
Manobo Binanog-Banog - A mimetic dance of a hawk
Mandaya Kinabuwa - A mimetic dance of an eagle
Mansaka Inamo - A mimetic dance of a monkey
T’boli Kadal Blelah - A mimetic dance of a mythical bird Blelah
Talaingod Pandamggo - (dream) A dance performed by a virgin
mother bathing and cradling her new born baby
Tagakaulo Edel - A ceremonial dance of death and revenge beating the
musical instrument called Udol
Tiruray Sinukdo - A marriage ritual with singing and dancing
Subanon Buklug - A festival dance of music, songs, and movements
for fertility, good health and bounty
Local Dances with foreign steps
La Jota Moncadeña - A dance using bamboo castanets from Moncada, Tarlac
Pandanggo sa Ilaw - A balancing dance of oil lamps from Mindoro
Habanera Botoleña - A farewell dance form Botolan, Zambales
Mazurka Boholana - A Spanish mazurka from Bohol
Los Bailes de Ayer - A French quadrille influence dance from Tarlac
Alcamfor - A French inspired minuet dance from Quezon province
Katsutsa - A Spanish inspired dance cachucha
Kuratsa - A Mexican influence of the dance Curacha
OCCUPATIONAL DANCES
Sayaw sa Bulig – Fishing dance
Pabirik – Dance separating cottons from the shell coverings
An Marol – Fish vendor dance

IMITATIVE DANCES
Itik-itik – Mimic duck movement
Kalapati – Mimic dove movement
Tinolabong – Mimic the long legged white bird
Inkoy-Inkoy – Mimic the monkey
Wedding / Courtship Dance
Pantomina – Courtship / wedding dance from Bicol Provinces
Sayaw sa Pag-ibig – Courtship dance from Bulacan
Maskota – Wedding dance from Cagayan
Pandang-pandang – Wedding dance from Aklan

Dance with Implements

Maglalatik – A mock dance using coconut shells from Laguna
Binoyugan – A balancing dance using clay pot from Pangasinan
Binasuan – Balancing dance with glasses on the head and both hand
Salakot – Using wide brimmed hat
Tinikling – Visayan dance using bamboo poles
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE POSITIONS
DANCE TERMS
Abrasete
Girl at the right side, holds R arm of partner with L
hand, free hands down at the side

Arms in lateral Position

Both arms are at one side, either sideward right or
left. This may be done at shoulder, chest, or waist level

Arms in Reverse T Position

Arms are side horizontal, elbows bent at right
angles, forearms parallel to head, palms forward or facing
inward
Brush
Weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel
of the other foot, after which that foot is lifted from the floor
to any direction

Cabeceras
When dancers are in square formation, the couples
occupying the width of the hall are called cabeceras.
Those who are occupying the length of the hall are
Costados

Do-si-do (dos-a-dos)
Both advances forward, pass each other’s R or L
side, step across to the R or L. Move backward without
turning around pass each other’s L or R side to proper
places
Hayon-hayon
To place one forearm in front and the other at the
back of the waist (A Visayan term)

Jaleo
Partners turn once around clockwise or
counterclockwise (w/ R elbows almost touching) using
walking or any dance steps. Hands are near or on waists

Salok
To swing the arm downward-upward passing in
front of the body as if scooping, the trunk is bent forward
following the movement of the arm doing the salok
Saludo
Partners bow to each other, to the audience,
opposite dancers or to the neighbors with feet together

Sarok
Cross the R or L foot in front of the L or R foot, bend
the body slightly forward and cross the hands (forearms)
down in front with the R or L hand over the L or R

Slide
To glide foot smoothly along the floor
Stamp
To bring down the foot forcibly and noisily on the
floor without transferring of weight

Tap
To rap slightly with the ball or toe of the free foot,
flexing the ankle joint keeping weight of the body on the
other foot

Whirl
To make fast turns by executing small steps in place
to right or left
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE STEPS
IN 24 TIME SIGNATURE

Bleking
heel place (1), close-step (2)
1M
Change step
step (1), close (&), step (2) 1M

Cross change step

cross-tep (1), close (&), step (2) 1M
Contra-gansa
leap (1), cross-step (&), step (2) 1M

Grapevine
step (1), cross-step (1), cross-step (2) 2M

Habanera
step (1), close (2), step (&) 1M

Heel and toe change step

heel-place (1), toe-point (2), step (1), close (&), step (2)
2M
Shuffling
slide (1), slide (&), slide (2), slide (&)

Mincing
step (1), step (&), step (2), step (&)
FUNDAMENTAL DANCE STEPS
IN 34 TIME SIGNATURE

Waltz
step (1), close (2), step (3) 1M

Waltz balance
step (1), close raise heels(2), heels down (3) 1M

Cross waltz
cross-step (1), close (2), step (3) 1M
Sway balance with a point
step (1,2), cross-step (3), step (1), point (2,3) 2M

Sway balance with a hop

step (1,2), cross-step (3), step (1), hop (2,3) 2M

Sway balance with a close

step (1,2), cross-step (3), step (1), close (2,3) 2M

Sway balance with a brush

step (1,2), cross-step (3), step (1), brush (2,3) 2M

Sway balance with a raise

step (1,2), cross-step (3), step (1), raise (2,3) 2M

Sway balance with a waltz

step (1,2), cross-step (3), step (1), waltz (2,3) 2M
Redoba
slide (1), cut (2), cut (3) 1M

Mazurka
slide (1), cut (2), hop (3) 1M

Kuradang
step (1), close (&), step (2), cross-step (3)
2M
Step (1), close (&), step (2), point (3)

Bleking
heel-place (1,2), close [step] (3) 1M
BALLROOM AND SOCIAL
DANCES
BALLROOM DANCING

The term ballroom

dancing is derived
from the word ball
that originated from
the Latin word
ballare which
means “to dance”.
 It applies to any one
of the several dances in
which two individuals, a
“leader” and a “follower”,
dance with physical
contact through their
upper or lower bodies, or
simply their arms,
depending on the
particular variety of dance.
HISTORY OF BALLROOM
DANCING
In the later part of the
19th century, ballroom
dancing became an integral
part of physical education
in American public as well
as in private schools. It
continues to be taught in
dancing schools in
England.
 The Tango became popular both in
Europe and America from 1910 to 1920 as a
social dance. In the 1930s, the Rumba,
Conga, and Samba were famous dances in
Latin American rhythm. Rock and Roll
emerged in the middle of the 1950s and Disco
dancing in the 1970s. Breakdancing, Street
dancing, with acrobatics, and martial arts
movement became popular in the 1980s.
Now, Hip-hop and other combinations of
the classical dance steps are being used as
modern dance steps.
WALTZ
Derived from its
German term walzen which
means “to roll” or “to turn.”
It is performed fashionably
by couples or partners in
fast sliding or gliding
movement. This dance
was first popularized in
Vienna, Austria before it
reached Europe.
 It was more
popularly known as
Weller or Spinner in the
mountainous terrains of
southern Germany and
Austria. The rhythm of
this dance is easy, and
romantic melodies are in
3 time. The accent is on
4
the first beat.
Closed Position
The waltz is in Closed
Position. The boy should place
his right hand slightly beneath
the girl’s left shoulder blade
with his right arm held at a 90
degrees angle to his body. His
left arm should be raised so
that the girl’s hand can rest
lightly on it, and should be held
at her eye level.
Basic Step Pattern (Boy’s part. Girl does the opposite)

a. Step L foot forward, heel first the flat

(cnt.1).
b. Step R foot sideward, toe (cnt.2).
c. Step L foot close to R foot toe then lower to
heel flat at the end of count 3 (cnt.3).
CHA CHA CHA

The Cha cha cha is a Latin dance

which originated in Cuba. The music is a
combination of African and Cuban rhythms
blended into a Latin beat.
Cha cha cha was the name of the
component bell that when it is rubbed,
produces sound. This bell was used by the
Haitians. The Cha cha cha was actually
derived from the Mambo.
 It became popular
in the United States in
the 1950s, along with the
Mambo. Today, it is one
of the dances seen in
competitions. Dancers
incorporated new steps
and turns to include in
the competitions.
BASIC STEPS

Forward Basic Step for Boy

a. L forward (cnt.2)
b. R in place (cnt.3)
c. LRL (cha cha cha) – cnt.4 and 1

Backward Basic Step for Girl

a. R backward (cnt.2)
b. L in place (cnt.3)
c. RLR (cha cha cha) – cnt.4 and 1)
TANGO

The Tango is often considered as one

of the most fascinating of all dances. The
dance is also called “Baile Con Corte”
meaning “The dance with many dramatic or
artistic poses.” The Tango was first a solo
dance performed by a woman in the early
19th Century. contact.
 Later, it was done by couples using
castanets. That was called the Andalusian
Tango, which was considered immoral, not
only because of the flirting skirts but also
because of the very close full upper body
 History

Tango originated
within the lower classes of
Buenos Aires, especially in
the “Barrio de la Ranas.”
As told in the story, the
Tango started with the
gauchos or cowboys of
Argentina.
 In the 1900s, the
dance spread
throughout Europe and
was popularized in New
York from 1910 to 1911.
Then entered Rudolph
Valentino. He made the
Tango a hit in 1921.
Finally, the dance was
considered respectable,
even in Argentina.
Basic Rhythm

Slow-slow-quick-quick-slow
Tango Closed Position (Boy)

Use the close handhold throughout the

execution of these steps:
a.Step L forward in the line of direction of the L
foot, R toe in place, slow (cnt.1,2)
b.Step R forward, L toe in place, slow (cnt.3,4)
c.Step L forward, quick (cnt.1)
d.Follow through with the R foot and step to the R
side quick (cnt.2)
e.Draw L slowly to the arch of the R foot, weight on
R, slow (cnt.3,4)
JIVE

Because of the popularity of the

Charleston and the Lindy Hop in the
African-American community, the ballroom
dance, Jive took a lead in New York on
March 26, 1926. Because of this, many
dance studios opened in different places
across America between the 1920s and
the 1990s. Its music was largely a
swinging jazz.
 History
In 1927, a dance enthusiast
named Shortz George
Snowden, while he was
watching a couple dance,
was asked by a reported the
name of the dance. He
named it “Lindy Hop”, taken
from the title of an article in a
newspaper held by someone
on a bench next to him.
 In the mid 1930s, it was
renamed from a tune entiled
“Jitterbug” a bouncy six beat
variant. With the discovery of
the Jitterbug, the
communities began dancing
it with contemporary jazz and
swing music and
incorporated into it tap and
jazz steps.
 In the late 1930s and
through the 1940s, the
terms Lindy Hop,
Jitterbug, Lindy, and
Swing were
interchangeably used by
the media and the people
showed different reactions
to the dance.
 The documentation of the dance
started only in the 1940s. This was made
by Lauré Haile, a swing dancer and
competitor, after she saw the dance of the
white community. She gave it the name
Western Swing.
Basic Movement

a. Step R in place (cnt.1)

b. Step L in place (cnt.2)
c. Step R sideward (small step) cnt.3
d. Move L towards R (small step) cnt. “a”
e. Step R sideward (big step) cnt.4
ORGANIZATION AND
MANAGENT
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
PE AND SPORT

Organization

refers to a group of
people who are
drawn together by
common or similar
goals
Management
is the art and
science of helping
people use their
abilities to the
fullest
IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT

• Help people achieve their goals they desire

• Gives direction to the cooperative efforts of
many individuals
• Determines in great measure whether an
organization is going to progress, operate
efficiently, and achieve objective
• Determines whether or not the group of
individuals within its framework are happy,
cooperative, and productive
Management Functions and
Activities:

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Conrolling
Planning
refers to the
work
performed to
predetermine
a course of
action in order
to attain
results desired
 Planning includes:

Forecasting – to estimate and predict future

conditions, anticipate problems

Developing objectives – to determine the

results desired

Programming & scheduling – to establish

the major action steps to achieve the
objectives
Budgeting – to allocate the resources so as
to make most effective use

Developing procedures – to make use of

methods, techniques and
strategies

Developing policies – to implement the

decisions in the form of policies
or guidelines
 Organizing
Refers to the work to
arrange and relate the
work to be performed
effectively by people
This includes:
Developing
organizational structure
Delegating
Developing
relationships
 Leading
Refers to the work performed to
influence people to act in order
to attain the results desired
This includes:
Decision-making
Communicating
Motivating
Select people
Developing people
performance
 Controlling
Refers to the work performed
to assess and regulate work in
progress and to assess results
secured
This includes:
Developing performance
standards – establish
criteria
Measuring performance
Evaluating performance
Correcting performance
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

• Refers to job performance and achievement

guided by desired results.
• Has two types:
1. Unit performance
 Evaluate results for groups, units,
departments, divisions, or whole school
2. Individual performance
 To motivate and measure individual
performance
MAJOR LEADERSHIP STYLES

Authoritarian Leadership
implies a one-person leadership
 Democratic or
Equalitarian Leadership
implies a leader who submits important
matters to group discussion and involves
group members in decision-making
Laissez-faire Leadership
Implies a leader who gives guidance but
leaves decision-making to group members
QUALIFICATION OF A MANAGEMENT LEADER

 Management leader is a person in a leadership position who primarily

be performing the management work of planning, organizing, leading,
and controlling, enables people to work together to achieve objectives

• Administrative mind
 Ability to analyse situations objectively to see the future and
plan a constructive course of action
• Integrity
 Honest, sincere and can be trusted with confidential
information
• Ability to instil good human relations
• Ability to make decisions
• Health and fitness for the job
• Willingness to accept responsibility
• Understanding of work
• Intellectual capacity
PURPOSE OF INTRAMURAL PROGRAM

• To serve as an extension of the required

instructional program
• To motivate children to exercise after their
academic hours
• To provide opportunities for hours of
vigorous activity essential for normal
growth
• To provide supervision for competition
• To provide facilities for the program
Types of Competitions or Tournament

• Single elimination
May be used when time is limited

Formula to identify the # of games:

G=N-1

Example: N=6
G=6-1
=5
Where G – number of games
N – number of teams
• After knowing the number of games to be played, the next
step is to determine the number of teams to play in the first
round of the tournament. To avoid having an uneven
number of teams in the second round of the tournament,
the number of BYES in the first round must be determined
first.

• A bye entitles a team to advance to the next round without

playing. To do this, the number of teams is subtracted from
the power of two (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.) which is immediately
higher than the number of teams.
Formula: Bye = P2 – N Where P - least power of 2 higher than N
N – number of entries
EXAMPLE:
6 – number of entry teams
8 – least power of 2 higher than N
Bye = 8-6
Bye = 2 (number of byes)
Double elimination
Requires an individual/team to have two
defeats before being eliminated
Formula: Example:
G = 2 (N-1) G = 2 (6 – 1)
Where G – number of games G = 2 (5)
N – number of teams G = 10
Round Robin
Provides the opportunity for each team to play other
teams in the competition

Formula to use to determine the number of games:

N ( N-1) = number of games to be played

2

Example:
6 (6 – 1) = 6 x 5 = 15 games
2 2
ROUND 1 ROUND 2 ROUND 3 ROUND4 ROUND 5

1 vs 6 1 vs 5 1 vs 4 1 vs 3 1 vs 2

2 vs 5 6 vs 4 5 vs 3 4 vs 2 3 vs 6

3 vs 4 2 vs 3 6 vs 2 5 vs 6 4 vs 5
Ladder Tournament
Contestants are arranged in ladder or vertical formation.
A contestant is free to challenge any one directly above
or two steps above his name

Pyramid Tournament
Similar to ladder tournament but instead of having only
one name at the base, there are more. The number of
players in each step gradually decreases as the pyramid
closes at the top. Player in a row may challenge anyone
in his own row or anyone in the row above him
General Administrative Policies:
• Selection of participants
 Participation should be voluntary
• Time
• Health examination
 All participants should be required to undergo health
exam
• Publicity and promotion
 Dissemination of information is essential
• Awards
 Awards stimulate interest and serve as incentive for
students
• Records
 Needed to assess performance and for future reference
• Finance
 Funds must be available
Personnel of the Program and Their
Functions:
Director
 Arranges schedules, appoints officials and managers
 Initiates policies, suggest rules
 Secure and assigns facilities
 Coordinates all activities into unified program
Council or Committee
 Assists the director in the organization and
administration of the program
 Serves as policy-making and legislative group in the
promotion and control of the program
Intramural Board
 Determines the eligibility and playing rules and the
award system
Faculty Supervisors and activity advisers
Team Managers
To serve as liaison between the intramural office
and team or participants
Student coaches
Instructs his team on the rules, techniques, and
tactics
Student Sports Managers
Officials
FISCAL MANAGEMENT

Refers to the administrative

machinery and operations to request
funds, make them available to areas and
individuals, and then exercise control to
see that they are used in a right and
efficient manner
PURPOSE OF FISCAL
MANAGEMENT
• To insure wise utilization of the monies allocated to
PE
• To utilize the allocated funds based on a careful
analysis of the present condition
• To insure of right directions are taken through staff’s
involvements in budget preparations
• To guarantee that the entire financial process has
integrity and purpose
• To maximize use of personnel, facilities, supplies,
equipment, and other factors involved
BUDGETING

• Is merely a record of receipts and

expenditures
• Reflects the long term planning of the
organization, with the estimated costs of
needs
• May be short-term or long-term
Adapted PE
Program
Refers to that
phase of the PE
program designed
to meet the needs
of individual
children who
deviate from the
normal/regular.
It’s activities, games,
sports, and rhythms are
suited to the interests,
capacities, and
limitations of children
with disabilities who
may not safely or
successfully engage in
unrestricted
participation in the
general program of PE
(Johper, 1962)
Nature and Scope of the Adapted
Program:

• Democratization of access to education

gives the right of every individual to a good
education
• Special provision should be made in the
schools to help these children who may
find difficulty in adjusting to the demands
that society places on them
INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING
HANDICAPPING CONDITIONS:

• Orthopedic handicap
• Poor body mechanics
• Cardiovascular conditions
• Visual handicaps
• Auditory handicaps
• Other traumatic, pathological, and
congenital conditions
STEPS IN ORGANIZING
AN ADAPTED PROGRAM
• Determine the requirement for the adapted program
 Identification of students for possible assignment to the
AP
 Determination of the types of frequency of handicapping
conditions
 Review of existing accumulated health records
• Solicit Medical Cooperation
• Classify the physical status of the individual
• Determine which of the following groups a child may belong:
 Those desiring to rehabilitate a physical disability
 Those desiring to adapt to a permanent disability
 Those requiring a limited physical activity program
 Those requiring a developmental program
MARAMING SALAMAT PO!