Verfication Manual S-LINE R11

Verification Manual
S-FRAME Software Inc. S-FRAME Software LLC S-FRAME

Software Ltd.
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ii
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2013-03-22 2013 Copyright S-FRAME Software Inc. 2

iii
Table of Contents
Verification Problem #1 (CSA) ................................................ 1

1.1 Description.........................................................................................1
1.2 Member Properties ............................................................................3
1.2.1 Material Properties .........................................................................3
1.2.2 Gross Section Properties ...............................................................4
1.2.3 S-LINE Results ..............................................................................4
1.3 Moment Evaluation ............................................................................5
1.3.1 Negative Moment (Section A-A) ....................................................5
1.3.2 Positive Moment (Section B-B) ......................................................6
1.3.3 S-LINE Results ..............................................................................6
1.4 Shear Evaluation ...............................................................................7
1.4.1 Simplified Method ..........................................................................7
1.4.2 General Method .............................................................................9
1.5 Stirrup Spacing ................................................................................11
1.6 Longitudinal Bar Spacing ................................................................11
1.7 Crack Control...................................................................................12
1.8 Deflection Evaluation .......................................................................13
Verification Problem #2 (CSA) .............................................. 15

2.1 Description.......................................................................................15
2.2 Member Loads.................................................................................16
2.3 Member Properties ..........................................................................16
2.4 Cracked Positive Moment of Inertia ................................................18
2.5 Immediate Dead Load Deflection ....................................................18
2.6 Total Immediate Deflection (Dead + Live) .......................................19
2.7 Immediate Live Load Deflection ......................................................19
2.8 Net Long Term Deflection (Dead + Live).........................................19
Verification Problem #3 (CSA) .............................................. 21

3.1 Description.......................................................................................21
3.2 Member Loads.................................................................................22
3.3 Consideration of Torsion .................................................................22
3.4 Section Parameters .........................................................................23

iv
3.5 Section at Face of Support ............................................................. 24

3.5.1 General Method ........................................................................... 24
3.5.2 Simplified Method ........................................................................ 27
3.5.3 Comparison and Discussion........................................................ 28
3.6 Section near mid-span (at X = 7631 mm) ....................................... 29
3.6.1 General Method ........................................................................... 29
3.6.2 Simplified Method ........................................................................ 30
Verification Problem #4 (ACI) ............................................... 31

4.1 Description ...................................................................................... 31
4.2 Member Loads ................................................................................ 33
4.3 Member Properties.......................................................................... 34
4.3.1 Material Properties ...................................................................... 34
4.3.2 Gross Section Properties ............................................................ 34
4.3.3 S-LINE Results ............................................................................ 35
4.4 Moment Evaluation ......................................................................... 35
4.4.1 Negative Moment (Section A-A) .................................................. 35
4.4.2 Positive Moment (Section B-B) ................................................... 36
4.4.3 S-LINE Results ............................................................................ 37
4.5 Shear Evaluation ............................................................................. 38
4.6 Stirrup Spacing................................................................................ 39
4.7 Longitudinal Bar Spacing ................................................................ 40
4.8 Crack Control .................................................................................. 41
4.8.1 Top Bar Region (Section A-A) ..................................................... 41
4.8.2 Bottom Bar Region (Section B-B)................................................ 41
4.8.3 S-LINE Results ............................................................................ 41
4.9 Deflection Evaluation ...................................................................... 42
Verification Problem #5 (ACI) ............................................... 43

5.1 Description ...................................................................................... 43
5.2 Member Loads ................................................................................ 44
5.3 Member Properties.......................................................................... 44
5.4 Cracked Positive Moment of Inertia ................................................ 45
5.5 Immediate Dead Load Deflection.................................................... 46
5.6 Total Immediate Deflection (Dead + Live) ...................................... 46
5.7 Immediate Live Load Deflection...................................................... 47
5.8 Net Long Term Deflection (Dead + Live) ........................................ 47

v
Verification Problem #6 (ACI) ................................................ 49

6.1 Description.......................................................................................49
6.2 Member Loads.................................................................................51
6.4 Section Parameters .........................................................................52
6.5 Load Combinations .........................................................................52
6.6 Section at Face of the Support ........................................................53
6.7 Section near mid-span (X = 135") ...................................................55
Verification Problem #7 (BS 8110) ........................................ 57

7.1 Description.......................................................................................57
7.3 Moment Evaluation ..........................................................................60
7.3.1 Negative Moment (Section A-A) ..................................................60
7.3.2 Positive Moment (Section B-B) ....................................................61
7.3.3 S-LINE Results ............................................................................62
7.4 Shear Evaluation (Section A-A).......................................................63
7.5 Link Spacing ....................................................................................65
7.6 Longitudinal Bar Spacing ................................................................65
7.7 Crack Control...................................................................................66
7.8 Deflection Evaluation .......................................................................67

8.1 Description.......................................................................................69
8.2 Member Loads.................................................................................70
8.4 Cracked Positive Moment of Inertia ................................................72
8.5 Immediate Dead Load Deflection ....................................................72
8.6 Total Immediate Deflection (Dead + Live) .......................................73
8.7 Immediate Live Load Deflection ......................................................73
8.8 Net Long Term Deflection (Dead + Live).........................................73

9.1 Description.......................................................................................75
9.2 Member Loads.................................................................................76

vi
9.4 Section Parameters......................................................................... 77

9.5 Section at Face of Support ............................................................. 78
9.6 Section near mid-span (at X = 7631 mm) ....................................... 80

Problem #1 1
Verification Problem #1 (CSA)
Problem #1 is a three bay continuous beam with the center bay shorter than
the others. This example illustrates some typical engineering calculations.
The focus here is the first bay (or Member B1). This example is stored in a
S-LINE data file called PROB_1.SLN.
1.1 Description
Beam Elevation

2 Problem #1
Section A-A (at X = 8750mm, face of support)
Section B-B (at X = 3375mm, near mid-span)

Problem #1 3
Load Cases and Combinations
1.2 Member Properties

The following calculations apply to Member B1. See Section A-A or Section
B-B for dimensions.
1.2.1 Material Properties
fr  0.6 fc'  0.6x1x 30  3.286 MPa Modulus of Rupture

1.5 1.5


 W 
Ec   3300 fc'  6900   c 
  2300 
   2400 
 3300 30  6900  
 2300 
 26,621 MPa

4 Problem #1
1.2.2 Gross Section Properties
L 9000  250  225

bf  b  n  400   2105 mm  Governs
5 5
 b  24 hf  400  24x110  3040 mm
 6000 mm = C-to-C spacing of beams
Ag  (bf  b) hf  b h  (2105  400) 110  400x600  427, 550 mm2
h2 h2 1102 6002
(bf  b) f  b ( 2105  400)  400x
yt  2 2  2 2  192.5 mm
Ag 427, 550
yb  h  y t  600  192.5  407.5 mm
2 2
1  h  bh3 h 
Ig  (bf  b) h3  (bf  b) hf  y t  f    bh   y t 
12 f  2  12 2 
2 2
1  110  400x6003  600 
 ( 2105  400) 1103  ( 2105  400) 110 192.5     400 x600 x   192.5 
12  2  12  2 
9
 13.708x10 mm 4
fr Ig 3.286x13.708x109
Mcr (negative)   N  mm  234.0 kN  m
yt 192.5
fr Ig 3.286x13.708x109
Mcr (positive)   N  mm  110.5 kN  m
yb 407.5
1.2.3 S-LINE Results

Problem #1 5
1.3 Moment Evaluation
1.3.1 Negative Moment (Section A-A)
Clear spacing between layers of bars is 30 mm.
5x300x(40  11.3  19.5 / 2)  2x300x(40  11.3  19.5  30  19.5 / 2)

d  600   524.8 mm
2100
c  0.6 and s  0.85
1  0.85  0.0015 fc'  0.85  0.0015x30  0.805

1  0.97  0.0025 fc'  0.97  0.0025x30  0.895
A ssfy 2100x0.85x 400
a   123.2 mm
'
1c fcb 0.805x0.6x30x 400
a 123.2
c   137.7 mm
1 0.895
Assume tension steel will yield and ignore compression steel:

 a  123.2 
Mr  Assfy  d    2100x0.85x400x  524.8   N  mm  330.7 kN  m
 2  2 
Confirm tension steel will yield:

  f '   700   0.6x30  700 
max  11  c c     0.805x0.895x     0.02427
 sfy   700  fy   0.85x400  700  400 
   
As (max)  max bd  0.02427x400x524.8  5095 mm2 (ignore compression steel)
As  2100 mm2 < As (max)  Tension Steel Yields
Compute Negative Moment Utilization:

Mf 313.6
Utilization    0.948 < 1  Acceptable
Mr 330.7
Moment Redistribution (Load Combination #11):

Mafter  Mbefore 313.6  368.1
P x100%  x100%  14.8%
Mbefore 368.1
 50c   50x137.7 
Plimit    30   %    30     16.9%   20%
 d   524.8 
P < Plimit  Acceptable

6 Problem #1
1.3.2 Positive Moment (Section B-B)
5x300x(40  11.3  19.5 / 2)  2x300x(40  11.3  19.5  30  19.5 / 2)

d  600   524.8 mm
2100
Assfy 2100x0.85x 400
a   23.41 mm  hf  110 mm
'
1c fcbf 0.805 x0.6x30x2105

 a  23.41 
Mr  Assfy  d    2100x0.85x400x  524.8   N  mm  366.4 kN  m
 2  2 
Compute Positive Moment Utilization:

Mf 308.0
Mr 366.4

Problem #1 7
Note: For the bottom bars, the maximum area of steel permitted is based
on a T-Beam section taking into consideration the effective slab
width and slab thickness. Technically, “As (max)” is the amount of
steel needed to reach the onset of yielding as the concrete crushes
with the appropriate safety factors included. S-LINE uses an
iterative process to determine this amount of steel.
1.4 Shear Evaluation
1.4.1 Simplified Method
sA v fyd 0.85x2x100x400x524.8

Vs   N  102.0 kN
S 350
A v fy
For S   609 mm : Vc  0.2c fc' bd  0.2x1x0.6x 30x 400x524.8  138.0 kN
0.06b fc '
Vr = Vc + Vs = 138.0 + 102.0 = 240.0 kN

8 Problem #1
Vf 213.2
Shear Utilization =   0.888  1  Acceptable
Vr 240.0
Maximum Stress:
V 213.2x103
vf  f   1.02 MPa
bd 400x524.8
v f  0.25c fc'  0.25x1x0.6x30  4.5 MPa  Acceptable

Problem #1 9
1.4.2 General Method
dv  0.9d  0.9x524.8  472.3 mm

vf 1.13 V 213.2x103
Stress Ratio  = =0.063 where v f  f   1.13 MPa
c fc' 0.6x30 bdv 400x 472.3
Assume  = 42:
Mf 313.6
0.5 cot  Vf  0.5 cot 42o x 213.2 
dv 0.4723  0.00186
Longitudinal Strain   x  
E s As 200x 2100
From Table 11-1 of A23.3:  = 42 and  = 0.137
Vc  1.3c fc' bdv  1.3x1x0.137x0.6x 30x 400x 472.3  110.6 kN

sA v fydv 0.85x200x 400x 472.3
Vs    101.9 kN
S tan  350x tan 42o
Vr = Vc + Vs = 110.6 + 101.9 = 212.5 kN

Vf 213.2
Shear Utilization =   1.003  1.05  Borderline
Vr 212.5
Maximum Stress:
Vf 213.2x103
vf    1.13 MPa
bdv 400x 472.3
v f  0.25c fc'  0.25x1x0.6x30  4.5 MPa  Acceptable
Bottom Steel Requirements:
at X = 2813 mm (LC #8): Mf = 278.8 kNm and Vf = 185.8 kN
Mf 278.8
Force   cot   Vf  0.5Vs    cot 42o 185.8  0.5(185.8  110.6)  755 kN
dv 0.4723
Force 755x103
A s  2100 mm2  A s(required)    2220 mm2  Warning
sfy 0.85x 400
Area of bottom steel provided does not meet the area required. Similarly, the
area of top steel does not meet the area required (see S-LINE results below).
The above calculation must be performed along the entire length of the beam
for the top and bottom bars.

10 Problem #1
Note: For the General Method, shear capacity is a function of the

coincidental moment and shear forces applied.

Problem #1 11
1.5 Stirrup Spacing

For the left and right ends (near the supports):
A v fy 200x400
S =  609 mm
0.06 fc' b 0.06x 30x 400
V 213.2x103
For v f  f   1.02 MPa  0.1c fc'  1.8 MPa, S  600 mm and S  0.7d  367 mm
bd 400x524.8
Stirrup Spacing Provided, S = 350 mm < Smax = 367 mm  Acceptable
For the middle segment (near mid-span, Av = 0, no stirrups specified):

 260  '  260 
Vc    c fc bd    x1x0.6x 30x 400x524.8  117.6 kN
 1000  d   1000  524.8 
Vc  0.10c fc' bd  0.10x1x0.6x 30x 400x524.8  69.0 kN
Vf = 13.7 kN < 0.5 Vc = 58.8 kN  No Stirrups Required
1.6 Longitudinal Bar Spacing

Horizontal Clear Spacing (A, C, and E bars):
400  2x40  2x11.3  19.5

Scl   19.5  50.0 mm  Scl (min)  Acceptable
4
Scl (min)  1.4 db  1.4x19.5  27.3 mm
 1.4 hagg  1.4x 20  28 mm
 30 mm  Governs

12 Problem #1
Vertical Clear Spacing between layers (C and E bars):
dy  30 mm  dy (min)  Scl (min)  30 mm  Acceptable
1.7 Crack Control

For the Bottom Bar Region (Section B-B):
d 19.5
dc  Co  dbs  b  40  11.3   61.05 mm
2 2
fsmax  0.6 fy  0.6x400  240 MPa
at X = 2613 mm, Positive Moment Utilization = 0.7483 (moment diagram)

fs  0.5 fsmax  2 fsmax (Util  0.5)  0.5x240  2x240x(0.7483  0.5)  239.2 MPa
y  600  d  600  524.8  75.2 mm
Ao  2 y b  2x75.2x400  60,160 mm2

A 60,160
A o   8594 mm2
N 7
Z  kefs(dc A)1 / 3  1x239.2x(61.05x8594)1 / 3  19, 293 N/ mm
Z  Zmax  30, 000 N/ mm for Interior Exposure  Acceptable

Problem #1 13
1.8 Deflection Evaluation

Using S-LINE results, the short term and long term deflections are within
“acceptable” limits.
Deflection estimation is a complicated and lengthy process that requires

iterative structural analysis of several models. See Problem #2 for a detailed
deflection calculation.

Problem #2 15
Problem #2 is a simply supported beam. This example will illustrate the

complexities of deflection estimation – short and long term. This example is
stored in a S-LINE data file called PROB_2.SLN.
2.1 Description
Beam Elevation

16 Problem #2
Section A-A
2.2 Member Loads

Dead = 25 kN/m and Live = 30 kN/m
Total Service Load = w = 25 + 30 = 55 kN/m

Total Factored Load = wf = 1.25 x 25 + 1.5 x 30 = 76.25 kN/m

Problem #2 17
Ag  (bf  b) hf  b h  (2000  450) x125  450x700  508, 750 mm2
h2 h2 1252 7002
(bf  b) f  b ( 2000  450)  450x
yt  2 2  2 2  240.5 mm
Ag 508, 750
yb  h  y t  700  240.5  459.5 mm
2 2
1  hf  bh3 h 
Ig  (bf  b) h3  (bf  b) hf  y t  2   12  bh  2  y t 
12 f    
2 2
1  125  450 x7003  700 
 ( 2000  450) 1253  ( 2000  450) 125  240.5     450 x700 x   240.5 
12  2  12  2 
9
 23.03x10 mm 4
fr  0.6 fc'  0.6x1x 30  3.286 MPa Modulus of Rupture
1.5 1.5


 W 
Ec   3300 fc'  6900   c 
 2300 
  2300

 2400 
 3300 30  6900  

 26, 621 MPa
Es  200, 000 MPa

E 200, 000
n s   7.513
Ec 26, 621
fr Ig 3.286x 23.03x109
yt 240.5
fr Ig 3.286x 23.03x109
yb 459.5
As  4x500  3x700  4100 mm2
Clear vertical spacing between layers of bottom bars = dy = 45 mm
 29.9   25.2 
( 2x500  3x700)x  40  11.3    2x500 x  40  11.3  29.9  45  
 2   2 
y  83.95 mm
4100
d  h  y  700  83.95  616 mm

18 Problem #2
2.4 Cracked Positive Moment of Inertia

C1  nA s  (n  1)A's  (bf  b)hf  7.513x 4100  0  ( 2000  450)x125  224, 552 mm2
h2 1252
C2  nA sd  (n  1)A 'sd'  (bf  b) f  7.513x 4100x 616  0  ( 2000  450)x  31, 084, 208 mm3
2 2
C12  2bC2  C1 224, 5522  2x450x31, 084, 208  224,552
kd  =  123.2 mm
b 450
Since kd < hf, neutral axis is located in the flange. Use equations for a
rectangular section with “b” equal to “bf”.
bf 2000 (n  1) A's
B   0.06493 mm-1 and r  0
nAs 7.513x 4100 nA s
 rd' 
2dB 1    1  r 2  (1  r)
 d 
  2x616x0.06493  1  1
kd  =  123.2 mm  hf  125 mm
B 0.06493
b (kd)3
Icr (positive)  f  nA sd2 (1  k)2  (n  1)A 's (kd  d' )2
3
2
2000 x123.33  123.2 
  7.513x 4100 x6162 x 1  9
  8.727 x10 mm
4
3  616 
 0.379 Ig
2.5 Immediate Dead Load Deflection

Since a simply supported beam is statically determinate, iterations are not
required to determine the effective moment of inertia (Ie) for Dead Load Only.
w dead L2 25x82
Ma    200 kN  m
8 8
3  3
M  M 
For Ma  Mcr , Ie   cr  Ig  1   cr   Icr  Ig
 Ma    Ma  
 
3  3
 164.7  9  164.7   9
   x 23.03x10  1    x8.727 x10
 200    200  
 
 16.71x109 mm4  0.726 Ig
5 w dead L4 5x 25x80004
D    3.00 mm
384 Ec Ie 384x26, 621x16.71x109

Problem #2 19
2.6 Total Immediate Deflection (Dead + Live)

w L2 55x82
Ma    440 kN  m
8 8
3  3
M  M 
For Ma  Mcr , Ie   cr  Ig  1   cr   Icr  Ig
 Ma    Ma  
 
3  3
 164.7  9  164.7   9
   x 23.03x10  1    x8.727 x10
 440    440  
 
 9.477 x109 mm4  0.412 Ig
5w L4 5x55x80004
DL    11.63 mm
384 Ec Ie 384x 26, 621x9.477x109
2.7 Immediate Live Load Deflection

Ln
L  DL  D  11.63  3.00  8.63 mm   22.2 mm  Acceptable
360
2.8 Net Long Term Deflection (Dead + Live)

Let 1 = deflection after partitions have been installed (1 month
after concrete is poured), due to sustained loads only
5 = deflection after 5+ years, due to sustained loads only
net = net deflection including immediate live load deflection
Psus = percent of live load that is sustained

= 40% for this example
 = factor for creep deflection under sustained loads

= 0.5 for 1 month
= 1.0 for 3 months
= 1.2 for 6 months
= 1.4 for 1 year
= 2.0 for 5+ years

20 Problem #2
’ = compression steel ratio at mid-span

= 0 (no top bars at mid-span)
Calculations are as follows:
      Psus
1  1   D  1  x xL with   0.5
 1  50 '   1  50 '  100
 (1  0.5)x3.00  (1  0.5)x 0.40x8.63
 9.67 mm
      Psus
5  1   D  1  x xL with   2.0
 1  50 '   1  50 '  100
 (1  2.0)x3.00  (1  2.0)x 0.40x8.63
 19.35 mm
 P 
net  5  1  1  sus  L
 100 
 19.35  9.67  (1  0.40)x8.63
Ln 8000
 14.86 mm    16.7 mm  Acceptable
480 480
Compare with S-LINE results:
S-LINE results include shear deflection in the estimates. This makes the
deflections computed by S-LINE marginally greater than those computed by
hand above. However, the effective moments of inertia computed by S-LINE
are identical to the ones computed by hand above for the two load
combinations – Dead Load Only and Dead + Live.

Problem #3 21
Problem #3 is a single member subjected to distributed vertical and torsional

loads. This example is stored in a S-LINE data file called PROB_3.SLN. It is
similar to the one described in the Concrete Design Handbook published by
the Canadian Portland Cement Association in 1995 (Example 4.6). Here, we
will explore some of the differences between the Simplified and General
Methods of Shear and Torsion design as defined in the CSA-A23.3
Standard.
3.1 Description
Beam Elevation
Since this member is subjected to torsional moments, standard hooks have

been specified at the ends for both the top and bottom bars. At the face of
the support, longitudinal bars are needed to resist torsional forces, so these
bars may need to be fully developed/anchored at the face of the support. S-
LINE does take into consideration the development/anchorage length of
these bars when it computes the “effective area of steel”, but it is the

22 Problem #3
engineers responsibility to provide adequate anchorage at this location for all

longitudinal bars – including face steel.
Section A-A
3.2 Member Loads

Vertical Loads:
Dead = 11.67 kN/m and Live = 5.70 kN/m

Factored Load = wf = 1.25 x 11.67 + 1.5 x 5.70 = 23.14 kN/m
Torsional Loads:
Dead = 4.37 kNm/m and Live = 4.28 kNm/m

Factored Load = qf = 1.25 x 4.37 + 1.5 x 4.28 = 11.88 kNm/m
3.3 Consideration of Torsion

Torsional effects shall be considered if the applied factored torsional moment
is greater than one quarter of the torsional moment required to crack an

Problem #3 23
unreinforced section (see figure below, based on Clauses 11.6.1 and 13.2.4
of ACI 318).
Uncracked Section for Torsion
Ac  400x700  (900  400)x125  342, 500 mm2

Pc  2x(400  700)  2x500  3200 mm
 A2   342, 5002 
Tcr  0.4c fc'  c   0.4x1x0.6x 30x   N  mm  48.2 kN  m
 Pc   3200 
   
At the face of the support or within “dv” from the face of the support, the
applied factored torsional moment is 64.6 kNm which exceeds 0.25Tcr =
0.25x48.2 = 12.0 kNm. Therefore, torsion must be considered in the design.
3.4 Section Parameters

Theoretically, every section along the length of the beam must be evaluated
for shear, torsion, and moment. In fact, S-LINE will do this at each station
along the length of the beam and report only the worst conditions. However,
for practical reasons, we will only evaluate selected sections along the length
of the beam for verification purposes. Refer to Section A-A for evaluation of
section parameters.

24 Problem #3
X1  400  2x40  11.3  308.7 mm

Y1  700  2x40  11.3  608.7 mm
Ph  2 (X1  Y1)  2x(308.7  608.7)  1834.8 mm

Aoh  X1 Y1  308.7 x608.7  187, 906 mm2
Ao  0.85 Aoh  0.85x187, 906  159, 720 mm2
At the face of the support:
Clear Spacing between layers dy = 30 mm

As  7x300  2100 mm2
 19.5   19.5 
5x300x  40  11.3    2x300x  40  11.3  19.5  30  
 2   2 
y  75.19 mm
2100
d  h  y  700  75.19  624.8 mm
dv  0.9 d  0.9x624.8  562.3 mm
Near mid-span:
As  2x200  2x500  1400 mm2

25.2
y  40  11.3   63.9 mm
2
d  h  y  700  63.9  636.1 mm
dv  0.9 d  0.9x636.1  572.5 mm
Note: Influence of face bars have not been included in these calculations
because “No” was indicated for “Capacity Calcs” in Edit-Member
Reinforcing window for Face Steel.
3.5 Section at Face of Support
Design Forces and Moments:

Vf  125.8 kN at dv from face of support
Tf  64.6 kN  m at dv from face of support
Mf  201 kN  m at face of support

Problem #3 25
Shear and Torsional Stress:

Maximum Stress Permitted  0.25  c fc'  0.25x1x0.6x30  4.5 MPa
2 2 2
2    125.8x103   64.6x106 x1834.8 
 Vf   Tf Ph 
vf        
   400x562.3    
 3.40 MPa
 bdv   A2     187, 9062 
 oh 
vf  Maximum = 4.5 MPa  Acceptable
vf 3.40
Stress Ratio    0.189
c fc' 1x0.6x30
Effective Area of Steel Provided:

0.25k1k 2 fy db
0.25x1x1x 400x19.5
Ldh    356 mm
'
fc 30
Anchorage Length Provided = 200+150=350 mm

350
Effective Area of Steel  x 2100  2065 mm2
356
Longitudinal Strain: (assume  = 35)

2
 0.9PhTf  Mf
0.5 cot  V 2      0.5Nf
f
 2A o  dv
x 
E s As
2
 0.9x1.8348x 64.6  201
0.5 cot 35o 125.82    
 2x0.15972  0.5623
  0.00148
200, 000x 2065x103
From Table 11-1,  = 35 and  = 0.100
Shear and Torsion Utilization:

Vc  1.3c fc' bdv  1.3x1x0.1x0.6x 30x400x562.3 N  96.1 kN
s A v fy dv 0.85x200x 400x562.3
Vs   N  273 kN
At 100
Tr  2Aos fyv  2x159, 720x0.85x400x N  mm  77.6 kN  m
V  Vc Tf 125.8  96.1 64.6
Utilization  f     0.109  0.832  0.941  1  Acceptable
Vs Tr 273 77.6
Maximum Spacing of Stirrups:

26 Problem #3
A v fy 200x400
S =  609 mm
0.06 fc' b 0.06x 30x 400
For v f  0.1c fc'  1.8 MPa, S  300mm and S  0.35 d  0.35x624.8  219 mm
Longitudinal Steel Requirements (Top Bars):
2
Mf 2  0.45 PhTf 
Force   0.5Nf  cot   Vf  0.5Vs    
dv  2Ao 
2
201 2  0.45x1.8348x64.6 
  0  cot 35o 125.8  0.5x(125.8  96.1)     643.8 kN
0.5623  2 x 0.15972 
Force 643.8x10 3
As (Required)    1893 mm2  As  2065 mm2  Acceptable
s fy 0.85x400

Problem #3 27

Vf  124.4 kN at d from face of support
Tf  63.9 kN  m at d from face of support
Mf  201 kN  m at face of support

V TP 124.4x103 63.9x106 x1834.8
vf  f  f h    3.82 MPa
bd A 2 400x624.8 187, 9062
oh
Maximum Stress Permitted  0.25  c fc'  0.25x1x0.6x30  4.5 MPa
vf  Maximum = 4.5 MPa  Acceptable

Vc  0.2c fc' bd  0.2x1x0.6x 30x400x624.8 N  164.3 kN
s A v fy d 0.85x200x400x624.8
Vs   N  212.4 kN
S 200
A 100
Tr  2Aos fyv t  2x159, 720x0.85x 400x N  mm  54.3 kN  m
S 200
V  Vc Tf 124.4  164.3 63.9
Utilization  f     0  1.18  1.18  1.05  Unacceptable
Vs Tr 212.4 54.3

A v fy 200x400
S =  609 mm
0.06 fc' b 0.06x 30x 400
For v f  0.1c fc'  1.8 MPa, S  300mm and S  0.35 d  0.35x624.8  219 mm
Longitudinal Steel Requirements (Top Bars and Face Steel):

A t Vf  Vc Tf 63.9x106 0.06 fc' b
   0  0.588 mm   0.164 mm
S ns fyv d 2Ao s fyv 2x159, 720x0.85x 400 n fy
A 
Al  Ph  t   1834.8x0.588  1079 mm2 to be distributed uniformly around section
 S 
for face steel

28 Problem #3
Al 1079
As (required)    360 mm2  As  2x200  400 mm2  Acceptable
3 3
for top bars:

Al M 1079 201
As (required)   As f   2065x  1397 mm2  A s  2065 mm2  Acceptable
3 Mr 3 400.3
3.5.3 Comparison and Discussion
In this example, using the General Method will be “acceptable” for the
selected reinforcing configuration. However, using the Simplified Method on
the same reinforcing configuration will be “unacceptable”. To make it
“acceptable”, a closer stirrup spacing will be needed near the support face.
However, less longitudinal steel will be needed for the top and bottom bars if
you have specified the Simplified Method. The General Method technically
does not require face steel to resist torsion, but it would be reasonable to
specify 2-15M for crack control purposes (as required using the Simplified
Method).

Problem #3 29
3.6 Section near mid-span (at X = 7631 mm)

Vf  33.1 kN
Tf  17.0 kN  m  0.25Tcr  12.0 kN  m  Stirrups Required
Mf  192.4 kN  m

2 2 2
2    33.1x103   17.0x106 x1834.8 
 Vf   Tf Ph 
vf        
   400x572.5    
 0.895 MPa
 bdv   A2     187, 9062 
 oh 
vf 0.895
Stress Ratio    0.0497
c fc' 1x0.6x30
Longitudinal Strain: (assume  = 41)

2
 0.9PhTf  Mf
0.5 cot  V 2      0.5Nf
f
 2Ao  dv
x 
E s As
2
 0.9x1.8348x17.0  192.4
0.5 cot 41o 33.12    
 2 x 0. 15972  0.5725
  0.00139
200, 000x1400x10 3
From Table 11-1,  = 41 and  = 0.162

Vc  1.3c fc' bdv  1.3x1x0.162x0.6x 30x400x572.5 N  158.5 kN
s A v fy dv 0.85x200x 400x572.5
Vs   N  112.0 kN
At 100
Tr  2Aos fyv  2x159, 720x0.85x400x N  mm  31.2 kN  m
V  Vc Tf 33.1  158.5 17.0
Utilization  f     0  0.54  0.54  1  Acceptable
Vs Tr 112.0 31.2

30 Problem #3

2 2 2
2    33.1x103   6 
 V  TP
v f   f    f h       17.0x10 x1834.8   0.895 MPa
 bdv   A2   400x572.5   187, 9062 
 oh     
A v fy 200x400
S =  609 mm
0.06 fc' b 0.06x 30x 400
For v f  0.1c fc'  1.8 MPa, S  600mm and S  0.70 d  0.70x624.8  437 mm
Longitudinal Steel Requirements (Bottom Bars):

2
Mf  0.45 PhTf 
Force   0.5Nf  cot   Vf  0.5Vs 2   
dv  2Ao 
2
192.4 2  0.45x1.8348x17.0 
  0  cot 41o 33.1  0.5x(0)     399.4 kN
0.5725  2x0.15972 
Force 399.4x103
As (Required)    1175 mm2  As  1400 mm2  Acceptable
s fy 0.85x 400

Vf  33.1 kN
Tf  17.0 kN  m  0.25Tcr  12.0 kN  m  Stirrups Required
Mf  192.4 kN  m

A t Vf  Vc Tf 17.0x106 0.06 fc' b
   0  0.157 mm   0.164 mm
S ns fyv d 2Ao s fyv 2x159, 720x0.85x 400 n fy
A  2
Al  Ph  t   1834.8x0.164  301 mm to be distributed uniformly around section
 S 
Al M 301 192.4
As (required)   As f   1400x  1005 mm2  A s  1400 mm2  Acceptable
3 Mr 3 297.7
Note: This section (at X=7631mm) was chosen because it generated the
worst case for area of bottom steel required.

Problem #4 31
Verification Problem #4 (ACI)
Problem #4 is a three bay continuous beam with the center bay shorter than
the others. This example illustrates some typical engineering calculations
and is similar to the one depicted in Example 9.2 in the Notes On ACI 318-99
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete published by the
Portland Cement Association (1999). The focus here is the first bay (or
Member B1). This example is stored in a S-LINE data file called
PROB_4.SLN.
4.1 Description
Beam Elevation

32 Problem #4
Section A-A
Section B-B

Problem #4 33
4.2 Member Loads

Dead = 1.0 k/ft and Live = 0.42 k/ft
Total Service Load = w = 1.0 + 0.42 = 1.42 k/ft

Total Factored Load = wf = 1.4 x 1.0 + 1.7 x 0.42 = 2.114 k/ft

34 Problem #4

B-B for dimensions.
4.3.1 Material Properties
fr  7.5 fc'  7.5x1x 4000  474 psi Modulus of Rupture
Ec  Wc1.5 33 fc'  1501.5 x 33 4000 psi  3,834 ksi

Ec 3,834
Gc    1, 598 ksi
2 (1  ) 2 (1  0.2)
4.3.2 Gross Section Properties
L 25x12
bf  b  12   37 "  Governs
12 12
 b  6 hf  12  6x5  42 "
 8.5 ft = 102" = C-to-C spacing of beams
Ag  (bf  b) hf  b h  (37  12)x5  12x16  317 in2
h2 h2 52 162
(bf  b) f  b (37  12)  12x
yt  2 2  2 2  5.83 "
Ag 317
yb  h  y t  16  5.83  10.17 "
2 2
1  hf  bh3 h 
Ig  (bf  b) h3  (bf  b) hf y t  2   12  bh  2  y t 
12 f    
2 3 2
1  5 12x16  16 
 (37  12) 53  (37  12) 5  5.83     12 x16 x   5.83 
12  2 12  2 
 6647 in4
fr Ig 474x6647
Mcr (negative)   lb  in  45.0 k  ft
yt 5.83
fr Ig 474x6647
Mcr (positive)   lb  in  25.8 k  ft
yb 10.17

Problem #4 35
0.75
d  16  1.5  0.5   13.625 "
2
  0.9 1  0.85
As  2x0.44  2x0.31  1.5 in2
A s fy 1.5x60, 000
a   2.206 "
0.85fc' b 0.85x 4000x12

 a  2.206 
Mn  As fy  d    0.9x1.5x60x 13.625   k  in  84.5 k  ft
 2   2 
Effective Area of Compression Steel:
for 2-#5 bars:

k1k 2k3k 4 fy db 1x1x1x0.8x60, 000x0.625
Ld    23.72 "
20 fc' 20x 4000
Anchorage Length = 14 - 8 = 6"

6
Participation Factor =  0.253
23.72

36 Problem #4
for 2-#6 bars:

k1k 2k3k 4 fy db
1x1x1x0.8x60, 000x0.75
Ld    28.46 "
20 fc' 20x 4000
Anchorage Length = 14 + 8 = 22"

22
Participation Factor =  0.773
28.46
A's  2x0.31x0.253  2x0.44x0.773  0.837 in2
A's 0.837
'    0.005112
bd 12x13.625
Confirm tension steel will yield:

As 1.5
   0.009174
bd 12x13.625
0.85 1fc'  87, 000  0.85x0.85x 4000  87, 000 
b     87, 000  60, 000   0.02851
fy  87, 000  fy  60, 000  
 
  0.75  b   '   0.75x(0.02851  0.00511)  0.02521 (approx.)
A s  A s(max)  0.02521x12x13.625  4.12 in2 (approx.)  Tension Steel Yields

Mu 80.4
Utilization    0.951  1  Acceptable
Mn 84.5
Moment Redistribution (Load Combination #11):

P x100%  x100%  12.6%
Mbefore 92.0
   ' 
P  20 1 
  %   20 1  0.009174  0.005112    17.1%  Acceptable
 b   0.02851 
 
where   '  0.009174  0.005112  0.00406  0.50 b =0.01426
0.75
d  16  2.0   13.625 "
2
  0.9 1  0.85
As  2x0.44  2x0.31  1.5 in2
A s fy 1.5x60, 000
a   0.715 "
0.85fc' b 0.85x 4000x37

Problem #4 37

 a  0.715 
Mn  As fy  d    0.9x1.5x60x 13.625   k  in  89.6 k  ft
 2  2 

Mu 66.8
Utilization    0.746  1  Acceptable
Mn 89.6
For positive moment results, it appears that compression steel has a greater
effect on the moment capacity as compared to negative moment results.
Note: For the bottom bars, the maximum area of steel permitted is based
on a L-Beam section taking into consideration the effective slab
width and slab thickness. Technically, “As (max)” is the amount of
steel needed to reach the onset of yielding as the concrete crushes
with the appropriate safety factors included (i.e.   0.75b). S-LINE
uses an iterative process to determine this amount of steel.

38 Problem #4
4.5 Shear Evaluation

  0.85 for shear
A v fy d 0.85x2x0.2x60x13.625
Vs    46.3 kips
S 6
Vc  2 fc' bd  0.85x2x1x 4000x12x13.625 lb  17.6 kips
Vn = Vc + Vs = 17.6 + 46.3 = 63.9 kips

Vu 22.7
Shear Utilization =   0.36  1  Acceptable
Vn 63.9
Maximum Stress:
V 22.7 x103
vu  u   139 psi
bd 12x13.625
vu  10 fc'  10x1x0.85x 4000  538 psi  Acceptable

Problem #4 39
4.6 Stirrup Spacing

A v fy 2x0.20x60,000
S =  40 "
50 b 50x12

40 Problem #4
For Vu  22.7 kips  Vc  4 fc' bd  52.7 kips, S  24 " and S  0.5d  6.81"
Stirrup Spacing Provided, S = 6” < Smax = 6.81”  Acceptable
Stirrups are no longer required when Vu  0.5 Vc = 0.5x17.6 = 8.8 kips. This
occurs at approximately X = 100”. Stirrups stop at X = 113” (acceptable).

Horizontal Clear Spacing (C and E bars):
12  2x1.5  2x0.5  0.75 0.625 0.75

Scl     1.73 "  Scl (min)  1"  Acceptable
3 2 2
4 4
Scl (min)  db (max)  0.75 ",  hagg  x0.75  1", and  1".
3 3

Problem #4 41
4.8 Crack Control
4.8.1 Top Bar Region (Section A-A)
Cc  Clear Cover + Stirrup Diameter  1.5  0.5  2.0 "

for Utilization  0.75, fs  fsmax  0.6 fy  0.6x60  36 ksi
12  2x1.5  2x0.5  0.75
C-to-C Spacing   2.42 "  Smax  10 "  Acceptable
3
540 540  36 
Smax   2.5 Cc   2.5x 2.0  10 "  12    12 "
fs 36  fs 
4.8.2 Bottom Bar Region (Section B-B)
Cc  Clear Cover  2.0 "

for 0.5  Util  0.75, fs  0.5fsmax  2fsmax (Util  0.5)  0.5x36  2x36x(0.701  0.5)  32.5 ksi
12  2x2.0  0.75
C-to-C Spacing   2.42 "  Smax  11.6 "  Acceptable
3
540 540  36 
Smax   2.5 Cc   2.5x2.0  11.6 "  12    13.3 "
fs 32.5  fs 

42 Problem #4
“acceptable” limits as indicated above. Deflection estimation is a
complicated and lengthy process that requires iterative structural analysis of
several models. See Problem #5 for a detailed deflection calculation.

Problem #5 43

stored in a S-LINE data file called PROB_5.SLN. It is similar to the one
depicted in Example 8.1 in the Notes On ACI 318-99 Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete published by the Portland Cement
Association (1999).
5.1 Description
Beam Elevation

44 Problem #5
Section A-A
5.2 Member Loads

Dead = 0.40 k/ft and Live = 0.30 k/ft (Psus = 50% sustained)
Total Service Load = w = 0.40 + 0.30 = 0.70 k/ft

Total Factored Load = wf = 1.4 x 0.40 + 1.7 x 0.70 = 1.75 k/ft

Problem #5 45
Ag  b h  12x22  264 in2

h
y t  yb   11"
2
bh3 12x 223
Ig    10, 648 in4
12 12
fr  7.5 fc'  7.5x1x 3000  411 psi Modulus of Rupture
Ec  Wc1.5 33 fc'  1501.5 x 33 3000 psi  3, 321 ksi

Es  29, 000 ksi
E 29, 000
n s   8.733 Modular Ratio
Ec 3, 321
fr Ig 411x10, 648
Mcr (negative)   lb  in  33.15 k  ft
yt 11
fr Ig 411x10, 648
Mcr (positive)   lb  in  33.15 k  ft
yb 11
As  3x0.60  1.80 in2

0.875
d  22  2.0   19.56 "
2
A's  3x0.20  0.60 in2

0.5
d'  2.0   2.5 "
2
b 12 (n  1) A's 7.733x0.60
B   0.7634 in-1 and r    0.2952
nAs 8.733x1.80 nAs 8.733x1.80
 rd' 
2dB 1    1  r 2  (1  r)
 d 
 
kd 
B
 0.2952x 2.5  2
2x19.56x0.7634 1   1  0.2952   (1  0.2952)
 19.56 
  5.791"
0.7634

46 Problem #5
b(kd)3
Icr (positive)   nA s (d  kd)2  (n  1)A 's (kd  d' )2
3
12x5.7913 2 2
  8.733x1.80x 19.56  5.791  7.733x0.60 x 5.791  2.5 
3
 3, 807 in4  0.358 Ig

w dead L2 0.4x252
Ma    31.25 k  ft
8 8
For Ma  Mcr , Ie  Ig  10, 648 in4
0.40
5x x( 25x12)4
5 w dead L4 12
D    0.099 "
384 Ec Ie 384x3321x10, 648

w L2 0.70x 252
Ma    54.69 k  ft
8 8
3  3
 Mcr   Mcr  
For Ma  Mcr , Ie    Ig  1     Icr  Ig
 Ma  M
  a  
3  3
 33.15   33.15  
   x10, 648  1    x3, 807
 54.69    54.69  
 
 4
5, 330 in  0.5 Ig
0.70
5x x( 25x12)4
5w L4 12
D L    0.348 "
384 Ec Ie 384x3321x5330

Problem #5 47

L 25x12
L  DL  D  0.348  0.099  0.249 "    0.833 "  Acceptable
360 360

Let 3 = deflection after partitions have been installed (3 months


= 0.5 for 1 month
= 1.0 for 3 months
= 1.2 for 6 months
= 1.4 for 1 year
= 2.0 for 5+ years

= A’s/bd = 0.002556
      Psus
3  1   D  1  x xL with   1.0
 1  50 '   1  50 '  100
 1   1 
 1   x0.099  1   x0.50x 0.249
 1  50x0.002556   1  50x0.002556 
 0.422 "
      Psus
5  1   D  1  x xL with   2.0
 1  50 '   1  50 '  100
 2   2 
 1   x0.099  1   x0.50x 0.249
 1  50x0.002556   1  50x0.002556 
 0.620 "

48 Problem #5
 P 
net  5  3  1  sus  L
 100 
 0.620  0.422  (1  0.50)x 0.249
L 25x12
 0.322 "    0.625 "  Acceptable
480 480

Problem #6 49
Problem #6 is a simply supported member subjected to distributed vertical

and torsional loads. This example is stored in a S-LINE data file called
PROB_6.SLN. It is similar to the one depicted in Example 15.1 in the Notes
On ACI 318-99 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
published by the Portland Cement Association (1999).
6.1 Description
Beam Elevation
Since this member is subjected to torsional moments, standard hooks have


50 Problem #6
bars may need to be fully developed/anchored at the face of the support. S-
LINE does take into consideration the development/anchorage length of
these bars when it computes the “effective area of steel”, but it is the
engineers responsibility to provide adequate anchorage at this location for all
longitudinal bars – including face steel.
Girders are used to represent the supports. In S-LINE, “girder supports” are
“pin supports” in the structural model (i.e. girder with no torsional resistance).
See below for an illustration of this model. The critical section is taken at the
face of the girder which is considered to be 8 inches from the column
centerline. At the critical section, shear, flexural and torsional requirements
are evaluated.
Structural Analysis Model

Problem #6 51
Section A-A
6.2 Member Loads

Vertical Loads: Dead = 2.5 k/ft and Live = 0.9 k/ft
Factored Load = wu = 1.4 x 2.5 + 1.7 x 0.9 = 5.03 k/ft
Torsional Loads: Dead = 1.76 kft/ft and Live = 0.82 kft/ft

Factored Load = qu = 1.4 x 1.76 + 1.7 x 0.82 = 3.858 kNft/ft

Torsional effects shall be considered if the applied factored torsional moment
is greater than one quarter of the torsional moment required to crack an
unreinforced section.
Acp  bh  16x32  512 in2 and Pcp  2 (b  h)  2 (16  32)  96 in
 A2 
cp  5122
Tcr   4 fc'   0.85x1x 4x 5000x lb  in  54.7 k  ft
 Pcp  96
 
At the face of the support or within “d” from the face of the support, the
applied factored torsional moment is 45.9 kft which exceeds 0.25Tcr = 13.7
kft. Therefore, torsion must be considered in the design.

52 Problem #6

of the beam for verification purposes. Refer to Section A-A for evaluation of
section parameters.
X1  16  2x1.5  0.5  12.5 "

Y1  32  2x1.5  0.5  28.5 "
Ph  2 (X1  Y1)  2x(12.5  28.5)  82 "

Aoh  X1 Y1  12.5x 28.5  356.25 in2
Ao  0.85 Aoh  0.85x356.25  302.8 in2
1.27
d  32  1.5  0.5   29.37 in
2
because “No” was selected for “Capacity Calcs” in Edit-Member
6.5 Load Combinations

Since torsion must be considered, special attention must be given to the
ends of the member for a simply supported member. All longitudinal bars
must be adequately anchored at the ends of the beam to resist torsion. For
the top bars near the end of the beam, torsion may govern the area of steel
required. Any bending moment that exists at this cross-section reduces the
amount of top bars required to resist torsion. As a result, a special load
combination has been created to address this issue – 0.90 x D which
reduces the design dead load moment.
In S-LINE, this has been defined as load combination #9 – as indicated

below with the appropriate load factors applied to “Dead” and “Live”.

Problem #6 53
6.6 Section at Face of the Support

Design Forces and Moments (1.4D + 1.7L):
Vu  59.8 k at d from face of support
Tu  45.9 k  ft at d from face of support
Mu  48.2 k  ft at face of support

2
2   2  2
 Vu   TuPh   59.8x1000  45.9 x1000 x12 x82 
vu             245.0 psi
 
 bd   1.7 A 2   16x 29.37   1.7 x356.252 
 oh 
vu  Maximum  10 fc'  10x1x0.85x 5000  601 psi  Acceptable

A v fy d 0.85x2x0.20x60x29.37
Vs  = =59.9 kips
S 10
A 0.20
Tn  2Aofy t  2x302.8x0.85x60x k  in  51.5 k  ft
S 10
V  Vc Tu 59.8  56.5 45.9
Utilization  u     0.06  0.89  0.95  1  Acceptable
Vs Tn 59.9 51.5

A v fy 2x0.2x60, 000
S   30 "
50 b 50x16
d 29.37
For Vu  Vc  4 fc' bd  169.5 k, S  24 " and S    14.7 "
2 2
P 82
For Tu  0.25 Tcr , S  12 " and S  h   10.25 "
8 8
Longitudinal Steel Requirements (Top Bars):
for load combination #8 (1.4D+1.7L):


54 Problem #6
A t Vu  Vc Tu 59.8  56.5 48.2x12

     0.0011  0.0187  0.0198 in
S nfyv d 2Ao fyv 2x0.85x60x 29.37 2x302.8x0.85x60
At 25b 25x16
   0.0067 in
S fyv 60, 000
A   fyv 
Al  Ph  t     82x0.0198x1  1.63 in2  Al,min  1.39 in2
 S   fyl 

5 fc' Acp A   fyv  5x 5000x512

where A l,min   Ph  t     82x0.0198x1  1.39 in2
fyl  S   fyl  60, 000

Al Mu 1.63 48.2x12
As (required)      0.543  0.365  0.18 in2
3 0.9 d fy 3 0.9x 29.37x60
As  2x0.44  0.88 in2  As (required)  Acceptable
for load combination #9 (0.9D):

A t Vu  Vc Tu 26.7  56.5 18.8x12

     0  0.0073  0.0073 in
At 25b 25x16
   0.0067 in
S fyv 60, 000
A   fyv 
 S   fyl 

5 fc' Acp A   fyv  5x 5000x512

where A l,min   Ph  t     82x0.0073x1  2.42 in2
fyl  S   fyl  60, 000

Al Mu 2.42 21.6x12
As (required)      0.807  0.163  0.64 in2
3 0.9 d fy 3 0.9x29.37x60
As  2x0.44  0.88 in2  As (required)  Acceptable
For top bars, load combination #9 (0.9D) governs the area of steel required
for torsion and flexure.

Problem #6 55
6.7 Section near mid-span (X = 135")

Design Forces and Moments (1.4D + 1.7L):
Vu  18.9 kips
Tu  14.5 k  ft  0.25Tcr  13.7 k  ft  Stirrups Required
Mu  530.5 k  ft

A v fy d 0.85x2x0.20x60x29.37
Vs  = =59.9 kips
S 10
A 0.20
Tn  2Aofy t  2x302.8x0.85x60x k  in  51.5 k  ft
S 10
V  Vc Tu 18.9  56.5 14.5
Utilization  u     0  0.28  0.28  1  Acceptable
Vs Tn 59.9 51.5

A t Vu  Vc Tu 18.9  56.5 14.5x12
     0  0.0056  0.0056 in
At 25b 25x16
   0.0067 in
S fyv 60, 000

56 Problem #6
A   fyv 
 S   fyl 

5 fc' Acp A   fyv

 5x 5000x512
where A l,min   Ph  t
    82x0.0067x1  2.47 in2
fyl 
 S   fyl
60, 000

A M 2.47 530.5
As (required)  l  As u   5.27x  0.82  4.32  5.14 in2
3 Mn 3 646.9
As  5.27 in2  As (required)  Acceptable
Note: This section (X = 135”) was chosen because it generated the worst
case for area of bottom steel required. The area of steel required at
mid-span is for flexure alone which is less than the area required
computed above.
wu L2 5.03x302 Mu 565.9
Mu    565.9 k  ft A s (required)  A s  5.27x  4.61 in2
8 8 Mn 646.9
Longitudinal Steel Requirements (Face Bars):

Area of face steel required is directly related to the area of longitudinal steel
required for torsion (Al). Upon reviewing the results for various sections
along the beam, the greatest value for Al is equal to Al,min computed above
(or specifically Al (max) = Al,min = 2.47 in2).
Al (max) 2.47
As  4x0.31  1.24 in2  A s (required)    0.82 in2  Acceptable
3 3
Location where stirrups are no longer required:

Stirrups are no longer required when Vu  0.5Vc and Tu  0.25Tcr. This
occurs at approximately X = 137”. The last stirrup is located at X = 143”
which is past the theoretical cut-off point, so this is “acceptable”.

Problem #7 57
Verification Problem #7 (BS 8110)
Problem #7 is a typical two span continuous beam. This example is stored in

a S-LINE data file called PROB_7.SLN. It is similar to the “first-floor main
beam” example in a publication called Designed and Detailed (BS 8110:
1985) by J.B. Higgins and B.R. Rogers, published by the British Cement
Association (1992). The focus will be on the first span (8 meters long).
7.1 Description
Beam Elevation

58 Problem #7
Section A-A (at X = 7850mm, face of support)
Section B-B (near mid-span)

Problem #7 59

B-B for dimensions.
2 2
 D   2400  2
Ec   20, 000  200 fcu   c    20, 000  200x40     28, 000 N/ mm
 2400   2400 
Ec 28, 000
Gc    11, 667 N/ mm2
2 (1  ) 2 (1  0.2)
0.7 L 0.7 x8000

bf  b  300   1420 mm  Governs
5 5
 5000 mm = C-to-C spacing of beams

60 Problem #7
Ag  (bf  b) hf  b h  (1420  300) 175  300x500  346, 000 mm2
h2 h2 1752 5002
(bf  b) f  b (1420  300)  300x
yt  2 2  2 2  157.9 mm
Ag 346, 000
yb  h  y t  500  157.9  342.1 mm
2 2
1  h  bh3 h 
Ig  (bf  b) h3  (bf  b) hf  y t  f    bh   y t 
12 f  2  12 2 
2 2
1  175  300 x5003  500 
 (1420  300) 1753  (1420  300) 175 158     300 x500 x   158 
12  2  12  2 
9
 5.869x10 mm 4
25
d  500  20  12   455.5 mm
2
1 1 1 1
c    0.67 and s    0.95
m 1.5 m 1.05
Ignore Compression Steel:

A s  2T 20  2T 25  2x314.2  2x 490.9  1610.2 mm2
A smin  0.0026x300x500  390 mm2  Acceptable

Problem #7 61
A s s fy 1610.2x0.95x 460
a   131.6 mm
0.67 c fcub 0.67 x0.67 x 40x300
a 131.6
X   146.2 mm (conservative)
0.9 0.9
(neutral axis depth will be less if we include compression steel)
Moment Redistribution (Load Combination #8 at face of support):

P x100%  x100%  29.8%
Mbefore 351.9
 100 X   100x146.2 
P  Plimit    60   %    60    27.9%   30%  Acceptable
 d   455.5 
Neutral Axis Depth Limitation:

P
d  1   1  0.298  0.702
100
X  146.2 mm  d  0.4  d  (0.702  0.4)x 455.5  137.5 mm  Acceptable
Moment Capacity (ignore compression steel):

a 131.6
Z  d  455.5   389.7 mm  Zmax  0.95d  0.95x 455.5  432.7 mm
2 2
Mu  A s s fy Z  1610.2x0.95x 460x389.7 N  mm  274.9 kN  m
Mu  A s s fy Zmax  1610.2x0.95x 460x 432.7 N  mm  305 kN  m

M 247.0
Mu 274.9
25
d  500  20  12   455.5 mm
2
Ignore Compression Steel:

A s  4T 25  4x 490.9  1963.6 mm2
A smin  0.0018x300x500  270 mm2  Acceptable
Ass fy 1963.6x0.95x 460
a   33.91 mm  hf  175 mm
0.67 c fcubf 0.67x0.67x 40x1420
a 33.91
X   37.67 mm  N.A. located in flange
0.9 0.9

62 Problem #7
Moment Capacity (ignore compression steel):

a 33.91
Z  d  455.5   438.5 mm  Zmax  0.95d  0.95x 455.5  432.7 mm
2 2
Mu  A s s fy Zmax  1963.6x0.95x 460x432.7 N  mm  372.2 kN  m

M 321.7
Mu 372.2
The differences between S-LINE results and those computed above can be
attributed to ignoring compression steel in the hand calculations – especially
for negative moment region.

Problem #7 63
7.4 Shear Evaluation (Section A-A)

1 1 1 1
c    0.8 and s    0.95
m 1.25 m 1.05
V 247.3x103
v   1.81 N/ mm2 (shear force taken at "d" from face of support)
bd 300x455.5
100A *s 100x1610.2 400 400 f 40

  1.178  3,   0.878  1, cu   1.6  1.6
bd 300x 455.5 d 455.5 25 25
1 1 1 1 1
 100A *  3  400   f 
vc  0.79c  s   4 cu 3  0.79x1x0.8x1.178 3 x1x1.6 3  0.781 N/ mm2
 bd   d   25 
 
s A v fy 0.95x2x113.1x 250
vs    1.197 N/ mm2
bS 300x150
vu  vc  vs  0.781  1.197  1.978 N/ mm2
v 1.81
Shear Utilization    0.915  1  Acceptable
vu 1.978

64 Problem #7
Maximum Shear Stress:

v  1.81 N/ mm2  v tu  c fcu  0.8x 40  5.06 N/ mm2 or 5 N/ mm2 whichever is less

Problem #7 65
7.5 Link Spacing

A v s fy 2x113.1x0.95x250
S  =  448 mm
0.4 b 0.4x300
A v s fy 2x113.1x0.95x 250
   174 mm at right end
b (v  vc ) 300x(1.81  0.781)
 0.75d  0.75x 455.5  342 mm at other locations
Near mid-span, links are no longer required when v  0.5 vc.

100A *s 100x1964 400 400 f 40
  1.437  3,   0.878  1, cu   1.6  1.6
bd 300x 455.5 d 455.5 25 25
1 1 1 1 1
 100A *  3  400   f 
vc  0.79c  s   4 cu 3  0.79x1x0.8x1.437 3 x1x1.6 3  0.834 N/ mm2
 bd   d   25 
 
at v  0.5v c  0.417 N/ mm2 , V  0.417 x300x 455.5 N  57.0 kN
Shear force of less than or equal to 57.0 kN occurs between X = 2927mm

and X = 4600mm. Minimum links have been provided throughout however
set #3 links are not required for the region near mid-span.

Top 'C' Bars in Section A-A and Bottom 'E' Bars in Section B-B:
300  2x20  2x12  25
Scl   25  45.3 mm  Scl (min)  25 mm  Acceptable
3
Scl (min)  db (max)  25 mm
 hagg  5 mm  20  5  25 mm

66 Problem #7
7.7 Crack Control

Top Bars C-to-C Spacing (Section A-A):
P
b  1   1  0.298  0.702
100
70, 000 b 70, 000x0.702
Clear Spacing    106.8 mm  300 mm
fy 460
300  2 x 20  2 x12  25
C-to-C   70.3 mm  106.8  25  131.8 mm  Acceptable
3
Bottom Bars C-to-C Spacing (Section B-B):

b  1 (worst case)
70, 000 b 70, 000x1
Clear Spacing    152.2 mm  300 mm
fy 460
300  2x 20  2 x12  25
C-to-C   70.3 mm  152.2  25  177.2 mm  Acceptable
3
Bottom Bars Side Distance (Section B-B):

b  1 (worst case)
70, 000 b 70, 000x1
Clear Distance    76.1 mm  150 mm
2 fy 2x 460
25 25
Side Distance  20  12   44.5 mm  76.1   88.6 mm  Acceptable
2 2

Problem #7 67

“acceptable” limits. However, the "Net Long Term Deflection" is close to the
limit. Compression steel at or near mid-span was increased to generate an
"acceptable" deflection in the long term.
Deflection estimation is a complicated and lengthy process that requires

iterative structural analysis of several models. See Problem #8 for a detailed
deflection calculation.

68 Problem #7

Problem #8 69

stored in a S-LINE data file called PROB_8.SLN.
8.1 Description
Beam Elevation

70 Problem #8
Section A-A
8.2 Member Loads

Dead = 25 kN/m and Live = 30 kN/m
Total Service Load = ws = 25 + 30 = 55 kN/m

Total Factored Load = w = 1.4 x 25 + 1.6 x 30 = 83 kN/m

Problem #8 71
Ag  (bf  b) hf  b h  (1570  450) x125  450x700  455, 000 mm2
h2 h2 1252 7002
(bf  b) f  b (1570  450)  450x
yt  2 2  2 2  261.5 mm
Ag 455, 000
yb  h  y t  700  261.5  438.5 mm
2 2
1  hf  bh3 h 
Ig  (bf  b) h3  (bf  b) hf y t  2   12  bh  2  y t 
12 f    
2 2
1  125  450 x7003  700 
 (1570  450) 1253  (1570  450) 125  261.5     450 x700 x   261.5 
12  2  12  2 
9
 21.06x10 mm 4
fr  0.6 fcu  0.6x1x 30  3.286 MPa Modulus of Rupture
2 2
 D   2400  2
Ec   20, 000  200 fcu   c    20, 000  200 x30     26, 000 N/ mm
 2400   2400 
Es  200, 000 MPa
E 200, 000
n s   7.692
Ec 26, 000
fr Ig 3.286x 21.06x109
yt 261.5
fr Ig 3.286x 21.06x109
yb 438.5
25
d  700  20  12   655.5 mm
2
As  7T25  7x490.9  3436.3 mm2
20
d'  20  12   42 mm
2
A's  2T20  2x314.2  628.4 mm2

72 Problem #8

C1  nA s  (n  1)A 's  (bf  b)hf  7.692x3436.3  6.692x628.4  (1570  450)x125  170, 637 mm2
h2 1252
C2  nA s d  (n  1)A 'sd'  (bf  b) f  7.692x3436.3x 655.5  6.692x628.4x 42  1120x  26, 252,809 mm3
2 2
C2  2bC2  C1 170, 6372  2x450x26, 252,809  170, 637

kd  1 =  131.2 mm
b 450
Since kd > hf, neutral axis is located in the web.
(bf  b)h3 b(kd)3  hf 

2
Icr  f   (bf  b)hf 2 ' ' 2
 kd    nA s (d  kd)  (n  1)A s (kd  d )
12 3  2 
2
1120x1253 459 x131.23  125 
   1120x125x 131.2    7.692 x3436.3x(655.5  131.2)2  6.692 x628.4 x(131.2  42)2
12 3  2 
 8.488x109 mm4  0.403 Ig

w dead L2 25x82
Ma    200 kN  m
8 8
3  3
 Mcr   Mcr  
 Ma  M
  a  
3  3
 157.8  9  157.8   9
   x 21.06x10  1    x8.488x10
 200    200  
 
 9 4
14.66x10 mm  0.696 Ig
5 w dead L4 5x 25x80004
D    3.50 mm
384 Ec Ie 384x 26, 000x14.66x109

Problem #8 73

w L2 55x82
Ma    440 kN  m
8 8
3  3
 Mcr   Mcr  
 Ma  M
  a  
3  3
 157.8  9  157.8   9
   x 21.06x10  1    x8.488x10
 440    440  
 
 9.07 x109 mm4  0.430 Ig
5w L4 5x55x80004
D L    12.4 mm
384 Ec Ie 384x 26, 000x9.07x109

L
L  DL  D  12.4  3.5  8.9 mm   22.2 mm  Acceptable
360

Let 1 = deflection after partitions have been installed (1 month


= 0.5 for 1 month
= 1.0 for 3 months
= 1.2 for 6 months
= 1.4 for 1 year
= 2.0 for 5+ years

74 Problem #8

= A's/bd = 0.00213
      Psus
1  1   D  1  x xL with   0.5
 1  50 '   1  50 '  100
 0.5   0.5 
 1   x3.5  1   x0.30x8.9
 1  50x0.00213   1  50x0.00213 
 9.0 mm
      Psus
5  1   D  1  x xL with   2.0
 1  50 '   1  50 '  100
 2   2 
 1   x3.5  1   x0.30x8.9
 1  50x0.00213   50x 0.00213 
 17.3 mm
 P 
net  5  1  1  sus  L
 100 
 17.3  9.0  (1  0.30)x8.9
L 8000
 14.5 mm    16 mm  Acceptable
500 500

Problem #9 75
Problem #9 is a single member subjected to distributed vertical and torsional

loads. This example is stored in a S-LINE data file called PROB_9.SLN. It is
similar to the one described in the Concrete Design Handbook published by
the Canadian Portland Cement Association in 1995 (Example 4.6).
9.1 Description
Beam Elevation
Since this member is subjected to torsional moments, 90 degree hooks have

bars may need to be fully developed/anchored at the face of the support. It
is the engineers responsibility to provide adequate anchorage at this location
for all longitudinal bars – including face steel.

76 Problem #9
Section A-A (at face of support, X = 12200mm)
Section B-B (near mid-span, X = 7631mm)
9.2 Member Loads

Vertical Loads:
Dead = 11.67 kN/m and Imposed = 5.70 kN/m

Factored Load = w = 1.4 x 11.67 + 1.6 x 5.70 = 25.45 kN/m

Problem #9 77
Torsional Loads:
Dead = 4.37 kNm/m and Imposed = 4.28 kNm/m

Factored Load = q = 1.4 x 4.37 + 1.6 x 4.28 = 13.0 kNm/m

Torsional effects shall be considered if the applied torsional stress is greater
than a pre-determined limit. At the face of the support or within "d" from the
face of the support, the applied torsional moment is 69.3 kNm.
2T 2x69.3x106
vt    1.53 N/ mm2  v t,min  0.367 N/ mm2
2  b 2  400 
b  h   400 x  700  
 3  3 
where v t,min  0.067 fcu  0.067 30  0.367 N/ mm2 or 0.4 N/ mm2 whichever is less
Therefore, torsion must be considered.

of the beam for verification purposes. Refer to Section A-A and Section B-B
for section parameters.
X1  400  2x20  12  348 mm

Y1  700  2x20  12  648 mm
Ph  2 (X1  Y1)  2x(348  648)  1992 mm
Aoh  X1 Y1  348x648  225, 504 mm2
Ao  0.8 Aoh  0.8x 225, 504  180, 403 mm2
At the face of the support:

20
d  700  20  12   658 mm
2
As  4T20  4x314.2  1256.8 mm2

78 Problem #9
Near mid-span:
20
d  700  20  12   658 mm
2
As  2T16  2T20  2x201.1  2x314.2  1030.6 mm2
because “No” was indicated for “Capacity Calcs” in Edit-Member
9.5 Section at Face of Support

1 1 1 1
c    0.8 and s    0.95
m 1.25 m 1.05

V  136.0 kN at d from face of support
T  69.3 kN  m at d from face of support
M  219 kN  m at face of support

V 136x103
v   0.517 N/ mm2
bd 400x658
v t  1.53 N/ mm2 (earlier calculation)
v  v t  0.517  1.53  2.05 N/ mm2  v tu  4.38 N/ mm2  Acceptable
where v tu  c fcu  0.8x 30  4.38 N/ mm2 or 5 N/ mm2 whichever is less

100A *s 100 x1256.8 400 400 f 30
  0.478  3,   0.61  1, cu   1.2  1.6
bd 400x658 d 658 25 25
1 1 1 1 1
 100A *  3  400   f 
vc  0.79c  s 4 cu 3  0.79x1x0.8x0.478 3 x1x1.2 3  0.525 N/ mm2
 bd   d   25 
 
s A v fy 0.95x2x113.1x 250
vs    1.08 N/ mm2
bS 400x125
At 113.1
Tu  2Aos fy  2x180, 403x0.95x 250x N  mm  77.7 kN  m
S 125

Problem #9 79
v  vc T 0.517  0.525 69.3

Utilization      0  0.89  0.89  1  Acceptable
vs Tu 1.08 77.7
Maximum Spacing of Links:

A v s fy 2x113.1x0.95x 250
S    337 mm
0.4 b 0.4x 400
A t s fy 113.1x0.95x 250
   140 mm  Governs at ends
 b (v  v c ) T   69 .3 x10 6 
    
 n 2A o   0  2 x180, 403 
 
 0.75 d  0.75x658  493 mm
 X1  348 mm
Y1 648
   324 mm
2 2
 200 mm  Governs at other regions
Longitudinal Steel Requirements (Top Bars and Face Steel):

A t b(v  vc ) T 69.3x106
   0  0.807 mm2 / mm
S ns fyv 2Ao s fyv 2x180, 403x0.95x 250
A   fyv  250
Al  2(x1  y1 )  t     1992x0.807x  873 mm2
 S   fy  460

for face steel:

Al 873
As (required)    291 mm2  A s  4T12  4x113.1  452.4 mm2  Acceptable
3 3

80 Problem #9
for top bars:

Al M 873 219
A s (required)   As   1256.8x  291  802  1093 mm2
3 Mu 3 343.2
A s (required)  1093 mm2  A s  1257 mm2  Acceptable
9.6 Section near mid-span (at X = 7631 mm)

V  36.4 kN
T  18.6 kN  m
M  213.9 kN  m
Consideration of Torsion:
2T 2x18.6x106
vt    0.410 N/ mm2  v t,min  0.367 N/ mm2
2  b 2  400 
b  h   400 x  700  
 3  3 
 Torsion must be considered.
Since torsion governs link requirements, links are no longer required when:
T  16.6 kNm (which translates to 4923  X  7477mm).

Problem #9 81

A t b(v  vc ) T 18.6x106
   0  0.217 mm2 / mm
S ns fyv 2Ao s fyv 2x180, 403x0.95x 250
At 0.4 b 0.4x400
   0.336 mm2 / mm
S ns fyv 2x0.95x 250
A   fyv
 250
Al  2(x1  y1 )  t  
  1992x0.336x  364 mm2
 S 
  fy 460

A M 364 213.9
A s (required)  l  A s   1030.6x  121  781  902 mm2
3 Mu 3 282.2
A s (required)  902 mm2  A s  1030.6 mm2  Acceptable
Note: This section (at X=7631mm) was chosen because it generated the
worst case for area of bottom steel required – torsion and flexure. At
mid-span (X = 6200mm), area of bottom steel required for flexure
alone is approximately:
M 240
As (required)  As x  1030.6x  876 mm2
Mu 282.2

Verfication Manual S-LINE R11

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Verfication Manual S-LINE R11

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Verification Manual

S-FRAME Software Inc. S-FRAME Software LLC S-FRAME

© Copyright 1992-2013 by S-FRAME® Software Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed,

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Verification Problem #1 (CSA) ................................................ 1

Verification Problem #2 (CSA) .............................................. 15

Verification Problem #3 (CSA) .............................................. 21

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3.5 Section at Face of Support ............................................................. 24

Verification Problem #4 (ACI) ............................................... 31

Verification Problem #5 (ACI) ............................................... 43

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Verification Problem #6 (ACI) ................................................ 49

Verification Problem #7 (BS 8110) ........................................ 57

Verification Problem #8 (BS 8110) ........................................ 69

Verification Problem #9 (BS 8110) ........................................ 75

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9.4 Section Parameters......................................................................... 77

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Verification Problem #1 (CSA)

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Section A-A (at X = 8750mm, face of support)

Section B-B (at X = 3375mm, near mid-span)

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Load Cases and Combinations

1.2 Member Properties

1.2.1 Material Properties

fr  0.6 fc'  0.6x1x 30  3.286 MPa Modulus of Rupture

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1.2.2 Gross Section Properties

L 9000  250  225

Ag  (bf  b) hf  b h  (2105  400) 110  400x600  427, 550 mm2

1.2.3 S-LINE Results

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1.3 Moment Evaluation

1.3.1 Negative Moment (Section A-A)

Clear spacing between layers of bars is 30 mm.

5x300x(40  11.3  19.5 / 2)  2x300x(40  11.3  19.5  30  19.5 / 2)

1  0.85  0.0015 fc'  0.85  0.0015x30  0.805

Assume tension steel will yield and ignore compression steel:

Confirm tension steel will yield:

Compute Negative Moment Utilization:

Moment Redistribution (Load Combination #11):

P < Plimit  Acceptable

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1.3.2 Positive Moment (Section B-B)

5x300x(40  11.3  19.5 / 2)  2x300x(40  11.3  19.5  30  19.5 / 2)

Assume tension steel will yield and ignore compression steel:

Compute Positive Moment Utilization:

1.3.3 S-LINE Results

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1.4 Shear Evaluation

1.4.1 Simplified Method

sA v fyd 0.85x2x100x400x524.8

Vr = Vc + Vs = 138.0 + 102.0 = 240.0 kN

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1.4.2 General Method

dv  0.9d  0.9x524.8  472.3 mm

From Table 11-1 of A23.3:  = 42 and  = 0.137

Vc  1.3c fc' bdv  1.3x1x0.137x0.6x 30x 400x 472.3  110.6 kN

Vr = Vc + Vs = 110.6 + 101.9 = 212.5 kN

Bottom Steel Requirements: