Sei sulla pagina 1di 5

3HUIRUPDQFH$QDO\VLVRI(WKHUHXP7UDQVDFWLRQVLQ

3ULYDWH%ORFNFKDLQ
6DUD5RXKDQL 5DOSK'HWHUV
DepartmentofComputerScience DepartmentofComputerScience
UniversityofSaskatchewan UniversityofSaskatchewan
Saskatoon,Sk,Canada Saskatoon,Sk,Canada
VDUDURXKDQL#XVDVNFD GHWHUV#FVXVDVNFD

Abstract²Ethereum, the well­known blockchain platform, does B. ComparingBlockchainperformancewithcentralized
not have any limit for block size, unlike Bitcoin. However, there systems:
are other obstacles in processing unlimited transactions per
second. Ethereum blockchain code runs by different clients, and ,W LV WUXH WKDW WUDQVDFWLRQV RI EORFNFKDLQ DUH VORZHU WKDQ
they run on different speed and present the different level of FHQWUDOL]HG GDWDEDVHV EHFDXVH EORFNFKDLQ PXVW KDQGOH PRUH
performance. This paper studies Ethereum transactions and it WDVNV LQ FRPSDUH ZLWK FHQWUDOL]HG GDWDEDVHV 7KH WKUHH
analyzes two most popular Ethereum clients, Geth and Parity, on DGGLWLRQDO WDVNV LQFOXGH VLJQDWXUH YHULILFDWLRQ FRQVHQVXV
a private blockchain to obtain the better understanding of the PHFKDQLVPV DQG UHGXQGDQF\ >@ +RZHYHU LW VKRXOG EH
effect of different clients on Ethereum performance. The results UHPLQGHGWKDWEORFNFKDLQKDVDGHWHUPLQLVWLFDGYDQWDJHZKHQ
show that the transactions are 89.8 percent on average faster in LW FRPHV WR SURYLGLQJ D UHOLDEOH UREXVW DQG VHFXUH ZD\ WR
Parity client in comparison with Geth client, using the same VWRUHGDWDZLWKRXW LQWHUPHGLDULHVLQWHUIHULQJ ,QWKLVUHVHDUFK
system configuration.
ZH KDYH FDOFXODWHG WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI EORFNFKDLQ EDVHG RQ
Keywords-Blockchain; Ethereum; Transaction; Performance WUDQVDFWLRQV SURFHVVLQJ VSHHG ZKLFK VXEPLWWLQJ WR WKH
EORFNFKDLQGLUHFWO\ZLWKRXWSDVVLQJWKURXJKDQ\WKLUGSDUW\VR
WKHUH LV QR RWKHU SURFHVVLQJ EHIRUH RU DIWHU VXEPLWWLQJ
, ,1752'8&7,21 WUDQVDFWLRQV WR WKH EORFNFKDLQ ZKLFK DIIHFW WKH SURFHVVLQJ
WLPH
A. Blockchain
C. Publicvs.PrivateNetwork
%ORFNFKDLQ WKH GLVWULEXWHG V\VWHP ZKLFK ZDV ILUVWO\
LQWURGXFHG E\ %LWFRLQ DQG GLJLWDO FXUUHQFLHV SURPLVHV DQ 3XEOLF RU SHUPLVVLRQOHVV EORFNFKDLQ FRQVLVWV RI PXOWLSOH
LQQRYDWLYHIXWXUHLQ FROODERUDWLRQDQGEXVLQHVVPDUNHW,W LVD QRGHVDQGLWLVFRPSOHWHO\WUXVWOHVVVRDQ\RQHFDQMRLQVHQG
JOREDO OHGJHU WKDW FDQ UHFRUG WUDQVDFWLRQV HIILFLHQWO\ DQG WUDQVDFWLRQDQGSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHFRQVHQVXVSURFHVV,QSXEOLF
SHUPDQHQWO\RQWKHFKDLQRIEORFNVDWDVSHFLILFWLPHVWDPS EORFNFKDLQQRGHVVKRXOGEHV\QFKURQL]HGDQGLIWKHFKDLQLV
%ORFNFKDLQFRQVLVWVRIDVHWRIQRGHVFRQQHFWHGYLDSHHUWR ELJLWJHWV KXJH WLPHDQGHQHUJ\ 7KHQHWZRUNLVFRPSOHWHO\
SHHU QHWZRUN 1RGHV RU SDUWLHV LQ WKH QHWZRUN FDQ LQWHUDFW GHFHQWUDOL]HGRU³IXOO\GHFHQWUDOL]HG´LQWKLVFDVH
GLUHFWO\ ZLWKRXW DQ\ WUXVWHG DQG WKLUG SDUW\ 7KLV WUXVWOHVV $JDLQVW SXEOLF EORFNFKDLQ ZH KDYH SULYDWH EORFNFKDLQ
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHSURYLGHVIDVWHUDQGFKHDSHUWUDQVDFWLRQV ZKLFK QRGHV QHHG SHUPLVVLRQ WR MRLQ D FRQWUROOHG EORFNFKDLQ
,QEORFNFKDLQHDFKQRGHFDQFUHDWHDVHULHVRIWUDQVDFWLRQV DQG UHDG WKH VWDWH RI WKH FKDLQ 7KH 3ULYDWH EORFNFKDLQ LV
7UDQVDFWLRQV SDVV WKH KDVK IXQFWLRQ VHYHUDO WLPHV WKHQ WKH\ IDVWHU VDIHU DQG PRUH HIILFLHQW EXW SHUPLVVLRQV DUH KROG
JURXS DQG UHFRUG DV EORFNV 6R EDVLFDOO\ EORFNFKDLQ FDQ EH FHQWUDOL]HGVRLWVDFULILFHVGHFHQWUDOL]LQJ
VHHQ DV D FKDLQ RI EORFNV ZKLFK LQFOXGH WKH KDVK RI WKH 7KHUH LV DQRWKHU W\SH RI EORFNFKDLQV ZKLFK LV K\EULG DQG
WUDQVDFWLRQV¶ORJDQGRQO\RQHEORFNFDQEHDGGHGWRWKHFKDLQ DUHFDOOHG³&RQVRUWLXPEORFNFKDLQV´ZKHUHVRPHSHUPLVVLRQ
DW D WLPH (DFK EORFN KDV D WLPHVWDPS DQG D OLQN WR WKH QRGHVFRQWUROWKHFRQVHQVXVSURFHVV%DVHGRQWKHEORFNFKDLQ
SUHYLRXV EORFN DQG LW LV LGHQWLILHG E\ LWV KDVK YDOXH (DFK SROLFLHV DFFHVVHV FRXOG EH SXEOLF RU SHUPLVVLRQ EDVHG 7KLV
QRGH LQ WKH EORFNFKDLQ KDV WKH HQWLUH QHWZRUN WUDQVDFWLRQ W\SHRIEORFNFKDLQLVFRQVLGHUHG³SDWULFLDQO\GHFHQWUDOL]HG´
KLVWRU\ 7KHUHIRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ VWRUHG RQ WKH EORFNFKDLQ %DVHG RQ DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG QHHGV RI RUJDQL]DWLRQ SXEOLF
FDQQRWEHPRGLILHGRUGHOHWHGDQGEORFNFKDLQJXDUDQWHHVWKLV SULYDWHDQGK\EULGEORFNFKDLQVFDQEHDSSURSULDWH>@
E\&U\SWRJUDSK\ D. Blockchainplatforms
%ORFNFKDLQ RIIHUV VHFXULW\ UHOLDELOLW\ LQWHJULW\ DQG
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO EORFNFKDLQ SODWIRUPV %LWFRLQ >@ WKH
GXUDELOLW\ ,W UHGXFHV FRVWV E\ UHPRYLQJ WKLUG SDUWLHV DQG
HDUOLHVWGLVWULEXWHGOHGJHU(WKHUHXP+\SHUOHGJHUPXOWLFKDLQ
VXEPLWWLQJ IDVWHU WUDQVDFWLRQV $OVR LW SURYLGHV D YDULHW\ RI
HWF(WKHUHXP>@KDVDODUJHJOREDOGHYHORSPHQWFRPPXQLW\
XVHFDVHV>@EH\RQGMXVWVLPSOHILQDQFLDOWUDQVDFWLRQVVXFKDV
FRPSOHWHO\RSHQVRXUFHDQGLWVXSSRUWVYDULHW\RIXVHFDVHV>@
VPDUWFRQWUDFWVGHFHQWUDOL]HGDSSOLFDWLRQGLJLWDOLGHQWLW\DQG
DORWPRUH VXFKDVVPDUWFRQWUDFWDQGGHFHQWUDOL]HGDSSOLFDWLRQV 'DSSV 
ZKLFKFDQEXLOGRQWRSRIWKH(WKHUHXPEORFNFKDLQEHFDXVHLW

978-1-5-97-7/1$31.00 ©201 IEEE


KDV EHHQ GHVLJQHG WR EH DGDSWDEOH DQG IOH[LEOH ZLWK 7XULQJ DFFRXQWEDODQFHVDQGQRQFHVUHIXQGLQJWKHUHPLQGLQJJDVDQG
FRPSOHWHVFULSWLQJODQJXDJHEXLOWLQ>@ UHZDUGLQJ PLQHUV IRU FRPSXWDWLRQ 7KH GHWDLOV RI
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKLV IXQFWLRQ DUH H[SODLQHG LQ (WKHUHXP
E. Ethereum
<HOORZSDSHU>@
,QWKLVSDUWZHH[SODLQVRPH(WKHUHXPEDVLFDOO\FRQFHSWV
DFFRXQW WUDQVDFWLRQV DQG FOLHQWV >  @ (WKHUHXP %DVLF G. TransactionSafetyViewpoint
XQLWLVDFFRXQW$FFRXQWVDUHUHTXLUHGIRUHYHU\RQHZKRZDQWV (WKHUHXP WUDQVDFWLRQV DQG VPDUW FRQWUDFWV DUH VHULDOO\
WR VHQG DQ\ WUDQVDFWLRQ WR WKH EORFNFKDLQ (WKHUHXP LQFOXGHV H[HFXWHG E\ PLQHUV DQG WKH\ DUH QRW FRQFXUUHQW (90
WZR W\SHV RI DFFRXQWV ([WHUQDOO\ 2ZQHG DFFRXQWV (2$  (WKHUHXP 9LUWXDO 0DFKLQH EHKDYHV OLNH D VLQJOH SURFHVVRU
XVHUV GLUHFWO\ VHQG WUDQVDFWLRQV YLD WKHP DQG &RQWUDFW FRPSXWHUDQGHYHU\QRGHUXQVLW H[HFXWHVRQHWUDQVDFWLRQLQD
$FFRXQWVEDVHGRQWKHFRGHVRIWKHFRQWUDFWLILWQHHGVWRFDOO PRPHQW +RZHYHU WKH FRPPRQ VHFXULW\ LVVXHV RI WKH
DQRWKHUFRQWUDFWLWVHQGVDQLQWHUQDOWUDQVDFWLRQ(YHU\DFFRXQW FRQFXUUHQW V\VWHPV FDQ RFFXU VLPLODUO\ ZKHQ D VPDUW
LV GHILQHG E\ WZR NH\V D SULYDWH NH\ DQG SXEOLF NH\ (DFK FRQWUDFW¶VFRGHUXQVDQGLWVHQGV LQWHUQDOWUDQVDFWLRQVWR FDOO
DFFRXQW¶VDGGUHVVFRPHVIURPWKHODVWE\WHVRISXEOLFNH\ DQRWKHUVPDUWFRQWUDFW
DQGLWLVWKHQHFHVVDU\SDUWRIHDFKWUDQVDFWLRQ 7KH VHFXULW\ DQG YDOLG UHVXOWV DUH YLWDO LQ WKLV W\SH RI
,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ FRPSOH[ V\VWHPV DQG DQ\ DWWDFN RU PLVWDNH FDQ OHDG WR WKH
WUDQVDFWLRQV DQG LQWHUQDO WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KH WUDQVDFWLRQV VLJQV KLJK FRVW RI IDLOXUH $OWKRXJK WKH (90 GHVLJQHG WR EH
E\(2$¶VSULYDWHNH\WKHVHQGHURIWKHWUDQVDFWLRQDQGDIWHU GHWHUPLQLVWLF WKHUH DUH ORWV RI FKDOOHQJH ZKLFK FDQ UHVXOW LQ
FRQILUPDWLRQDKDVK YDOXHUHWXUQVZKLFKZH FDQ WUDFNDOOWKH QRQGHWHUPLQLVWLF RXWSXW 6XFK DV WKH DWWDFN RQ WKH '$2
EORFNFKDLQ WUDQVDFWLRQV E\ LW +RZHYHU WKHUH LV QR VLJQDWXUH FRQWUDFW >@ ZKLFK DOORZHG WR  GHWULPHQW $OWKRXJK LW
ILHOGIRULQWHUQDOWUDQVDFWLRQV'LIIHUHQWVRXUFHVXVHWKHWHUPV VHHPV WKDW WKH ZKROH RI WKH LQYHVWRUV¶ IXQGV DUH UHWXUQHG E\
RIFDOORUPHVVDJHIRULQWHUQDOWUDQVDFWLRQV +DUG )RUN >@ EXW WKLV ZDV D ELJ DODUP WR WKLQN DERXW WKH
,QWKLVVWXG\DOOWUDQVDFWLRQVDUHVHQWIURP(2$V VHFXULW\ DVSHFW RI VPDUW FRQWUDFWV DQG LGHQWLI\ SRWHQWLDO
UHDVRQVWUHDWLQJWKHGHWHUPLQLVWLFUHVXOWV
F. EthereumTransactions
(YHQ WKRXJK (WKHUHXP GRHV QRW H[HFXWH FRQFXUUHQW
7KH 7UDQVDFWLRQ ‫  ڲ‬LV D VLQJOH LQVWUXFWLRQ FRGH ZKLFK WUDQVDFWLRQV EXW LW VXIIHUV IURP VLPLODU ULVNV WKDW WKUHDW
VHQGV D PHVVDJH IURP ([WHUQDOO\ 2ZQHG $FFRXQW ,Q PDQ\ FRQFXUUHQW V\VWHPV 7KH SRWHQWLDO SUREOHPV DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ
DVSHFWV EORFNFKDLQ WUDQVDFWLRQV DUH OLNH WUDGLWLRQDO WKHEHORZ>@
WUDQVDFWLRQV (WKHUHXP EORFNFKDLQ ODXQFKHV ZLWK D JHQHVLV 7KH PDLQ LVVXH LV H[WHUQDO WUDQVDFWLRQV WKH FXUUHQW VPDUW
EORFNDQGWKHQRWKHUWUDQVDFWLRQVSURFHVVDQGFUHDWHQHZEORFNV FRQWUDFW FRXOG EH ZULWWHQ ZHOOIRUPHG DQG VDIH EXW DQ
DQGDQHZVWDWH XQWUXVWHG H[WHUQDO FDOO RI LQVHFXUH FRQWUDFW FDQ OHDG WR
$Q\FKDQJHLQWKHEORFNFKDLQVWDWHVWDUWVZLWKDWUDQVDFWLRQ XQH[SHFWHG UHVXOWV 2QH RI WKH VLGH HIIHFWV RI H[WHUQDO
ZKLFK LV VHQW E\ (2$ 7KLV WUDQVDFWLRQ FDQ EH D GLUHFWO\ WUDQVDFWLRQVFDQEHWKHUDFHFRQGLWLRQWKHVLWXDWLRQZKLFKWKH
WUDQVIHUULQJ (WKHU (WKHUHXP GLJLWDO FXUUHQF\  WR DQRWKHU DWWDFNHUFDQFRQWUROWKHIORZRIFRGH
DFFRXQWRULWFRXOGEHDWULJJHUIRUDFRQWUDFW7KLVWUDQVDFWLRQ 5HHQWUDQF\LVWKHFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVEXJWKHFRQGLWLRQVWKDW
VLJQVE\VHQGHU¶VDFFRXQWSULYDWHNH\ LQYROYHG IXQFWLRQV FRXOG UHSHDWHGO\ EH FDOOHG EHIRUHWKH ILUVW
(YHU\ WUDQVDFWLRQ LQFOXGHV VHYHUDO ILHOGV DQG WKH PLQHU LQ LQYRFDWLRQRIWKHIXQFWLRQLVILQLVKHG(WKHUHXPGRHVQ¶WKDYHD
WKHQHWZRUNSULRULWL]HWKHWUDQVDFWLRQVEDVHGRQ*DV3ULFHILHOG PXWH[RUORFNWRDYRLGWKLV
,I VHYHUDO WUDQVDFWLRQV KDYH EHHQ VHQW IURP WKH VDPH DFFRXQW &URVVIXQFWLRQ 5DFH &RQGLWLRQ LV DQRWKHU DWWDFN ZKHQ DQ
WKH PLQHU ZRXOG FDOFXODWH WKHP E\ QRQFH YDOXH 7KH QRQFH DWWDFNHUFRXOGEHDEOHWRDWWDFNXVLQJWZRGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQV
ILHOGLQWKHWUDQVDFWLRQLVHTXDOWRWKHQXPEHURIWKHRSHUDWLRQV WKDWVKDUHWKHVDPHVWDWH
VHQWE\WKHVHQGHUWKLVYDOXHLQFUHPHQWE\VHQGLQJHYHU\QHZ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR UDFH FRQGLWLRQ IURP DQ DWWDFNHU WKHUH DUH
WUDQVDFWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKHWUDQVDFWLRQVZKLFKDUHVHQWIURPWKH VRPHRWKHUSUREOHPVEHFDXVHRIWKHQDWXUHRIWKHEORFNFKDLQV
VDPHDFFRXQWWKDWKDYHWKHVDPHJDVSULFHZRXOGEH H[HFXWHG WKLV IDFW WKDW RUGHU RI WKH WUDQVDFWLRQV WKHPVHOYHV FRXOG EH
UHVSHFWLYHO\ >@)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHGLDJUDPRIWUDQVDFWLRQ HDVLO\PRGLILHG7KLVLVVXHLVNQRZQDV7UDQVDFWLRQ2UGHULQJ
SURFHVVLQ(WKHUHXP%ORFNFKDLQ 'HSHQGHQFH>@
(WKHUHXP FDQ EH YLHZHG DV D WUDQVDFWLRQEDVHG VWDWH 7KH EORFNFKDLQ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG (WKHUHXP DUH VWLOO LQ WKH
PDFKLQH(WKHUHXPUXQVVWDWHWUDQVLWLRQIXQFWLRQWRPDNHVXUH HDUO\ VWDJH WR LGHQWLI\ RU SUHYHQW WKHVH SUREOHPV
WKDW WUDQVLWLRQ IURP FXUUHQW VWDWH ZRXOG OHDG WR D QHZ YDOLG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ 0RVW RI WKH ZRUNV IRU VROYLQJ VXFK WKHVH
VWDWH)RUPXODVKRZVWKHIRUPDOH[SODQDWLRQRIDYDOLGVWDWH SUREOHPV LV LQWURGXFLQJ IUDPHZRUNV WR YHULI\ FRGHV EHIRUH
WUDQVLWLRQ EDVHG RQ (WKHUHXP <HOORZ SDSHU >@ b LV WKH GHSOR\LQJLWLQWRWKHEORFNFKDLQ>@
(WKHUHXP VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ IXQFWLRQ DQG 7 UHSUHVHQWV WKH
WUDQVDFWLRQ H. EthereumClients
,Q (WKHUHXP %ORFNFKDLQ ILUVW VWHS IRU EHFRPLQJ QRGH LV
 ોW{b ોW7     UXQQLQJ DQ (WKHUHXP &OLHQW D FRGH WR SDUVH DQG YHULI\
EORFNFKDLQ(WKHUHXPFOLHQWVGRZQORDGWKHZKROHEORFNFKDLQ
7KH (WKHUHXP VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ IXQFWLRQ KDV VHYHUDO WDVNV DQG YHULI\ WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KHUH DUH D YDULHW\ RI FOLHQWV IRU
VXFK DV FKHFNLQJ LI WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ LV ZHOOIRUPHG XSGDWLQJ (WKHUHXP ZKLFK KDYH ZULWWHQ E\ WKH GLIIHUHQW SURJUDPPLQJ


ODQJXDJH7KLVYDULHW\KDVDORWRIDGYDQWDJHVLWFDQKHOSEXJV 7$%/(,, *(7+$1'3$5,7<)($785(6 
DQG LVVXHV SRSXS IDVWHU $OVR LW SURYLGHV PRUH UHOLDEOH Programming Database State Javascript Mining
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH7DEOH,6KRZV(WKHUHXPFOLHQWV Console
7ZR PRVW SLRQHHU FOLHQWV RI (WKHUHXP DUH *HWK >@ DQG *HWK *RODQJ /HYHO'% +HDS <HV <HV
3DULW\ >@ ,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH GHFLGHG WR H[SORUH (WKHUHXP 1RWGLUHFWO\
EXWFDQUXQ
SHUIRUPDQFHXQGHUWKHVHWZRGLIIHUHQWFOLHQWV *HWKDWWDFK
*HWK LV RQH RI WKH ILUVW (WKHUHXP FOLHQWV ZKLFK 3DULW\ 5XVW 5RFNVGE 6WDFN 1R
RULWFDQXVH
LPSOHPHQWHG E\ JR SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH *HWK LV HDV\ WR 1RGHMV&/,
EXLOGDQGLWKDVPLQLQJRSWLRQRQLWVRZQ FRQVROH
3DULW\ LV (WKHUHXP QHZHU FOLHQW ZLWK DQ HPSKDVLV RQ 
HIILFLHQF\ 3DULW\ KDV EHHQ ZULWWHQ E\ 5XVW SURJUDPPLQJ ,Q 3DULW\ 7HFKQRORJ\ %ORJ >@ WKHUH LV D SDSHU ZKLFK
ODQJXDJH 5HFHQWO\ WKLV FOLHQW KDV EHHQ DWWUDFWHG PDQ\ H[SODLQV DQ H[SHULPHQW WR FRPSDUH 3DULW\ DQG *HWK
(WKHUHXP GHFHQWUDOL]HG GHYHORSHU¶V DWWHQWLRQ EHFDXVH RI WKH SHUIRUPDQFH IRU EORFN SURFHVVLQJ WLPH WKURXJK PDNLQJ WKH
IDVWHU V\QF SURFHVV 3DULW\ GRHVQ¶W KDYH PLQLQJ RSWLRQ EXLOW FOLHQWV GR D IXOO V\QF RI IURQWLHU &KDLQ WR XQGHUVWDQG ZKLFK
LQWR VDPH DV *HWK EXW LW VXSSRUWV (WKHUHXP -62153& RQH RI WKHP LV IDVWHU LQ V\QFLQJ 7KH\ FODLP WKDW EORFN
LQWHUIDFHVRLWFDQUXQZLWKDQ\PLQHUZKLFKLPSOHPHQWVSURRI SURFHVVLQJ VSHHG LQGLFDWHV WKDW KRZ PXFK PLQLQJ SURFHVV LV
RIZRUNVXFKDV(WKPLQHU>@7DEOH,,VKRZVWKHIHDWXUHRI IDVWDQGLQSULYDWHFKDLQVKRZPXFKWUDQVDFWLRQVDUHHIILFLHQW
*HWKDQG3DULW\&OLHQWV WKURXJK WKH QHWZRUN 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW 3DULW\ LV WKUHH
WLPHV IDVWHU WKDQ *HWK ,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH KDYH GRQH WHVWLQJ
WKURXJK VHQGLQJ D IORZ RI WUDQVDFWLRQV WR WZR SULYDWH
(WKHUHXP EORFNFKDLQV ZKLFK UXQ E\ WZR GLIIHUHQW FOLHQWV
3DULW\DQG*HWKDQGFDOFXODWHGWKHWUDQVDFWLRQSURFHVVLQJWLPH
RQH E\ RQH DQG WKHQ DOO WRJHWKHU WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH EHKDYLRU
DQG SHUIRUPDQFH RI WUDQVDFWLRQV ZKLFK VHQW IURP WKHVH WZR
FOLHQWVLQSULYDWHEORFNFKDLQV
,, 3(5)250$1&(5(68/76 
)RU FDOFXODWLQJ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI (WKHUHXP
WUDQVDFWLRQVZHUXQWZR(WKHUHXPSULYDWHEORFNFKDLQZLWKWKH
VDPHFRQILJXUDWLRQ2QHRIWKHPH[HFXWHGE\3DULW\FOLHQWDQG
WKH VHFRQG RQH H[HFXWHG E\ *HWK FOLHQW 6\VWHP FRQILJXUDWLRQ
LV  *L% 5$0 DQG &RUH L &38 :H XVHG 1RGHMV
SURJUDP WR VHQG VHYHUDO EXQFKHV RI WUDQVDFWLRQV WR WKH
EORFNFKDLQ XVLQJ *HWK DQG 3DULW\ FOLHQWV DQG FDSWXUHG WKH
SURFHVVLQJWLPHIRUFRQILUPHGWUDQVDFWLRQVRQHE\RQHDQGDOO
WRJHWKHU
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHWLPHIRUSURFHVVLQJWUDQVDFWLRQV
RQH E\ RQH LQ WZR FOLHQWV 7KH DYHUDJH WLPH IRU HDFK
WUDQVDFWLRQ IRU 3DULW\ FOLHQW LV  DQG IRU *HWK FOLHQW LV
 0LOOLVHFRQG ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW LQ WKLV FDVH 3DULW\
FOLHQWKDVEHHQSHUFHQWIDVWHUWKDQ*HWKFOLHQW
)LJXUH  DQG ILJXUH  GHPRQVWUDWH WKH DYHUDJH WLPH DQG
WRWDO WLPH UHVSHFWLYHO\ IRU SURFHVVLQJ  WUDQVDFWLRQV IRU
GLIIHUHQW FOLHQWV E\ XVLQJ D V\VWHP ZLWK WKH GLIIHUHQW DPRXQW
 RI5$0
)LJXUH (WKHUHXP7UDQVDFWLRQ'LDJUDP $9LUWXDO0DFKLQHKDVEHHQXVHGWRFKDQJHWKHYDOXHRI
 WKH 5$0 YLUWXDOO\ WR UHFRUG WKH UHVXOW ,W ZDV DOUHDG\
SUHGLFWDEOHWKDWE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHDPRXQWRI5$0ZHVKRXOG
7$%/(, (7+(5(80&/,(176>@
H[SHFW WKH VSHHG RI WUDQVDFWLRQV ZRXOG ERRVW 0RUHRYHU WKH
Client Language Developers UHVXOW H[SODLQV WKDW LQFUHDVLQJ WKH 5$0 ZRXOG DIIHFW *HWK
*R(WKHUHXP *HWK  *R (WKHUHXP)RXQGDWLRQ FOLHQWPRUHWKDQ3DULW\FOLHQW
3DULW\ 5XVW (WKFRUH
)LJXUH VKRZVWKHJUDSKRIVHQGLQJGLIIHUHQWDPRXQWRI
&SS(WKHUHXP & (WKHUHXP)RXQGDWLRQ
3\HWKDSS 3\WKRQ (WKHUHXP)RXQGDWLRQ WUDQVDFWLRQV WR WKH V\VWHP ZLWK  *% 5$0 ZLWK WZR
(WKHUHXPMVOLE -DYDVFULSW (WKHUHXP)RXQGDWLRQ GLIIHUHQWFOLHQWV $V LV LQGLFDWHG LQ WDEOH  3DULW\&OLHQW LV DW
(WKHUHXP -  -DYD HWKHUFDPS OHDVW  3HUFHQW IDVWHU WKDQ *HWK ZLWK PLQLPXP 
5XE\(WKHUHXP 5XE\ -DQ;LH WUDQVDFWLRQVXSWRWUDQVDFWLRQV
(WKHUHXP+ +DVNHOO %ORFN$SS 



)LJXUH7LPHLQ0LOOLVHFRQGVIRU7UDQVDFWLRQVRI3DULW\DQG*HWK
FOLHQWV

 )LJXUH 7RWDOWLPHIRUSURFHVVLQJWUDQVDFWLRQVRQDFOLHQWZLWK
GLIIHUHQWDPRXQWRI5$0
 



)LJXUH $YHUDJHWLPHIRUHDFKWUDQVDFWLRQRQDFOLHQWZLWKGLIIHUHQW
DPRXQWRI5$0

7$%/(,,, 7+(3(5&(17$*(2),1&5($6,1*63((',13$5,7<&/,(17,1
&203$5,621:,7+*(7+&/,(17 
)LJXUH 7RWDOWLPHLQ0LQXWHVIRUSURFHVVLQJGLIIHUHQWDPRXQWRI
Number of Geth Parity Percentage of increasing WUDQVDFWLRQVE\GLIIHUHQWFOLHQWV
Transaction speed in Parity
    ,,, 6800$5< )8785(:25.
     7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHV EORFNFKDLQ WUDQVDFWLRQV IURP
    (WKHUHXP EORFNFKDLQ YLHZSRLQW :H LQYHVWLJDWH WKH GLIIHUHQW
    W\SHV RI WUDQVDFWLRQV WKH SUREOHPV WKUHDW WKH GHWHUPLQLVWLF
UHVXOW DQG ZH H[SORUH (WKHUHXP WUDQVDFWLRQV SHUIRUPDQFH
   
XVLQJ(WKHUHXPSULYDWHEORFNFKDLQZKLFKUXQVE\WZRFOLHQWV
    3DULW\DQG*HWKVHSDUDWHO\
  7KLV VWXG\ SUHVHQWV WKH UHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDW 3DULW\
SURFHVVHVWUDQVDFWLRQVVLJQLILFDQWO\ IDVWHUWKDQ*HWK
E\WKHDYHUDJHIRUDGLIIHUHQWVHWRIWUDQVDFWLRQVIURPWR
 WUDQVDFWLRQV 7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO UHDVRQV ZKLFK PDNH
3DULW\ IDVWHU WKDQ*HWKXVLQJ DPRUHUDSLGGDWDEDVH RUXVLQJ
GLIIHUHQW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DSSURDFKHV VXFK DV VWDFN 6WXG\LQJ
RQ WKH JURXQGV DQG GHWDLOV RI SHUIRUPDQFH ZRXOG OHDG WR WKH
QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ RI (WKHUHXP FOLHQWV ZKLFK FDQ UHGXFH WKH
OLPLWDWLRQVRQVFDODELOLW\DQGIDVWHUEORFNFKDLQV


 %HVLGHV SHUIRUPDQFH WKH VHFXULW\ DQG VDIHW\ RI >@ KWWSVEORJHWKHUHXPRUJKDUGIRUNFRPSOHWHG
WUDQVDFWLRQV DUH DQRWKHU FKDOOHQJH IRU EORFNFKDLQ WR SUHYHQW >@ KWWSVJLWKXEFRP&RQVHQ6\VVPDUWFRQWUDFWEHVWSUDFWLFHVVROLGLW\WLSV
WKHSUREDEOHDWWDFNVLPLODUWRFRQFXUUHQWV\VWHPV3HRSOHQHHG >@ . %KDUJDYDQ $ 'HOLJQDW/DYDXG & )RXUQHW $ *ROODPXGL *
*RQWKLHU 1 .REHLVVL 1 .XODWRYD $ 5DVWRJL 7 6LEXW3LQRWH 1
WRWUXVWWKLVQHZWHFKQRORJ\WREHHQFRXUDJHGDQGGHSRVLWWKHLU 6ZDP\DQG6=DQHOOD%HJXHOLQ)RUPDOYHULILFDWLRQRIVPDUWFRQWUDFWV
PRQH\LQWRWKHEORFNFKDLQ 6KRUW SDSHU ,Q 3/$6 SDJHV ± $&0
 KWWSGODFPRUJFLWDWLRQFIP"LG 
5()(5(1&(6 >@ - 3HWWHUVVRQ DQG 5 (GVWUŽRP 6DIHU 6PDUW &RQWUDFWV WKURXJK 7\SH
>@ 6 1DNDPRWR ³%LWFRLQ D SHHUWRSHHU HOHFWURQLF FDVK V\VWHP´ RQOLQH 'ULYHQ 'HYHORSPHQW 0DVWHU¶V WKHVLV &KDOPHUV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
KWWSELWFRLQRUJELWFRLQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 'HSDUWPHQW RI &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH DQG (QJLQHHULQJ
>@ (WKHUHXPKWWSVJLWKXEFRPHWKHUHXP 6ZHGHQ
KWWSVSXEOLFDWLRQVOLEFKDOPHUVVHUHFRUGVIXOOWH[WSGI
>@ ³6PDUW FRQWUDFW  XVH FDVHV IRU EXVLQHVV  EH\RQG´ 3UHSDUHG E\ 
VPDUW FRQWUDFWV $OOLDQFH ,Q FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK 'HORLWWH $Q LQGXVWU\
LQLWLDWLYH RI WKH &KDPEHU RI 'LJLWDO &RPPHUFH >@ //XX'+&KX+2OLFNHO36D[HQDDQG$+RERU³0DNLQJ6PDUW
KWWSVZZZFU\SWRFRLQVQHZVFRPVPDUWFRQWUDFWVXVHFDVHVIRU &RQWUDFWV 6PDUWHU´ In Processing of the 23rd ACM Conference on
EXVLQHVVDQGEH\RQG Computer and Communications Security +RIEXUJ 3DODFH 9LHQQD
$XVWULD
>@ ³%ORFNFKDLQYVFHQWUDOL]HGGDWDEDVHV´
KWWSZZZPXOWLFKDLQFRPEORJEORFNFKDLQVYVFHQWUDOL]HG >@ KWWSVJLWKXEFRPHWKHUHXPJRHWKHUHXP
GDWDEDVHV >@ KWWSVSDULW\LR
>@ 9 %XWHULQ ³2Q SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH EORFNFKDLQ´ >@ KWWSVHWKHUPLQHRUJ
KWWSVEORJHWKHUHXPRUJRQSXEOLFDQGSULYDWH >@ KWWSVEORJSDULW\LRSHUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLV
EORFNFKDLQV

>@ (WKHUHXP ZKLWH SDSHU ³$ QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ VPDUW FRQWUDFW

DQG GHFHQWUDOL]HG DSSOLFDWLRQ SODWIRUP´
KWWSVJLWKXEFRPHWKHUHXPZLNLZLNL:KLWH3DSHU 
>@ * :RRG (WKHUHXP \HOORZ SDSHU ³$ VHFXUH GHFHQWUDOLVHG JHQHUDOLVHG 
WUDQVDFWLRQOHGJHU´KWWSVHWKHUHXPJLWKXELR\HOORZSDSHUSDSHUSGI 
>@ (WKHUHXP+RPHVWHDG'RFXPHQWDWLRQKWWSZZZHWKGRFVRUJHQODWHVW 
>@ 9 %XWHULQ &ULWLFDO XSGDWH UH '$2 YXOQHUDELOLW\
KWWSVEORJHWKHUHXPRUJFULWLFDOXSGDWHUHGDR
YXOQHUDELOLW\




Potrebbero piacerti anche