There are two types of electrostatic forces; intramolecular and intermolecular forces.

Intramolecular forces

 are those within the molecule that keep the molecule together,
 affects the chemical property of the species
 types ionic, covalent and metallic bond

Intermolecular forces

 are the attractions between ions and molecules, which determine many of the physical properties
of a substance.
 are weak compared to the intramolecular forces.
 are due to the attraction between ions and molecules.
 Types dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and, London (Dispersion) forces,

Dipole-Dipole forces

are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end
of another polar molecule.
have a significant effect only when the molecules involved are close together.
CH3Cl has a smaller dipole moment and it boils at a lower temperature than CH3CHO
Dipole-dipole forces give polar cis-1,2-dichloroethene a higher boiling point than nonpolar trans-
1, 2-dichloroethene.

Hydrogen Bonding
A special type of dipole-dipole force arises between molecules that have a H
atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone electron pairs. The
most important atoms that fit this description are N, O, and F. The H-N, H-O,
and H-F bonds are very polar,
F ---- H — O — — N ---- H — F O ---- H — F

is the strongest type of intermolecular force.

Dispersion or London Forces

are intermolecular forces in which non-polar atoms or molecules interact by inducing
dipoles in each other
cause substances like CO2, Cl2, noble gases, etc, to condense and solidify.
are the weakest type of intermolecular forces.
are caused by an uneven distribution of electrons/sudden shift of electron density
to one side of the nucleus than the other, or if its electrons are distributed asymmetrically.

the strength of the dispersion forces is often influenced by

 1. molecular geometry. E.g n-pentane exhibits higher boiling point than its isomer 2,2-dimethyl
propane.
Boiling points for the isomers n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane are 36 °C, 27 °C, and
9.5 °C, respectively. The elongated shape of n-pentane provides a greater surface area
available for contact between molecules, resulting in correspondingly stronger dispersion
forces. The more compact shape of isopentane offers a smaller surface area available for
intermolecular contact and, therefore, weaker dispersion forces. The strength of the dispersion
forces increases with the contact area between molecules.
2. The size of the molecule. Larger and heavier atoms and molecules exhibit stronger
dispersion forces than do smaller and lighter atoms and molecules. A molecule that has a
charge cloud that is easily
distorted is said to be very polarizable and will have large dispersion forces.

Ion-dipole Forces

When an ion and a nearby polar molecule (dipole) attract each other, an iondipole
force results. The most important example takes place when an ionic compound
dissolves in water.

Exercises

12.3. Which of these substances exhibits H bonding? Draw the H bond(s) between two molecules of the substance where
appropriate.

12.4 In each pair, identify all the intermolecular forces present for each substance, and select the substance with the higher
boiling point:
12.30(a) hydrogen bonding (b) dispersion forces (c) dispersion forces
12.32(a) dipole–dipole forces (b) dispersion forces (c) hydrogen bonding
12.53Water is a good solvent for polar and ionic substances and a poor solvent for nonpolar substances.
Water is a polar molecule and dissolves polar substances because
their intermolecular forces are of similar strength.

SWA Grade 12th Chemistry SEP First Worksheet1

Answer and provide a good reasoning for each of the following questions

1. The following Lewis structures for (a) HCN, (b) C2H2, (c) SnO2, (d) BF3, (e) HOF, (f ) HCOF,
and (g) NF3 are incorrect. Explain what is wrong with each one and give a correct structure
for the molecule. (Relative positions of atoms are shown correctly.)
2. What type of bonds do you expect in the following cases? Give reasons :
(i) between a very small cation and a large anion.

(ii) between atoms having a very large difference in electronegativities,

(iii) between atoms of the same element.

3. Classify the bonds in the following as ionic, polar covalent or covalent :

(a) HCl
(b)C3H8 and
(c) NCl3.

4. Draw a Lewis structure for a resonance form of BrO3 -. Identify the most important and
reasonable structure?
5. Which of the following substances exhibits H bonding? For those that do, draw
two molecules of the substance with the H bond(s) between them.

6. Predict which solvent will dissolve more of the given solute:

(a) Sodium chloride in methanol (CH3OH) or in 1-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH)
(b) Ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) in hexane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3) or in water
(c) Diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3) in water or in ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
7. Which solute is more soluble in the given solvent?
(a) 1-Butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) or 1,4-butanediol (HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH) in water
(b) Chloroform (CHCl3) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in water
8. What is the strongest type of intermolecular force between solute and solvent in each
solution?