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General introduction :-
The grid station of zafarwal is collected the transmission line of 132kv from the
narowal.As narowal is in the distance of atmost 30km so due to this the
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transmission line carry the power through 30 km it may have some losses also
but it can be ignored at this time .
There are step wise functions are available for converting the 132k to 11k volts
as briefly .
1) Transmission in:
Transmission line comes from narowal.it is 3phase delta connected line of
132kv
To protect the next system isolatores are used if line isolator is open so
transmission line connected with the earth isolator and visevirsa.
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Bus bar get the 132kv and give three three phase wires to the three transformers
It has aluminium conductor .
4) Line isolator:
Again an isolator connected for the control of the three transformer inputs
As if T1 get fault so this isolator get it off .No earth is used as other two
transformers are in working condition.
5) Current transformer:
This device used to find the load measurement for transformer input.
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6) Circuit breaker:
The control of these breakers is in side the control room as by these C P panels
as shown below .these circuit breakers can be operated manually in case of
any back fault or it can be operated automatically in on load condition
7) Lightning elesters:
There are three transformer used.they convert 132kv to 11kv for distribution
After this lightning elesters.
Transformer features:-
It is a fixed component which transform the voltage step up or step down.
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Introduction of Transformer:-
NO-LOAD CONDITIONS:-
a small steady-state current i~, called the exciting current, flows in the primary
and establishes
an alternating flux in the magnetic circuit.
In most large transformers, the no-load resistance drop is very small indeed,
and the induced emf very nearly equals the applied voltage.
The open-circuit test is performed with the secondary open circuited and rated
voltage impressed on the primary. Under this condition an exciting current of a
few percent of full-load current (less on large transformers and more on smaller
ones) is obtained. Rated voltage is chosen to insure that the magnetizing
reactance will be operating at a flux level close to that which will exist under
normal operating conditions. If the transformer is to be used at other than its
rated voltage, the test should be done at that voltage. For convenience, the
low-voltage side is usually taken as the primary in this test. If the primary in
this test is chosen to be the opposite winding from that of the short-circuit test,
one must of course be careful to refer the various measured impedances to the
same side of the transformer in order to obtain a self-consistent set of parameter
values.
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Auto transformer :-
Connection as an auto transformer.
TRANSFORMERS IN THREE-PHASE
CIRCUITS:-
Three single-phase transformers can be connected to form a three-phase
transformer bank in any of the four ways shown in Fig. 2.19. In all four parts of
this figure, the windings at the left are the primaries, those at the right are the
secondaries, and any primary winding in one transformer corresponds to the
secondary winding drawn parallel to it.
Auxiliary panel :-
This panel include all the control and the indication or changing abilities of the
transformer like
Oil level
Tap change
Over Heating control
In coming and out going voltages checking
The now a days this one not used in z w l but use below one having advanced
features
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Relays :-
The relays are used to protect the at most all the parts of grid station.it is used
for the protecting purposes like the transformer and fiders of different areas.it
give the indications on the any fault to detect and understand the fault . Some
relays are used for checking the
Different levels control for the transformer oil or tap of transformer and other
things
Deferential relay
It is used to indicate the different level of the transformer’s in put or out put
values .If there is some difference in the two values as measured and the
standard values of the voltages or power.
Bukel relay
It also check the transformer’s components and indicate these if any fault like
oil level tap changing or over load .it indicate the any burning also if held in the
transformer.
Distance relay
For control the current exceed or low the limit if it has so it drip the circuit and
indicate about the fault of the load and it control the breaker of the line to break
the circuit
11 kv control:-
There we use the 11kv bus bar which is connected with the out going of the
transformers .
The transformer 1 connected to the 4 feders
The transformer 2 connected to the 2 feders
The transformer 3 connected to the 6 feders
Every transformer’s out put is first attached to the wires which are called
cables and this transmission is under grounded as the details of wire used is as
The transformer 1 connected to the 1000 mcm 3 wires
The transformer 1 connected to the 1000mcm 2 wires
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The transformer 1 connected to the 1000mcm 4 wires
Every wires are connected to the 11kv bus bar and after this it is connected to
the related feders and at last we use the capacitor banks on every line for better
the power factors . After this every wire connected to the related over head line
of every areas of the feders selected for every transformers output.
For reset the feder by circuit breaking .if there any fault
is happened or any other reasons
Capacitor banks
The capacitor banks are used at the end of the 11kv bus
bar . The main feature of the capacitor banks is to improve the power factor of
the distribution lines so that the the active power from the grid to utilization end
for the better performance . Only one bank is enough for the all feder connected
with one transformer.
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11kv capacitor panel
This panel is in side the control room and improve the power factor just before
the distribution on feders .it also consist of the relays for the indication and and
control checking on the out going of the 11kv bus bar .
It also consist of the meters for checking the power factor value and
compare with the ideal one .there if the power factor have to remain with in the
0.94--0.99 .The cosine of t he phase angle between the voltage and the current
is called the power factor . An inductive circuit is said to h ave a lagging power
factor, .and a capacitive circuit is said to h ave a leading power factor. In other
words, t h e terms lagging power factor and leading power factor indicate,
respectively, whether the current is lagging or leading the applied voltage.
but the ideal value of power factor is 1 as by
following formula
kvr
PF= kw
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DC batteries
The DC batteries are the mother of all the operations held in the grid station .As
the all the micro level calculations and controls are done by the direct current as
well as our relay and other protection units are operated by the dc source so the
dc batteries are used as a DC source for all the functions.
We can say that our AC is controlled by the DC in the grid station .
Rectifiers
There we also use a rectifier unit in control room for the dc supply to the dc
batteries as we convert the AC to DC by rectifier.
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