Researcher: Tolentino, James Patrick B.

STEM 12- MANILA

Submitted to: Mr. Markghil Lozanta

Biology 1

1.) Define the ff.

1.1) Gametogenesis- the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes.
Gametes is a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with
another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. A zygote is the
union of the sperm cell and the egg cell.

1.2) Independent Assortment- The Principle of Independent Assortment describes

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells
develop. It was first observed by Gregor Mandle in 1865 during his studies of genetics
in pea plants. During meiosis, the independent assortment will be made first and then
cross over will be made. Crossing over occurs in prophase I while independent
assortment occurs in metaphase I and anaphase I.

ex.) Pea color and Pea shape genes, because each parent is homozygous.

1.3) Crossing Over and Random Fertilization- The crossing over is the exchange of
genes between homologous chromosomes (Parent cells) resulting in a mixture of
parental characteristics of offspring. While random fertilization is the capability of
producing over 8 million potential gametes, the random chance of any one sperm and
egg coming together is a product of these two probabilities. This occurs through a
number of mechanisms, including crossing-over, the independent assortment of
chromosomes during anaphase I, and random fertilization. The purpose of random
fertilization to give a better chance of producing zygote (offspring) during fusion of
sperm cell and egg cell.

2.) What are the genetic Disorders linked with meoisis

 A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or
more abnormalities formed in the genome. It maybe hereditary and/or non-
hereditary. Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every
several thousands or millions living organisms, meaning that they are passed
down from the parents' genes. However, in some genetic disorders, defects may
be caused by changes to DNA. This due to lack or much of chromosomes
produced during meosis division. The standard number of chromosomes in
human body is 46. There are three main types of genetic disorders and genetic
diseases encountered by human with these kind of disorders listed below:

1. Single gene or monogenic disorder- is the result of single mutated gene. It

can be passed on to subsequent generations in several ways, Genomic imprinting
and uni-parental disomy that affects the inheritance pattern. Two major
examples of this disorder is achondroplasia (dwarfism), but children with two
genes for achondroplasia have a severe skeletal disorder of which
achondroplasics could be viewed as carriers and Sickle cell disease or Sickle cell
anemia (SCA).
2. Chromosomal disorder- is a missing, extra, or irregular portional of
chromosomal DNA. It can be from an atypical number of chromosome or a
structural abnormality in one or more chromosome. The example of this disorder
is Trisomy 21 (down syndrome).
3. Multi-factorial disorder- it is a hereditary disorder happens in families, but
don't have a clear-cut pattern of inheritance. This makes it difficult to determine
a person’s risk of inheriting or passing on these disorders. Complex disorders are
also difficult to study and treat, because the specific factors that cause most of
these disorders have not yet been identified. An example of diseases reflected in
this disorder are heart disease, diabetes, asthma, cancers, mood disorder,
obesity, etc.