1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

It is a given fact that energy plays an essential role for human beings. With the
use of different kinds of energy source, the production of electrical power is made
possible. Examples are solar energy in which it harvests the energy coming from the
sun that will be turned to electricity, while wind energy uses the kinetic energy or
motion coming from the wind into electrical energy. Other kinds include geothermal,
hydrogen, tidal, wave, hydroelectric, biomass energy, nuclear power, and energy from
fossil fuels.

Alongside the progressive transition of modernization in today’s society,

technology has been evolving and is used every day for sustainability. Technological
innovation is the key support in maintaining an accelerating economy that centralizes
in adhering modern adjustments. According to Kumar (2015), the Piezoelectric effect
is the electric charge present in many single crystalline materials. The piezoelectric
components respond from mechanical stress, making it possible for electrical energy
conversion. It is usually made for power generating sidewalks that are laid underneath
pavements and highways.

Structure and Rationale of the Study

Alongside the progressive transition of modernization in today’s society,

technology has been evolving and is used every day for sustainability. Technological
innovation is the key support in maintaining an accelerating economy that centralizes
As a consequence on the rapid growth of the current population, energy
sources have been promptly consumed by the society in which it results to the
 2

contend of the country for finding electricity. This is due to the great demand for
energy supply, affecting multiple power outages in several areas in the Philippines.

Human body, as an energy processor, is found to be feasible in putting it to

function as a form of usable energy. According to Stevens (2016), a resting human
male alone can give off 100-120 Watts of energy that is more than enough to sustain
devices powered by electricity. On a wider scale, it is a given fact that an average
human can take thousands of footsteps in one day, making it possible in generating a
significant amount of energy through the simple act of taking a step.

The mechanical energy produced by certain actions, or locomotive activities

can be converted into electrical energy. This can save and produce energy, that can be
used as energy source. The prototype of this study is compose of piezoelectric
materials that produce electric current through mechanical stress. The Piezo mat has
the ability to generate electricity that can charge a mobile communication device like
smartphones. This study will contribute to the idea of diminishing energy
consumption. The Piezo mat can also act as a USB socket that can charge various
gadgets, and act as an accessible charging ports.

In line with this, the proponents’ study focuses on the energy output that can be
produced by the “Piezo mat”, as well as the additional parameters on its function and
designs.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to perceive the effectiveness of the Piezo mat to generate power. It
specifically attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What are the different problems and recommendations in doing the research tests?
 3

2. How many voltages and current does the piezo mat produce in the following numbers
of footsteps:

a) 500 footsteps

b) 1000 footsteps

c) 2000 footsteps

Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To identify the feasibility of Piezo mat as energy source to mobile

communication device.
2. To add recommendations and identify the problems in doing the alpha
testing
3. To determine the amount of voltage a specific number of footsteps can
produce (500 footsteps, 1000 footsteps, and 2000 footsteps).

Scope, Limitation, Delimitation

The scope of the study will focus on the development of the piezo mat, where as its
prototype will be analyzed through its design and function. It will be tested if it is durable
and viable as source of energy for mobile communication devices; smartphones. The piezo
mat will be tested by the researchers whereas the number of footsteps and the voltage
produced will act as the variable that will determine the output of the study. The design of
the prototype varies into different fractions with its corresponding function. A system of
 4

wirings will help each parts connect to each other in order to execute its specific purpose
in the prototype. With the structure lay out, the Piezo mat will be assessed as to how
many voltages it can produce. It will, then, be evaluated whether the prototype can
provide a viable source of energy for smartphones.

The study is limited in terms of its durability, and the number of voltages that will be
produced in the amount of steps required may be different in various tests. The prototype
will only be tested to a mobile phone. The weight of the people passing through is the
uncontrolled variable due to the wide range of age and weight differences of the people
that passes through the piezo mat. The amount of energy may differ every trials.

Significance of the Study

The study about Piezo mat as viable source of energy light will contribute to the
idea of using piezoelectric materials as energy source to mobile communication devices.
The study is ranging a wide scope and the prototype can be significant to everyone
especially to energy consumers because the Piezo mat is an energy source that can be
used by people for their low voltage energy light and mobile communication devices. This
study will be a significant endeavor to help with the energy saving idea.

Department of Science and Technology- The study focuses on science and technology-
related prototyping and evaluation that will help the department globalize and enhance
technology innovations for sustainability and life efficiency.

Municipality of Calamba- The municipality of calamba can benefit from the study through
the means of an improved platform for generating renewable energy. It can be placed in
public areas wherein energy source is limited.
 5

Future researchers- With the help of this study’s methodology and results, future
researchers with a related topic in their study can gain additional background regarding
piezoelectricity. The research will also be helpful in serving with the assessment of
piezoelectric materials as viable energy source to help people with the energy
consumption. The present study will extend existing knowledge about using Piezo mat that
will help with the energy consumption and will be convenient to people specifically to
energy consumers.

Definition of Terms

The terms used in this research paper are as follows:

ALPHA a type of acceptance testing that is used

in this study to identify all possible issues
before releasing.

ELECTRIC ENERGY form of energy resulting from the flow of

electric charge

FEASIBILITY the state of being easy and convenient

MECHANICAL ENERGY sum of kinetic and potential energy that is

used to do work.
 6

a hardware device capable of

transmitting an analog or digital signal
MOBILE COMMUNICATION DEVICE
over the telephone, other communication
wire, or wirelessly.

the prototype of the study which compose

of piezoelectric materials that will serve
PIEZOMAT as energy source for low voltage energy
light and mobile communication devices.

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS materials that produce an electric current

when they are placed under mechanical
stress.

PIEZOELECTRICITY electric charge that accumulates in

certain solid materials.

model of the study

PROTOTYPE

capability of the Piezomat to work or

VIABLE
be feasible

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Piezoelectric Design

According to Xin, Y., Li, X., Tian, H., Guo, C., Qian, C., Wang, S., and Wang, C. (2016),
as a review to shoes-equipped energy harvesting technology based on piezoelectric
materials, the battery life of a portable and wireless electronics is insufficient that resulted
to the struggle of replacing the battery anywhere. The authors stated various studies
focused on harvesting energy technology as self-powered source of portable devices. The
harvested energy from the human body is accounted to an easier method and the
released mechanical energy when walking or running is a substantial energy source. It is
recommended that the transducers should be placed into the shoes because the
piezoelectric material is suitable for fabrication of shoe-equipped transducers due to its
ability to convert mechanical energy to electricity.

Piezo Sensor

Piezo sensor, due to its crystals, are polar in nature without electrical field being
applied. Balanced charges and a zero net dipole moment can be observed when no
mechanical stress or force whatsoever is applied. Hence, electrical voltage will build up
when a net non-zero dipole moment occur. A clean and reliable form of energy can be
harvested from the piezoelectric sensor that is possible to be employed through various
electronic systems so as to generate energy from renewable source and use it efficiently.
(Lathi & Sharma, n.d.)

As mentioned by Yang, H., Wang, L., Zhou, B., Wei, Y., and Zhao, Q., (2018),
pavement piezoelectric energy harvesting method uses Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
to convert the mechanical energy of vehicles into electrical energy. In this study, a
stack array type of piezoelectric energy harvester made with a protection package,
 8

which can enhance the performance and service, was tested in field performance. The
piezoelectric energy harvester successfully lit the LED sign.

According to Chen, J., Qiu, Q., Han, Y., & Lau, D. (2019), it is said that piezoelectric
materials are capable of transforming mechanical strain and vibration energy into
electrical energy. This property allows opportunities for implementing renewable and
sustainable energy through power harvesting and self-sustained smart sensing. It is also
stated that latest techniques for utilizing the piezoelectric materials were put in energy
harvesters, sensors, and actuators. With advanced methods for improving the
piezoelectricity and applying the material piezoelectricity for different functions, more
renewable and sustainable systems were anticipated.

As proposed by De Jesus, J., Galido, J., Gargoles, J., Legaspi, K., & Satunino, M.
(2013), the use of piezoelectric materials could be the response in sustaining battery
supply for gadgets, given the fact that it is widely used not just in the Philippines, but
worldwide. It also exhibited higher electrical output for faster charging. In their study, a
circuit was connected to the piezoelectric component as it is said to increase the ability to
produce higher voltage that will be needed to charge their variable which is the power
bank. Their design aimed to implement a system with synchronized switch harvesting
circuit to maximize electrical power output.

According to Elhalwagy, A., Ghoneem, M. M., & Elhadidi, M. (2017), piezoelectric

floors generate microwatts up to many watts per step depending on the space frequency
and piezoelectric technology. The researchers also addressed how to get maximum
benefits from piezoelectric harvesting floors in various weight of every usage factors and
through the integration of different kind of piezoelectric technology capabilities.

Mobile Communication Devices

Hongwei, R., Qingpeng, S., Lei, Q., and Qixin, L. (2014) stated in their study a
piezoelectric-type phone charger where in a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface, a
 9

circuit board, an elastic slice and piezoelectric ceramic slices are arranged in the shell
body. It is compact in volume, simple in structure, high in charging efficiency and very
convenient to manufacture, carry and use, thereby being favorable for popularization.

In a study of Chakma, R., Chawaphan, T., Mamun, K. A., Chakma, A., & Harun, S.
(2017) a portable smartphone charger though hand crack which utilized mechanical
energy into electrical energy. This does not require electrical energy and reduce the
usage of electricity. The author’s mentioned that in general, a cell phone requires 3.6 -
5 volts’ dc and 180 - 700mA current for charging. 6 volts’ dc were used in the motor in
order to be utilized.

According to Bonnington, C. (2018), an iPhone charger delivers 5 watts (5 volts at

1000 mAh). It is the amperage that determines how fast a charger will supply power to the
device. Charging power is based on three things: power (P, measured in Watts), current (I,
measured in amps or milliamps), and voltage (V, measured in volts). The amount of power
is determined by the equation P=IV.

As stated by the study of Jung, W., Lee, M., Kang, M., Moon, H., Yoon, S., Baek,
S., and Kang, C. (2015), piezoelectric and turboelectric energy in taking devices have
been developed to convert mechanical power into electrical power. Triboelectric Nano
generators was notorious to have a simple structure and a high output voltage. On the
contrary, whereas nanostructures enhanced the output of turboelectric generators, the
fabrication process is still unstable and adverse in term of the durability of the device.
The hybrid generator blended high piezoelectric output current and turboelectric
output voltage, which produced peak output voltage of ~370 V, current density of ~12
μA·cm−2, and average power density of ~4.44 mW·cm−2. The output power strongly lit
up 600 LED bulbs by the utilization of a 0.2 N mechanical force and it charged a 10 μF
capacitor to 10 V in 25 s. Beyond energy harvesting, this production will furnish new
 10

opportunities for developing a small, built-in power source in self-powered electronics

such as mobile electronics.

Locomotion and Locomotive Activities

A study of Xu, X., Cao, D., Yang, H., & He, M. (2018) stated that mechanical
energy is present ubiquitous in the nature, road vibration energy produced by the
automobile will not only cause damage to pavement structure, but is also difficult to
collect. Taking advantage of electromechanical conversion characteristics of
piezoelectric material gathered the vibration energy when a vehicle passed on the
pavement, and the design of the piezoelectric transducer package box for traffic lights
onward the roads, signs, and so on. Saving the cost of laying long distance transmission
line also take full advantage of the loss of energy. Experiments of piezoelectric boxes
have been managed in pavement to prove the effectiveness of the product. It is shown
that utilizing piezoelectric technology in road energy harvesting is feasible and has a
bright future.

As stated by Varsha, A. Reddy, A. Sirisha, & N. K, Ms. (2018), piezoelectric

energy harvesting is the new and innovative step in the direction of energy harvesting.
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain ceramics)
to generate an electrical potential in response to applied mechanical stress. The power
generating floor intended to translate the mechanical stress applied on the floor to
electrical power using piezo sensors. This technique utilized piezoelectric components
wherein deformations produced by different means were directly converted into
electrical energy via piezoelectric effect. The researchers stated that they are
generating electrical power as a non-conventional method by simply walking or
running on the piezo plates.

In a study of Bibbo, D., Proto, A., Penhaker, M., Vala, D., Conforto, S., & Schmid,
M. (2016) piezoelectric transducers were compared through the energy harvested
 11

during locomotion activities. The two transducers, a ceramic piezoelectric, lead

zirconate titanate (PZT), and a polymeric piezoelectric, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
were placed inside a tight suit adjacent to the main body joints. With the initial testing
performed, the transducers where placed on the neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip,
knee and ankle while doing five locomotive activities; walking, climbing the stairs,
jogging, and running were done in the test. The amount of the power measured during
the test were 6 µW–74 µW using both transducers for each joint.

In an experimental set-up performed by Rahman, H., Morshed, S., Khairul, M.

(2018), a rechargeable battery was utilized as storage for harvested energy produced
by piezoelectric generator. Their study aimed to present the aforementioned prototype
as an instrument of energy source from vibration and foot pressure that came from the
footsteps of humans. It was then observed that an approximate value of 1,200 steps
were required to gain 1V charge in the battery. To fully make their rechargeable lead-
acid battery of 12V work, it needed an approximate amount of 144,400 steps.

Generated Electricity by Piezoelectric Materials

In the study of Jung, W., Lee, M., Kang, M., Moon, H., Yoon, S., Baek, S., and
Kang, C. (2015), the researchers demonstrated the feasibility of a curved piezoelectric
generator favorable for wearable applications that generated a high output power.
With the peak output voltage of ~120V, the generator also operated at low frequencies
below 50 Hz that generated ~55 V of output voltage. The generator successfully lit up
476 commercial LED bulbs and was found to be used for shoes, watches, and clothes as
a power source. It also operated the battery management circuit which continuously
supplied a constant output voltage of 3.3 V.

The best alternative technique that can convert natural mechanical energy to
power wireless devices that was proposed is by using energy harvesting. There is a
variety of energy harvesting techniques, but mechanical energy harvesting happened
 12

to be the most prominent. Piezoelectric components was utilized by this technique,

where deformations produced by different means were directly converted to electrical
charge via piezoelectric effect. Afterwards, the electrical energy can be regulated or
stored for further use (Patel & Dewangan, 2015).

A study conducted by Bautista, F., Bernal, L., Espiritu, E., Paler, A., Penales, I.
(2018) has shown significant changes in the voltage produced by their designed
footwear containing piezoelectric materials that aimed to gain energy with each step
the respondent acts out. The piezoelectric generator foot bed was put to function in
order to obtain the generation of electricity. In their study, the researchers used three
(3) piezo plates that resulted a small amount of voltage ranging from 0.035V to 0.200V.
Compared to a solar panel that can produce up to 1.8 volts, 3 piezoelectric plates were
found to be insufficient for devices that requires large amount of voltage.

Piezoelectric materials for the maximum output power depends on the type of
piezoelectric energy harvester or PEH. Soft-piezoelectric materials are good for type-1
PEH at the resonance frequency. Hard-piezoelectric materials are good for type-2 PEH
at the resonance frequency. Soft-piezoelectric materials are good for PEH at the off-
resonance frequency. For type-2 PEHs, stress develops in the piezoelectric material and
supporting system. Soft-piezoelectric materials are good candidates for PEHs (Kim, S.,
Lee, T., Kim, D., Lee, K., Jung, I., Kang, C. & Nahm, S.,2019).

A direct conversion between the borders of electrical and elastic energy can be
done with the use of piezoelectric materials. Due to its response to mechanical stress,
the material changed its dimension and generated a dielectric displacement in which it
has the ability to transmit electric force without the act of conduction or insulation.
Piezoelectricity can be accomplished through the means of a “coupling” or pairing of
two items between electrical and mechanical energy. (Hong, C., Kim, H., Han, H., Son,
J., Ahn, C. & Jo, W.,2016).
 13

A study by Ahmed, N., Zuber, K., Qaasim, M., Wafee, S. (2013) stated that the
use of piezoelectric materials as mechanisms to transfer mechanical energy can be
stored and utilized as a power source for devices. Sufficient electrical density can be
generated by a Piezo-film in which it can be stored in a rechargeable battery for later
use. Thus, a piezoelectric generator can harvest mechanical vibration energy available
on a bicycle in which the electrical energy produced can be put to function through
powering devices aboard the bike, or other portable devices used.

Piezo magnetism is the phenomenon coupling the mechanical and magnetic

fields. Due to their special characteristics, piezoelectric materials in particular were
used as sensors and actuators in different fields, and recently in energy harvesting for
the micro-electromechanical systems (Sunar, M.,2018).

Energy Storage

As stated by Chung, Capacitors are multifunctional structural materials that provide the
capacitor function for the purpose of electrical energy storage. Structural capacitors
will provide an untapped form of energy storage. A structural capacitor is commonly a
polymer-matrix structural composite with a dielectric film between the electrodes,
which are an electronic conductor, capacitors are closer to commercialization readiness
than structural super capacitors. Capacitors have not yet been commercialized, but
they are expected to provide an untapped, extensive, save and distributed means of
energy storage, and allow aircraft, satellites, automobile, ships, wind turbines,
buildings, solar panels, display panels, outdoor lighting, computers, cell phones, etc., to
store energy in their structures.

 14

SYNTHESIS OF THE REVIEWED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The USB, as stated by Hongwei, R., et. al. (2014), is far more favorable due to its
portability and usefulness. As said by Jung W., et. al. (2015), piezoelectric and
turboelectric have been used to convert them into mechanical power and into
electrical power. As mentioned from by Chakma, R.,et. Al the voltages in a cell phone,
3.6 - 5 volts’ dc and 180 - 700mA current required for charging. The piezo mat needs to
reach the amount of energy more than the required current. An iPhone charger
delivers 5 volts at 1000 mA.

Mechanical energy is always omnipresent and these energies are made through
the mechanical stress applied to potential electric generation. Vibration energy is also
mechanical energy that can be converted into electricity through a use of piezoelectric
transducers. Energy harvesting devices gather with the locomotion and locomotive
activities.

As stated by Yang et. al. (2018), Chen et.al. (2019), De Jesus et.al. (2013), and
Elhalwagy et.al. (2017), piezoelectric materials are capable of transforming mechanical
and vibration strain to electrical energy that is utilized for piezoelectric energy
harvesters. It is said to produce higher voltage and electrical output that is used for
faster charging such as a power bank. Through the different piezoelectric capabilities,
the researchers addressed piezoelectric harvesting floors in various weight of energy
usage factors.

Harvested energy from the human body is found to account an easier energy
source in releasing mechanical energy obtained from walking or running. Piezoelectric
material is suitable for fabrication due to its ability to convert mechanical energy to an
electric equipment (Xin, et.al, 2016). It can be related to this study through the means
of having the human body as the main source of power. Mechanical energy is released
for the electrical output required.
 15

According to the studies of Jung et.al. (2015), Patel et. al (2015), Bautista et.al.
(2018), Kim et.al. (2019), Hong et. al. (2016), Ahmed et.al. (2013), and Sunar (2018),
mechanical energy harvesting was to put to function wherein conversion of electrical
charge was regulated or stored. It played a significant role in improving power
generation for prototypes such as designed footwear that is generated through
sensors. This is due to piezo magnetism that is accomplished through “coupling” or
pairing of two items between electrical and mechanical energy. This concept played a
prominent role in this study for conversion between mechanical and electrical energy
will be achieved through the physical act of stepping in the floor mat which will convert
electricity.

In the study of “Piezo mat”, the production of voltage is required to attain the
energy storage needed for the smartphone to work.

Theoretical Framework

Design Theory

As stated by Lundgren (2018), Design theory that was created by Herbert Simon
focuses on the perception of visual information and is conducted through
fundamentals of creating visual communication, as well as all types of art. Through its
principles, it deals as to how people perceive ideas of style, taste, and trend for it is
said to be foundational to the pursuit of design, photography, illustration, and visual
arts in general. Design theory involves a contemplation and analysis of the tangible
elements of a certain material, specifically its form, space, proportion, color, scale,
texture, structure (grid), composition, line, shape and volume and how to arrange them
to achieve balance, rhythm, pattern, hierarchy, emphasis, and unity. As an essential
procedure in all types of element or product, it is produced with a certain purpose or
exposition to a problem that results in effective and efficient design solution. Along this
 16

theory, prototyping “Piezo mat” requires critical evaluation of its design and structure
as it works in one cycle. The elements must be connected to each other’s systems to
perform in union. This is to execute the essence of its objective due to the structure it
comprises of. Its design wasn’t sketched and outlined just for aesthetic purposes, but
for the effectiveness of the whole product.

ADDIE Model

According to Pappas (2017), the ADDIE theory created by the Center of

Educational Technology at Florida State University is defined as the Analyze, Design,
Develop, Implement, and Evaluate Model or ADDIE Model tackles about the
development of things to make it more prolific. It can be related to the study of Design
and Evaluation of Piezo mat as viable energy source in account of the analyzation that
will be done by the researchers regarding its effectiveness as a power supply. The
prototype of the study also includes structure and design that will work as a system in
determining and evaluating energy source of Mobile Communication Device. The
piezoelectric materials will be developed to be able to assess its function and
feasibility. Implementation will include the product testing of Piezo mat and lastly,
evaluation will be done by the researchers to analyze if the given objectives were
accomplished.

Fluid Theory of Electricity (Benjamin Franklin)

As stated by Veronese (2012), outdated theories such as Fluid theories

hypothesized one or more electrical fluids which were thought to be responsible for
many electrical phenomena in the history of electromagnetism. In Benjamin Franklin's
Fluid Theory of Electricity, he declared that electricity is an acting fluid moving through
the planet. It was said that electricity was one fluid, which could be present in excess or
absent from a body thus, explaining its electrical charge. Another related theory made
by Charles François de Cisternay du Fay which is entitled “two-fluid”, presuppose that
 17

electricity was the interaction between two electrical ‘fluids’. It also explained how
charges could be allayed and how they could be passed through a chain of people.

In relation to the study, transfer of charge will be present in the whole system
of the prototype. Due to the interaction between two electrical materials, the
electricity produced by the piezo transducers will be stored to a battery. The stored
electricity will be transferred to another system which is the Mobile Communication
Device.

Conceptual Framework

The figure shows the gist of the study, whereas the input states the needed
information, materials, and equipment’s that are needed. The process indicates
synthesizing related literature, designing of the prototype, and the alpha and beta
testing that will be done in order to gather the required data to evaluate the prototype.

Input Process Output

● The collection and ● Synthesizing Related ● Design and

gathering of Related Literature Literature Evaluation of the
“Piezo mat”: A viable
● Materials ● Design of Prototype source of energy for
Mobile
● Alpha and Beta Testing Communication
Device

Figure 1. Research framework of the study

CDIO Theory

The study will assess the effectiveness of Piezo mat as a viable energy source of
Low Voltage Energy Light and Mobile Communication Device. The CDIO concept was
 18

originally conceived at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1990s. As

stated by Edsorm (2014), Conceive- Design-Implement- Operate or the CDIO Model is
an educational structure that stresses engineering fundamentals set in the context of
conceiving, designing, implementing and operating real-world systems and products.
This theory is related to the study by means of its designing and cutting. Conceiving will
be included through the aspect of using the materials’ characteristics by converting it
to make a viable energy source. Designing is prominent because the product will
include the whole layout of the Piezo mat. Implementation will include the product
testing stage of the Piezo mat as a viable energy source. Lastly, operation is the
illustration on how the Piezo mat was made and tested.

 19

CHAPTER III
Research Methodology

Research Design
This research implemented the mixed method wherein both qualitative and
quantitative data was documented. Experimental research is a method where a
scientific research design is put to function. It includes variables that can be measured,
calculated, and compared along with its given hypothesis and seeks to determine a
relationship between two variables: the dependent variable and independent variable.
Data and findings in an experimental research must be quantified and measured
(Harland, 2011). Variables were presented that were experimented and measured
based on its given procedures. It soughed to determine the design and evaluation of
the prototype with the materials and experimentation required.
In this study, the qualitative data was the effectiveness of the prototype in
which it was obtained based on the volts produced by the corresponding steps (500,
1000, 2000 footsteps). Prior to its design and structure, it was the basis in determining
the electrical output of the Piezo mat.


Research Locale
Prior to the gathering of the materials needed in accomplishing the procedure,
the researchers bought the research materials from the following places: Plywood at
Malcris Hardware; floor mat at Japan Home Center, Waltermart Branch; Capacitor and
Soldering lead at Ace Hardware SM Calamba Branch. As for the remaining items,
specifically the soldering iron, and multitester, it was provided by the researchers. The
testing of the prototype was done at Springhomes subd. Bucal, Calamba city.


 20

Samples of the Study

The researchers passed through the Piezo mat placed in the area. The amount
of footsteps the researchers did identified the equivalent amount of electricity
collected. This acted as the sample of the study. Due to the researchers’ different
weights, it made the results different from one another that produced mechanical
energy, while the piezo mat converted it into electricity.

Methods of Data Collection

Preparation of Materials
This research required prototyping and testing of prototype in order to
collect the data needed. The materials needed are; Three 40 x 60 cm of Non-Slip Floor
mat, 54 15mm piezoelectric transducer, 40 x 60 plywood, Glue stick, Styrofoam, 4
1N4007 Rectifier diodes, and 25V capacitors with 10 microfarads. The needed
equipment’s for prototyping were soldering lead, and soldering Iron. For the testing
phase, a multi tester was used.

Design
As the platform of the Piezo mat, the researchers used Plywood as a layover of
the 54 piezo plates that were well-aligned. The researchers cut a platform with a
proper size to fit the mat on top, provided with this were the holes that the
piezoelectric plates were bending to create a mechanical energy.
The floor mat was placed above the platform and a plywood on top of it.
Through this, all the pressure given by the user was acquired by the piezo mat. Through
the use of multimeter, the researchers can identify the voltage given by the Piezo mat
at a certain number of footsteps, specifically 500, 1000, and 2000.

Figure 2 shows the exterior design of the Piezo mat wherein the mat was placed
on top of the foam pushers. The foam pushers created tension to the Plywood that
 21

produced vibration. Meanwhile, the Piezo transducers converted the mechanical

energy and vibration produced into electrical energy.

Figure 2. External overview of the prototype

The Figure 3 shown below is the top view of the 2nd layer of the Piezo mat. This
also featured the role of rectifier that converted alternating current into direct current
in order to store its produced energy in the battery capacitor. The battery capacitor
was connected to a multi meter which can view the electricity input of the Piezo mat.
 22

Figure 3. Internal view of the Piezo mat

The researchers finalized their circuit and used a series circuit, due to the fact
that the wire diagram produced a higher voltage. Bridge rectifier was used to convert
alternating current to direct current, while the capacitor was used as the energy
storage and to see the increase of voltage produced.
 23

Figure 4. Final Wiring diagram: Series Circuit with Bridge Rectifier and Capacitor


The piezoelectric plates have positive and negative probes. Thus, the wiring
should be aligned according to color and polarity. When bended, each piezoelectric
plate converts electricity with an estimated maximum of 3-4 volts. Each piezoelectric
plate has one rectifier diode that converted alternating current into direct current.

The wiring diagram was in series type that flowed within the end and start of
every line. The wires of piezoelectric plates were very sensitive, especially when
soldered because it was too thin. Series of tests were made through the use of multi
tester and trial and error.




 24

Prototyping
For the purposes of this research, in-depth testing methods using a multimeter
were used to identify the voltage. The prototype of the study which is the Piezo mat
were tested by the researchers.
This aims to gather energy through footsteps, with the help of the 25V capacitor
with 10 microfarads as it was used as energy storage of the Piezo mat. The footsteps
produced energy and was stored in the capacitor. The target number of footsteps were
500, 1000 and 2000.
First, the size and shape of the mat that was used for prototyping was
determined. After that, the researchers cut a plywood with similar size using the
gathered measurements for the piezoelectric transducer. With the analysis of the foot
pressure through stepping, the piezo transducer can be laid out for an efficient electric
current. The researchers soldered the piezoelectric elements together in a parallel
circuit. The treatment was with a full-wave bridge rectification (piezoelectric
transducers produce AC when associated with a mechanical stress). Then, foam
pushers were added in the piezo elements for the mechanical stress while the
converted mechanical energy was stored in a 25V capacitor with 10 microfarads that
was connected to a multimeter.


Research Test

Figure 5. Circuit test no. 1
 25

The first test was to connect the piezoelectric plates to the positive probe of the
diode that converted the produced alternating current of the piezo into direct current
that would straightly direct to the multimeter.

Figure 6. Circuit tests no. 2 and 3

These tests were given by the researchers’ consultant engineer, Engr. Leonard
B. Gaetos. All the tests were conducted before the actual prototyping and they were
helpful in identifying if the wiring diagram will be effective enough to generate voltage.
The first test was to identify the capability of parallel circuit in the piezo. In the second
figure, a piezo was tested to identify the negative volts alternate current reading in the
multimeter.

Figure 7. Wiring test for the Piezo mat
 26

The figure above was the diagram used by the researchers to establish if there
was a prospect to increase the number of voltages produced by the piezo mat.
Thorough testing was conducted by the researchers to know if the wirings will be
effective enough to produce higher voltages.

Treatment of Data

Upon various set-up of material completion and procedure, the gathering of
data was essential in acquiring output with precision and accuracy. This research
collected data through alpha testing, whereas the researchers acted as the users.

Table 1. Treatment of Collected Data

Statement of the Problem Source Statistical Treatment

Alpha Testing Descriptive Table

1. What are the different problems and

recommendations in doing the research

test?

Alpha Testing Mean and Discussion

2. How many voltage does the piezo mat
produced in the following numbers of
footsteps:
a) 500 footsteps
b) 1000 footsteps
c) 2000 foot steps

 27

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the findings gathered from the output in the form of
tables and figures that represents results. Furthermore, discussions will be included
regarding the results.

During the ideal phase of the study, qualitative and quantitative data were
collected. The data were gathered during the Alpha Testing. In order to define the
efficacy of Piezo mat as viable energy source, the data gathered was from the voltage
and current using a multimeter produced in each trials.

The table shows the problems encountered and its corresponding
recommendations. Each test differs in diagram, circuit, and the components added. It
was determined that the most effective diagram was series circuit with bridge rectifier
and capacitor.

 28

Table 2. Research tests problems and recommendation

Research Test Trial Problems Encountered Recommendations

Figure 5. Circuit test no. 1 - Requires rapid and hard -Cover the circuit with electrical
pressing tape to prevent short circuits
- Short circuit
- Shows Random reading -try another diagram
in Multimeter
- Appears negative
reading in multimeter

Figure 6. Circuit test no. 2 - Requires rapid and hard The parallel connection of the
pressing two piezo with diode created
- Shows higher random random readings that confused
reading in multimeter the researchers on how to
- Appears negative collect data
reading in multimeter

Figure 6. Circuit test no.3 - Requires rapid and hard The bridge rectifier converted
pressing Alternating Current into Direct
- Shows increasing but Current which canceled out the
random reading in appearance of negative reading
multimeter in multimeter

Figure 7. Series Wiring test for - Appears random Remove the diode in each piezo
Piezo mat with Diode reading in multimeter then create a bridge rectifier at
the end of the series

Figure 8. Parallel Wiring test for - Low voltage reading in The parallel circuit scattered the
Piezo mat with Bridge Rectifier multimeter electricity collected from the
- In different pressure Piezo mat then gave a low
and amount of speed reading.
applied it decreases the
readings in the
multimeter

Figure 4. Final Wiring Diagram: -
Series Circuit with Bridge -
Rectifier and Capacitor
Short circuit -Create another wiring diagram
Shorted wiring line for charging circuit
-Cover every open lines
-check every line of Piezo if
there are shorted plates using a
multimeter
 29

Three trials were done by the researchers with different number of footsteps
(500,1000,2000). With 500 footsteps, the first trial produced 16.23 v, second trial was
16.36 v which is the highest among the three and the last trial was 16.0 v. The average
voltages of the first three trials was 16.19666667 v. The next number of footsteps was
1000 and the first trial produced 16.78 v, 16.0 v for trial 2 and 20.6 v for trial 3. The
average voltage for 1000 footsteps was 17.79333333 v. For 2000 footsteps, trial 1
produced 17.22 v, 22.3 v for trial 2 and 16.43 v for trial 3. The average voltage was
18.65 v.
The reading of the multimeter was not constant. Thus, the piezo mat has
reached its peak in normal footsteps

Table 3.1 Voltage produced by Piezo mat in the following footsteps

No. of Footsteps Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Voltages

500 footsteps 16.23 v 16.36 v 16.0 v 16.1967 v

1000 footsteps 16.78 v 16.0 v 20.6 v 17.7933 v

2000 footsteps 17.22 v 22.3 v 16.43 v 18.65 v

The table above shows the current in milliAmpere produced by the Piezo mat in
the following number of footsteps. For the first trial of 500 footsteps, 0.89 mA was
produced, 0.89 mA for trial 2 and 0.82 mA for trial 3 with the average of 0.8667 mA.
For 1000 footsteps, trial 1 produced 0.84 mA, 0.77 mA for trial 2 and 1.46 mA for trial 3
with an average of 1.0233 mA. Lastly, 1.22 mA in trial 1 was produced with 2000
footsteps, 1.56 mA for trial 2 and 0.87 mA for trial 3 with an average of 0.9433 mA.




 30

Table 3.2 Current produced by Piezo mat in the following footsteps

No. of Footsteps Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Milli Ampere

500 footsteps 0.89 mA 0.89 mA 0.82mA 0.8667mA

1000 footsteps 0.84 mA 0.77 mA 1.46mA 1.0233mA

2000 footsteps 1.22 mA 1.56mA 0.87mA 1.2167 mA

 31

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter provides the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the
study which are gathered from the results of the prototype. This research study aimed
to determine the design and evaluation of the “Piezo mat” as a viable source of energy
for mobile communication devices.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. To construct a prototype with efficient structure and design that produces voltage

2. To identify the feasibility of Piezo mat as energy source to mobile communication device

3. To figure out problems during the different research tests and give recommendations

4. To determine the amount of voltage a specific number of footsteps can produce (500
footsteps, 1000 footsteps, and 2000 footsteps

Summary

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that responds in mechanical stress, making

it possible for electrical energy conversion. It is usually made for power generating
sidewalks that are laid underneath pavements and highways. Mobile communication
devices are designed to carry out communication activities with devices that are not
limited to cell phones, smartphones, hands-free devices, etc. In line with this, the
researchers constructed a prototype called “Piezo mat” that will be utilized as a viable
source of energy in charging mobile communication devices. For the data recorded, it
was gathered through the voltage that the Piezo mat can produce from the footsteps.
 32

With a specific amount of footsteps (500, 1000, 2000), the different amount of voltages
that it can produce was determined. The voltage produced resulted to an average of
16.1967V for 500 footsteps, 17.7933V for 1000 footsteps, and 18.65V for 2000
footsteps. The energy gathered was stored in a capacitor and connected to a
multimeter.

Findings

In-depth testing was done by the researchers in order to gather data that will
support the idea of using Piezo mat as a viable energy source for mobile
communication device. Data below shows that results are not always consistently
increasing as the voltage gathered depends on the pressure of each footsteps.

1. The most effective wiring diagram used and implemented to the prototype was
the series circuit with bridge rectifier and 25V capacitor. The researchers
conducted the research tests in order to find the accurate diagram that will
show the increasing reading of the Piezo mat with the use of a multimeter.
2. The voltage and current gained in the data were almost the same, yet
inconsistent. It was found out that the Piezo mat has a peak when it reaches the
voltage limit at the normal footstep applied.

Conclusion

With the data gathered, the researchers conclude that the Piezo mat can be
used as a viable source of energy for mobile communication devices. In some instances,
the electricity produced will depend on the pressure accumulated by the user. The
electricity produced may also depend on the weight of the user.
 33

1. The effectiveness of the wiring diagram can be based on the reading from the
multimeter. It takes a lot of testing to identify the proper circuit diagram to
work. With all the choices but different results every diagram, proper
knowledge about the results were given by the reading from the multimeter.
The given are all positive and increasing with the use of capacitor.

2. The trials per number of footsteps does not have consistent results of voltage
and current. It varies depending on the weight and pressure given by the user.
The prototype increases to its voltage peak yet maintain amount. The current
produced by the Piezo mat did not reach the required current of the charger.
Thus, the devices were designed for 220v with consistent current. The
prototype needs another wiring diagram and system in order to charge a
device. It would take more than ten thousand steps to fully charge a 20 000
mAh power bank.

Recommendations

Department of Science and Technology

The Department of Science and Technology can promote the Piezo mat to the
public due to its innovative and beneficial functions. This will also help with the idea of
public consciousness in science and technology and technology assessment, research,
feasibility, and technical studies.

The implementation of the Piezo mat to the public is also recommended for
strengthening technological capabilities through manpower job and due to its useful
function.
 34

The researchers recommend to the Department of Science and Technology to help

with the development and maintenance of the Piezo mat.

Municipality of Calamba

The Piezo mat is capable of producing energy that enables a mobile

communication device to charge. The Municipality of Calamba can use the Piezo mat as a
City ordinance. The Piezo mat can be placed at the entrance of public establishments or
even at households wherein people can pass through the Piezo mat. This will help to
lessen the energy consumption and will contribute to the idea of saving energy to the City
of Calamba.

Future Researchers

The researchers recommend to consult a professional in the field of electronics to

develop a thorough guide in producing the prototype. A prior testing of each piezo plates
using a multimeter in order to check if it is working is important. Other components such
as the rectifier diode, capacitor, and USB hub should also be checked first before
connecting to the prototype.

The researchers recommend alternative materials in case sources around the

possible vicinities are limited and if the material is too pricey. In this study, the first plan is
to use a 2-5 mm PVC sheet but it was difficult to find. Instead, the researchers used
plywood.

For convenience purposes, it is also recommended for the prototype to be

waterproof. This is to secure its durability when put outdoors.

It is recommended to use a stronger drill in making holes for the piezo plates in
order to save time. In the study, making holes in the plywood with a screwdriver and a
hammer took three days to accomplish and is tiresome. The use of the proper drill bit
 35

should also be considered. Stacking another plywood underneath the prototype using
wood adhesive is also recommended to improve the durability of the structure.

Wirings should be neat and organized in order to avoid confusion in soldering the
proper wires. The thin red and black wires soldered to the piezo plates that were bought
from an online shop can be easily removed if pulled harshly. Thus, it should be soldered to
secure the wires in place. Electrical tape is also needed for a long-lasting cable insulation
and to prevent short circuits.

 36

Bibliography

Journal

Bautista, F., Bernal, L., Espiritu, E., Paler, A., Penales, I. (2018). Design and Analysis of

Piezoelectric Footwear Generator. Pg. 19-20. Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Calamba: Philippines. Retrieved February 3, 2019.

Chung, D. (2018). Development, design and applications of structural capacitors. Applied

Energy,231, 89-101. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261918314454 on March

26, 2019

Chakma, R., Chawaphan, T., Mamun, K. A., Chakma, A., & Harun, S. (2017). Portable Smart

Phone Charger Using Human Mechanical Energy by Gear Train with Hand Crank.

IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Retrieved from

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosrjeee/Papers/Vol12%20Issue%203/Version

1/E1203012025.pdf on February 22, 2019

Chen, J., Qiu, Q., Han, Y., & Lau, D. (2019). Piezoelectric materials for sustainable building

structures: Fundamentals and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Reviews 5, Volume 101, 14-25. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118306865.
 37

Donoso, A., & Bellido, J. (2018). Robust design of multimodal piezoelectric transducers.

Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,338, 27-40. Retrieved

from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045782518301944.

Elhalwagy, A., Ghoneem, M. M., & Elhadidi, M. (2017). Feasibility Study for using

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Floor in Buildings Interior Spaces. International

Conference– Alternative and Renewable Energy Quest, 114-126. Retrieved from

https://fac.ksu.edu.sa/si

tes/default/files/feasibilitystudyforusingpiezoelectricenergyharvestingfloorinBuildi

ngsinteriorspaces-sciencedirect.pdf.

Kim, S., Lee, T., Kim, D., Lee, K., Jung, I., Kang, C., Nahm, S. (2019). Determination of the

appropriate piezoelectric materials for various types of piezoelectric energy

harvesters with high output power. Nano Energy,57, 581-591. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285518309959.

Hongwei Liu, Dandan Yu, Zanyun Zhang, Kai Guo, Di Wang, Jianxin Zhang, Xin Ma

Chengkui Jia,Chaoyu Wu. (2019). Lifetime prediction of a multi-chip high-power

LED light source based on artificial neural networks. Results in Physics,12, 361

367. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211379718324227.

 38

Hong, C., Kim, H., Han, H., Son, J., Ahn, C., Jo, W. (2016). Journal of Materiomics. Lead

free piezoceramics – Where to move on?. Retrieved February 2, 2019 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352847815300083

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay: Mumbai, India. Retrieved February 2, 2019 from

http://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~stallur/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/173070055

173070051.pdf

Gayral, B. (2017). LEDs for lighting: Basic physics and prospects for energy savings.

Retrieved February 11, 2019 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S163107051730052X

Jung, W., Lee, M., Kang, M., Moon, H., Yoon, S., Baek, S., and Kang, C. (2015). Powerful

curved piezoelectric generator for wearable applications. Nano Energy. (13) pg. 174

181. Korea Institute of Science and technology: South Korea Retrieved February 7,

2019 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285515000683

Jung, W., Kang, M., Moon, H., Baek, S., Yoon, S., Wang, Z., Kim, S., Kang, C. (2015). High

Output Piezo/Triboelectric Hybrid Generator. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep09309

Rahman, H., Morshed, S., Khairul, M. (2018). Energy Harvesting System From Footsteps

Using Piezoelectric Sensors. Retrieved February 3, 2018 from

 39

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327669364_Energy_Harvesting_Syste

_From_Foot_Steps_Using_Piezoelectric_Sensors

Sunar, M. (2018). Piezoelectric Materials. Comprehensive Energy System,2, 696-719.

Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128095973002480#ab00

0.

Varsha, A. Reddy ,A. Sirisha, &N. K. Ms.(May 2018). Harnessing Energy from Piezo Sensors

through Footsteps. International Journal for Research in Applied Science &

Engineering Technology, 6(V). Retrieved from

https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=17301.

Xu, X., Cao, D., Yang, H., & He, M. (2018). Application of piezoelectric transducer in energy

harvesting in pavement. International Journal of Pavement Research and

Technology, 11(4), 388–395. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1996681417300408

Yang, H., Wang, L., Zhou, B., Wei, Y., and Zhao, Q., (2018). A preliminary study on the

highway piezoelectric power supply system. International Journal of Pavement

Research and Technology. Retrieved on February 7, 2018 from

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.08.006

Sensors for Body Motion Energy Harvesting. Retrieved February 7, 2019 from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851038/
 40

Internet Websites

Ahmed, N., Zuber, K., Qaasim, M., Wafee, S. (2013). Mobile Charger Using Piezoelectric

Effect. Rizvi College of Engineering: University of Mumbai. Retrieved February 2,

2019 from

https://www.academia.edu/6893578/A_Project_Report_On_MOBILE_CHARGER_

USING_PIEZOELECTRIC_EFFECT_Submitted_By

Bibbo, D., Proto, A., Penhaker, M., Vala, D., Conforto, S., & Schmid, M. (2016).

Measurements of Generated Energy/Electrical Quantities from Locomotion

Activities Using Piezoelectric Wearable Bin, H., Lihuan, S., and Jiamin, C.

(2015).Piezoelectric Sensing Led Lamp.The Lens.

https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/092-795-592-828-812 Retrieved February 7,

2019

De Jesus, J., Galido, J., Gargoles, J., Legaspi, K., Satunino, M. (2013). Piezoelectric-Material

Based Energy Harvesting Device. Retrieved February 2 from

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/156905900/Piezoelectric-Material-Based

Energy Harvesting-Device

Hongwei, R., Qingpeng, S., Lei, Q., and Qixin, L. (2014). Piezoelectric-type Phone

Charger.The Lens - Free & Open Patent and Scholarly Search. Retrieved

February 7, 2019 from https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/128-177-492-904-095

 41

Lathi, P. & Sharma, A. (n.d.) Energy Harvesting using Piezoelectric Sensors. Retrieved

February 11, 2019 from http://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~stallur/wp

content/uploads/2017/02/173070055173070051.pdf

Lundgren, A. (2015). What is Design Theory?. Retrieved on February 11, 2019 from

https://alvalyn.com/what-is-design-theory/

McClay, R. (2018). What is operations management theory?. Retrieved on February 11,

2019 from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/050715/what-operations

management theory-and-how-can-it-help-business.asp

Patel, N., Dewangan, S.K. (2015). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. Retrieved February 3

from http://www.ijari.org/CurrentIssue/ICARI2015/ICARI-EE-15-01-103.pdf

Veronese, K. (2012, July 21). Benjamin Franklin's Fluid Theory of Electricity. Retrieved from

https://io9.gizmodo.com/benjamin-franklins-fluid-theory-of-electricity-5923754

Xin, Y., Li, X., Tian, H., Guo, C., Qian, C., Wang, S., Wang, C. (2016). Shoes-equipped

piezoelectric transducer for energy harvesting Retrieved February 7, 2019, from

https://scinapse.io/papers/2281482890

 42

Appendices

Appendix A – Prototyping documentation

 43

Appendix B – Materials

54

piezoplates Wires Wire

stripper

Soldering lead Rectifier diode Wire

cutter
w/ soldering iron