1 Introduction to measurement system

1) Draw a block diagram showing the components of a measuring system. Explain

briefly the function of each component. Give an example of a measuring system to
show these different components.

2) Define the following terms:

a. Sensitivity.
b. Dead band.
c. Resolution.
d. Threshold.
3) For the thermometer shown in figure, the
sensor is ……………….. which
converts the temperature information
into …………………. and the signal
conditioner converts ……………
………into ………………information.
4) The scale range for the thermometer is
……….. and the resolution
is………………..
5) The Shown thermometer display is
a. Analog b. Digital c. None of the above
6) The response of the thermometer can be represented using:
a. Zero order system b. First order system c. Second order
system
7) The scale range for the shown Bourdon tube
Manometer is ……….. and the resolution
is………………..
8) The Shown Bourdon tube Manometer display is
b. Analog b. Digital c. None of the
above
9) The response of Bourdon tube Manometer
which based on the movement of elastic member
can be represented using:
b. Zero order system
c. First order system
d. Second order system
10) For the shown Bourdon tube
Manometer, the transducer is
………………. , the signal
conditioner is
………………, and the
indicator is
……………………..
11) Time constant of the
thermometer, can be defined
as the time required for the
output of to rise to --------of
its final value, as a result of a
step change in the
measurand.
a. 62.3%
b. 63.2 %
c. 64.2%
12) For the weighing scale shown in figure, The scale range
is …………….. and the resolution is………………..

13) If this weighing scale depends on the deflection of a

spring, then its response can be represented using:
a. Zero order system
b. First order system
c. Second order system
14) A thermometer is initially at a temperature of 20 o C and
is suddenly placed in a liquid which is maintained at 120
o
C. the thermometer indicates 70 o C after a time interval
of 3 seconds.
a. Estimate the 'time constant' for the thermometer
b. How much time is required to get a reading of at
least 95% from the step input?
15) A certain thermometer has a time constant of 15 s and
an initial temperature of 20 o C. It is suddenly exposed
to a temperature of 100 o C. Determine the rise time, that
is, the time to attain 90 percent of the steady-state value,
and the temperature at this time.
16) The ability of the instrument to return to zero reading,
when there is no measurand is called-----------------------
.
a. Un-stability b. Zero Stability c. Full Stability
17) Dead band can be defined as:
a. The un-responsiveness of the sensor.
 b. It describes how much change to the process is
required before the sensor actually responds to
it or detects it.
c. All mentioned.

18) For the shown spring balance, the resolution

equals…………………………….., the transducer
is ………………. , the signal conditioner is
………………, and the indicator is
……………………..

19) Instrument drift is the variation of ----------------,

when the input is kept constant.
a. Factors b. Temperature c. Output

20) The ability of the instrument to return to zero reading, when there is no measurand
is called-----------------------.
a. Un-stability b. Zero Stability c. Full Stability
21) Instrument drift is the variation of ----------------, when the input is kept constant.
a. Factors b. Temperature c. Output
22) Disturbance can affect the instrument………………….
a. Sensitivity b. Zero drift c. Both (a ,b)

23) From calibration point of view, is it better to have a device with Low Accuracy-
high precision or a device with Low precision high accuracy? Why?

24) Match the corresponding description

a. Low accuracy –low precision c. Low Accuracy- high precision
b. Low precision high accuracy d. High precision high accuracy

25) The importance of time constant is ………………………………………………

26) The function of damper in second order ,measuring system is
…………………………..
27) For a second order pressure transducer with natural frequency of 3000 Hz, the
maximum frequency of a fluctuating pressure that can be measured using this
transducer is ……………..Hz
28) A certain pressure transducer has a natural frequency of 5000 Hz and a damping
ratio ζ of 0.4. Estimate the amplitude response and phase shift at a frequency of
2000 Hz. What is the expected error at this frequency?
29) A second order transducer with a known natural frequency of 4000 Hz, but
unknown damping ratio is driven to a frequency of 2400 Hz with a harmonic input.
This results in a phase shift of φ=45°.
a. What error would this transducer exhibit if it was driven to measure a
harmonic signal of 2000 Hz?
b. What would be the phase angle φ between the input and the output?
For the second order system: X 1

 
1/ 2
Amplitude ratio xo 2
1   / n 2   4 2  / n 2
 

Phase Shift 2 ( n )

  tan 1
1  ( n ) 2

30) A second order transducer composed of a damped spring

mass system as shown in the next figure is subjected to a
harmonic input force at the support. It is required to find the
mass motion amplitude and the phase shift between the input
and output, if the support is moved with amplitude 2 mm at
a frequency of 10 Hz.
Given : mass m= 3 kg, spring constant K =500 N/m, and
damping coefficient ζ = 0.624.
For the second order system:

Amplitude ratio 2 ( n )

Phase Shift   tan 1
X 1 1  ( n ) 2

 
1/ 2
xo 2
1   / n 2   4 2  / n 2
  Natural Frequency 𝜔𝑛 = √
𝐾
𝑚

31) A spring balance is calibrated in an environment at a temperature of 20 °C and has

the following load/deflection characteristics:
Load [kg] 0 1 2 3
Deflection [mm] 0 20 40 60

It is then used in an environment at a temperature of 30 °C and the following

load/deflection characteristics is measured:
Load [kg] 0 1 2 3
Deflection [mm] 5 27 49 71
Determine the Zero drift and the sensitivity drift per °C change in ambient
temperature.
2 Uncertainty Analysis
1) What is the purpose of a calibration? Suppose an instrument is labeled as
‘‘calibrated.’’ What should this mean to you as an engineer?
2) Systematic errors affects…………..………and remains ……………..during the
experiment, While random errors affects ………………….
3) For an instrument of full scale deflection (Range) of 1000 and error of ±1%, what
is the expected absolute error for a measured value of 100?
4) Compare between Systematic and Random errors (uncertainties).
5) A test to calibrate a Balance using a standard weight of 500 g was done using 5
samples, and the obtained results were as follow:
Reading No. 1 2 3 4 5
Balance Reading [grams] 510 512 514 508 506

 Find the Random and systematic uncertainty of the Balance and its overall
uncertainty at a 90% confidence level.
1/ 2
 N 2
  x  X  
Given: Population Standard Deviation    1  and Repeatability R=t.σ
 N 1 
 

Number Factor t for Confidence Interval of

of Observations 90% 95% 99%
5 2.13 2.78 4.60
10 1.83 2.26 3.25

6) A floating carriage diameter measuring instrument was calibrated at a nominally 5

mm scale position against a cylindrical setting standard and the following results
were recorded
Reading No. 1 2 3 4 5
instrument Reading
5.0016 5.0014 5.001 5.0008 5.001
[mm]
Find the Random and systematic uncertainty of the Instrument and its overall
uncertainty at a 90% confidence level.

7) A test to determine the strength of a new alloy was done using a universal testing
system. 5 samples were tested, and the obtained results were as follow:
Reading No. 1 2 3 4 5

Failure Stress [MPa] 250 245 255 241 244

 Find the strength and its uncertainty of measurement at a 95% confidence level.
 Why it is important to calibrate the system before performing our experiment?
Given:
1/ 2
 N 2
Population Standard Deviation   x  X   and Repeatability R=t.σ
  1 
 N 1 
 

Factor t for Confidence Interval of

Number
of Observations 90% 95% 99%

5 2.13 2.78 4.60

10 1.83 2.26 3.25

8) A certain resistor draws 110.2 V and 5.3 A. The uncertainties in the measurements are
±0.2 V and ±0.06 A, respectively. Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor and the
uncertainty in the power measurement. Given that P=E.I
For : R = R(x1 , x2 , x3 , … … . xn ),

𝜕𝑅 2 𝜕𝑅 2 𝜕𝑅 2
The uncertainty is: 𝑤𝑅 = √( . 𝑤𝑥1 ) +( . 𝑤𝑥2 ) + ⋯+ ( . 𝑤𝑥𝑛 )
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑛

9) A resistor has a nominal stated value of 10Ω ±1 %. A voltage is applied on the resistor, and
the power dissipated can be calculated in two different ways: 1) from P=E2/R and 2) from
P=E.I. In (1) only a voltage measurement will be made, while both current and voltage
measurement are required in (2). Calculate the uncertainty in power determination in
each case when the measured values of E and I are:
E=100 V ±1% (for both cases)

I=10 A ±1%

Comment in your results.

Given That:

For : R = R(x1 , x2 , x3 , … … . xn ),

𝜕𝑅 2 𝜕𝑅 2 𝜕𝑅 2
The uncertainty is: 𝑤𝑅 = √(𝜕𝑥 . 𝑤𝑥1 ) + (𝜕𝑥 . 𝑤𝑥2 ) + ⋯ + (𝜕𝑥 . 𝑤𝑥𝑛 )
1 2 𝑛

𝜕𝑃 2𝐸 𝜕𝑃 −𝐸 2
for the first case = , =
𝜕𝐸 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝑅2
 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
for the Second case = 𝐼, =𝐸
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐼
10) The resistance of a certain size of copper wire is given as R=Ro [1+α(T-20)] where
Ro=6Ω±0.3 percent is the resistance at 20 °C, α=0.004 °C -1±1 percent is the
temperature coefficient of resistance, and the temperature of the wire is T=30±1°C.
Calculate the resistance of the wire and its uncertainty.
Given That:
For any function: R = R(x1 , x2 , x3 , … … . xn ),

𝜕𝑅 2 𝜕𝑅 2 𝜕𝑅 2
The uncertainty is: 𝑤𝑅 = √(𝜕𝑥 . 𝑤𝑥1 ) + (𝜕𝑥 . 𝑤𝑥2 ) + ⋯ + (𝜕𝑥 . 𝑤𝑥𝑛 )
1 2 𝑛
3 Traceability
1) The necessary conditions for the calibrator are:
a. ..
b. ..
2) Gauge blocks calibrators are considered as:
a. Static standards
b. Reference instruments
c. Combination calibrators
3) Calibrating a Torque meter by applying a known force through a lever of known length is
considered as:
a. Static standards
b. Reference instruments
c. Combination calibrators
4) Calibrating a pressure sensor by applying a standard weight through a known area is
considered as:
a. Static standards
b. Reference instruments
c. Combination calibrators

5) Mention three requirements that should be mentioned in a calibration certificate.

a. ……………….
b. ……………….
c. ……………….
6) The necessary conditions for the calibrator are:
c. ..
d. ..
7) Calibrating an instrument by another instrument with a higher
accuracy is considered as:
a. Static standards
b. Reference instruments
c. Combination calibrators
8) Complete the missing in the chain of calibration Ladder
4 Graphical representation of data and curve fitting
1) For the curves shown below, select the most suitable curve to represent:
a. Row Experimental Data ………….
b. Results of calculations…………….
c. Results of calibration……………...
d. Experimental Data with trendline…………

A B C D

2) From the following experimental data:

a. Represent it graphically.
b. Obtain y as a linear function of x using the least square method
c. Deduce the zero offset.

x y x2 xy
1.0 1.2
1.6 2.0
3.4 2.4
4.0 3.5
5.2 3.5
Σ
Given that:
5 Design of Experiments
1) Give an example of a process, and mention different controllable factors that can affect this
process and different responses that can be measured in order to make assessment to this
process.
2) The disadvantages of the One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach are:
a. ……………………………………………………………
b. ……………………………………………………………
c. ……………………………………………………………
3) The advantages of the factorial design approach are:
a. ……………………………………………………………
b. ……………………………………………………………
c. ……………………………………………………………
4) For a 3x4 factorial design, the number of independent parameters are …....., the required
number of experiments ………………., and the levels for the first factors are ………………
5) An engineer is interested in the effects of cutting speed (A), and feed (B) on the life (in hours)
of a machine tool. A 2x2 with single replicate factorial design was done. The results are shown
in the coded form below. It is required to:
 Estimate and draw the main factors effects. Which effects appear to be larger and
is there any factors interaction?
 Write down a regression model for predicting tool life (in hours) based on the
results of this experiment.
 Estimate a value (In coded form) for cutting speed(A) and/or feed(B) to get a tool
life of 40 hrs.
 If the level for cutting speed was (1000 , 2000 rpm) and for the feed was (1, 5
mm/rev), what is the true value for A and B to get the 40 hrs life?
Contrast
Exp No. Factor A Factor B Life A B AB
1 -1 -1 24
2 +1 -1 30
3 -1 +1 50
4 +1 +1 46
Mean

A B AB
Contrast Av of A-
Sum of Squares Av of A+
Effect Av of B-
Linear Coeff. Av of B+
Given that:
1
 Sum of Squares SS of a factor 𝑆𝑆 = (𝑛.2𝑘) . (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑡)2
 k…No of main factors, n…. number of replicas
 Effect = 2 x Linear Coeff.
𝑆𝑆
 Linear Coeff.= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑡
 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 = 𝛽𝑜 + 𝛽1 𝐴 + 𝛽2 𝐵 + 𝛽3 𝐴. 𝐵
 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ+𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ−𝐿𝑜𝑤
 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = + × 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2 2
6) In an electric coating workshop, it was required to study the effect of the electric coating
voltage (A) and the coating time (B) on the coating thickness (T). A 2x2 with single replicate
factorial design was done. The results are shown in the coded form below.
It is required to:

 Estimate and draw the main factors effects. Which effects appear to be
larger and is there any factors interaction?
 Write down a regression model for predicting coating thickness (in µ
meter) based on the results of this experiment.
 Estimate a value (In coded form) for coating voltage (A) and/or coating
time (B) to get a coating thickness of 40 µ meter.
 If the level for coating voltage was (12, 24 Volts) and for the coating time
was (10, 20 Seconds), what is the true value for A and B to get the 40 µ
meter coating thickness?
Contrast
Exp No. Factor A Factor B Thickness A B AB
1 -1 -1 54
2 +1 -1 49
3 -1 +1 23
4 +1 +1 31
Mean

A B AB
Contrast Av of A-
Sum of Squares Av of A+
Effect Av of B-
Linear Coeff. Av of B+
Given that:
1
 Sum of Squares SS of a factor 𝑆𝑆 = . (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑡)2
(𝑛.2𝑘 )
 k…No of main factors, n…. number of replicans
𝑆𝑆
 Effect = 2 x Linear Coeff. ,Linear Coeff.=
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑡
 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 = 𝛽𝑜 + 𝛽1 𝐴 + 𝛽2 𝐵 + 𝛽3 𝐴. 𝐵
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ+𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ−𝐿𝑜𝑤
 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = + × 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2 2
6 Introduction to Data Acquisition system
1) When using Data acquisition system for dynamically changing signal, Aliasing
occurs due to:
a. Over sampling. b. Under sampling c. Zero sampling
2) To be able to acquire a dynamic signal with a frequency of 1000 Hz, the minimum
sampling rate should be:
a. 500 sample/s b. 1000 sample/s c. 2000 sample/s
3) What are the important parameters when selecting a Data Acquisition System
(DAQ Sys.), and mention the main features of Measurand that requires using DAQ
system.
4) What is meant by computer based Data Acquisition system? Draw a scheme
showing different components and the function of Software and Hardware.
5) Complete the block diagram showing the flow of signal in Data Acquisition system

````(2 marks)

6) Complete the block diagram showing the flow of signal in Data Acquisition system

7) What is 'aliasing'? Explain it graphically, and how can we avoid its occurrence?

8) How many bits are required to achieve a resolution of 0.001% of full scale?
9) For a data acquisition card with a full scale of 10 Volts, how many bits are required
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
to achieve a resolution of 0.1 mV? (𝑄 = 2𝑀 )
10) If it is required to select a data acquisition system to measure the following:
a. Dynamic force signal with a frequency of 500 Hz.
b. 4 thermocouple inputs (with a max output of 1 V), with a resolution of 0.1 mV.
 c. 3 strain gauge based pressure transducers. (with an output voltage up to 10
Volts).
To select the suitable Data acquisition card:
 The required sampling rate to avoid aliasing is ………………..
 The required number of bits for the A/D convertor so that we can resolve the
0.1 mV should be ………………………
 The required number of channels are ……………………………
 The range for input signal is up to …………………………..
7 Strain Measurement
7.1 The Wheatstone bridge is used to measure the minute resistance changes in strain
gauges when measuring strain. Explain briefly (using sketches when possible):
 The advantages of using the Wheatstone bridge.
 For the Vehicle Scale shown in figure, draw the suitable Full bridge arrangement
to measure the weight of the vehicle, compensate for temperature and
misalignment problems, and hence deduce the number of active gauges.
 If the beam in the base is made from a square channel cross-section 10x10 cm and
a thickness 2 mm (as shown in figure), the gauge factor for each of the four gauges
is 2.12, the maximum output signal from the bridge is limited to 10 mV, the
minimum resolved voltage is 1 mV, and the supply voltage is 12V, find the
maximum weight that can be measured using that scale and the resolution of the
load cell given that:
P
 The normal stress due to axial load is given by:   where P: is
A
the axial load and A:is the cross sectional area.

 The stress strain relation:   where:
E
2
E = 200 GN/m ; v = 0.3.
 The output of a Wheatstone bridge circuit is given by;
Vs .(R1  R 2 R3  R4 )
Vo 
4.R
where ε is the strain, Vo is the bridge output (V),GF is the gauge factor,
and Vs is the supply to bridge (V).

Platform
Beam 2 mm

10 cm
Base
Beam Cross-section
7.2 The Wheatstone bridge is used to measure the minute resistance changes in strain
gauges when measuring strain. Explain briefly (using sketches when possible):
 The advantages of using the Wheatstone bridge.
 The thrust from the jet engine is measured by using a load cell consisting of wire
strain gauges attached to a rectangular beam as shown in figure.
o Draw the suitable Full bridge arrangement to measure the engine thrust and
compensate for temperature and misalignment problems and hence deduce
the number of active gauges.
 If the beam in the load-cell is made from a rectangular cross-section 50x10 mm,
the gauge factor for each of the four gauges is 2.12, the maximum output signal
from the bridge is limited to 10 mV the minimum resolved output voltage is 1 mV
and the supply voltage is 10V, find the maximum thrust that can be measured
using this load cell, and the load cell resolution given that:
P
 The normal stress due to axial load is given by:   where P: is the
A
axial load and A:is the cross sectional area.

The stress strain relation:   where: E = 200 GN/m2; v = 0.3.
E
 The output of a Wheatstone bridge circuit is given by;
Vs .N .GF .
Vo 
4

Note: Support your answers with sketches when possible

7.3 A fisherman/engineer wants to build a scale out of an old rod that is sticking out of
a wall. The plan is to use the bar as a cantilever and measure strain at the base.
A. Mention the advantages of using Wheatstone bridge.
B. What magnitude of axial strain at the top surface would be measured for the
average fish (10 kg)?
C. Draw the Wheatstone bridge used to measure strain and select the suitable
strain gauge mounting on the bar to compensate for temperature and get
maximum sensitivity
D. If the gauge factor GF=2, excitation voltage
= 12 Volts, calculate the output voltage
from the measuring circuit.
Given that:
 Length of rod= 1m
 Material: Steel, E=200 GPa
 Cross-section: Square 20mm x20 mm
 Poisson's ratio ν=0.27

 The stress strain relation:  
E
M .y
 The normal Stress due to bending Moment M:   , y: distance from
I
neutral axis, I=bh3/12.
 The output of a Wheatstone bridge circuit is given by;
Vs .N .GF . Vs .(R1  R 2  R3  R4 )
 Vo  Or Vo 
4 4.R
where ε is the strain, Vo is the bridge output (V),GF is the gauge factor, Vs is
the supply to bridge (V) and N is the number of active bridge arms.

7.4 An engineer wants to measure the lift force Flift of an airplane model by using wire
strain gauges mounted on a beam as shown in the figure below. The beam is fixed as
a cantilever and the strain is measured at the end of the beam.
 Mention the advantages of using the Wheatstone bridge.
 Draw the Wheatstone bridge used to measure strain due to Lift force, and select
the suitable strain gauge mounting on the beam to cancel drag force (F drag),
compensate for temperature and get maximum sensitivity
 What magnitude of strain would be measured for a lift force of (50 N)?
 If the gauge factor GF=2, excitation voltage = 12 Volts, calculate the output
voltage from the measuring circuit.
 What will be the resolution and the range of the measuring system (in Newton) if
the bridge output is measured using a DAQ card with 12 bits resolution and 1 Volt
full scale deflection? (Q=
Given that:

 Length of rod= 1m, Material: Steel, E=200 GPa , Poisson's ratio ν=0.3
  The stress strain relation:   
E
 The normal Stress due to bending Moment M:
M . y , y: distance from neutral axis, I=bh3/12.

I

 The output of a Wheatstone bridge circuit is given by;

Vs .N .GF . Vs .(R1  R 2  R3  R4 )
Vo  Or Vo 
4 4.R
where ε is the strain, Vo is the bridge output (V), GF is the gauge factor, Vs is
the supply to bridge (V) and N is the number of active bridge arms.
8 Displacement and Speed and proximity measurement

1) The resistive displacement transducer is a popular transducer, which is used to

measure both linear and rotational displacement. Explain using suitable sketches:
a. The construction of linear resistive displacement transducers.
b. The circuit used for measuring the resistance changes.
c. Advantages and disadvantages of this transducer.
2) A Variable Resistance displacement transducer with a total resistance of 500Ω is
used to measure angular displacement. If the wiper angle changes from 0 to 270° ,
and the voltage source used is 12 V. Explain using sketches when possible:
a. The circuit used for measuring angular displacement
b. The advantages and disadvantages for this transducer.
c. Deduce the angle as function of output voltage and hence find the expected
output voltage for an input angle of 90°.
d. Typical applications for this transducer.
3) A Variable Resistance displacement transducer with a total resistance of 500Ω is
used to measure Linear displacement. If the wiper position changes from 0 to 100
mm , and the voltage source used is 12 V. Explain using sketches when possible:
a. The circuit used for measuring Linear displacement
b. The advantages and disadvantages for this transducer.
c. Deduce the position as function of output voltage and hence find the
expected output voltage for an input displacement of 20 mm .
d. Typical applications for this transducer

4) Linear Variable differential Transformer (LVDT) is a popular transducer, which is

used to measure linear displacement. Explain using suitable sketches:
a. The construction and theory of operation of LVDT.
b. The main features and Advantages of this transducer.

5) For the encoder shown:

a. is it incremental or absolute ?
b. The three pieces of information that can be
extracted for a shaft using this encoder are
…………………….., …………………………,
and …………………………………
c. If the encoder gives 1440 pulses per revolution, this
is equivalent to a resolution of ………….degree.
d. If its phase A outputs 900 pulses when the shaft is moved to a new position,
the change in angle is ………………degrees.
e. If its output from phase A gives a 1152 Hz square wave. Then the encoder
shaft turning in …………………….. RPMs?
6) For the encoder shown:
a. Is it incremental or absolute?
b. From the shown construction, It has
……………….. Binary bits that
gives a resolution of
………….degrees.
c. If the output from the encoder is
0110, then the range of angles
indicated by its output from
…………… to ………………degrees.

7) The advantage of absolute encoders over incremental encoder is …………….

8) The proximity sensor that is suitable for both metallic and non metallic objects is
a. Capacitive b. Inductive c. Both
9) For an optical/ultrasonic proximity sensor configuration, the highest range of
detection can be obtained using:
a. Diffusive type
b. Retro-reflective.
c. Through beam.
10) For the optical/ultrasonic proximity sensors, identify the type of each arrangement
and complete the main features for each configuration.

11) Explain with the aid of suitable sketches an example for a digital signal pick-up
electrical tachometer.
12) Explain with the aid of suitable sketches an example for a mechanical tachometer.
9 Vibration Measurement
1) Complete the following sentences:

a. For the given accelerometer response

shown in the figure complete the
following:
b. Output is expressed in ------/-----
c. Resonance is around ----------kHz
d. Useful Frequency Range is up to around 20 35,000
---------kHz

2) Complete the following sentences:

a. Mass of accelerometer should be less than ………..of the
mass of the vibrating system.
b. For an accelerometer of a natural frequency of 2000 Hz,
the measurable signal should be less than
………………..
c. Common mounting methods for accelerometers
are…………………………..,
……………………………and
…………………………..
d. For the bearing shown in figure, the accelerometer at ........ is suitable to
measure radial vibration, while the accelerometer at ....................... is suitable
to measure axial vibration.
3) Why it is recommended to deal with vibration signal in frequency domain rather
than time domain? Support your answer with graphs.
4) Complete the block diagram showing the vibration measurement chain, and what
is meant by the weakest link in vibration measurement?
10 Temperature Measurement
1) Explain briefly the theory of operation of resistance thermometers, show the
difference between negative and positive temperature coefficients resistance
thermometers, and what are the main features and common sources of error when
using this sensor?
2) Explain with the aid of sketches, the theory of operation of the disappearing
filament optical pyrometer. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of optical
pyrometers.
3) Explain the thermocouple principle, and show typical circuit arrangement to
measure temperature.
4) What is meant by: Un-intended junction, and how can we avoid the error caused
due to its existence.
5) If the self heating error is to be limited to 0.25 ̊C for a thermistor with RT=1000Ω,
determine the maximum supply voltage that can be used in the Wheatstone bridge
given that the self heating factor Fsh=0.5 ̊C/mW.
6) A 12-bit DAQ is to be employed with a chromel-alumel thermocouple (K type)
such that the full scale deflection of the A/D convertor is 100mV. What is the
temperature resolution obtained for this application? Given that for K type
thermocouple:

Temperature, C
̊ E, mV

0 0

100 4.096

7) Select the suitable thermocouple type to measure a temperature up to 1250 °C.

11 Pressure and Flow measurement
1) Venturi-tubes, Nozzles, and orifice plates are common flow meters based on
constriction of fluid during flow. It is required to make a comparison between the
three flow meters showing the construction, advantages and disadvantages of each.

2) Explain with the aid of sketches a measuring instrument that can be used to measure
the following:

a. Fluid flow velocity (Dynamic type).

b. Fluid flow rate(Positive displacement type)

3) For only three of the following instruments:

 Diaphragm pressure sensor.

 Venturi flow meter.
 Orifice plate flow meter.
 Pirani Gauge.
 Rotameter
a) Draw a scheme showing its main components.
b) Explain briefly; theory of operation for each?
4) Compare between pressure transducers with mV output and mA output (circuit used
for measurement, signal conditioning, size, distance and working environment) (2
marks)
5) If the output from a 4:20 mA pressure transducer with a full scale deflection of 20
bar is 10 mA, What is the corresponding pressure reading? (1
mark)
6) If the output from a 2.5 mV/V pressure transducer with a full scale deflection of 20
bar is 10 mV, What is the corresponding pressure reading if the excitation voltage
to the transducer is 5 Volts?