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Reading
(AMR)
GIRISH KUMAR A
16035018
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Contents :
I- Abstract .
II- Introduction
3- Benefits of AMR .
4- AMR construction .
6- DISADVANTAGES OF AMR .
7- References.
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I - Abstract :
3
II - Introduction
In 1886 , the first ac transmission line was installed . Since this age
, it was very important to measure the energy that consumers pay for .
Hence , the first generation of power meters was found which we know
as (Watt-Hour meter ) [1].
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Traditional meter reading
systems disadvantages :
• Highly Person dependant.
• Meter data used only for billing, cannot help in analysis like
demand analysis, energy audit, pinpointing losses, etc.
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What is the AMR ?
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Benefits of AMR :
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AMR construction :
RTC
Antenna
4.1 -
GSM Modem LCD
Consumer side unit (CSU)
OR RF Transmitter
: -receiver
Microcontroller Relay
Power Supply
AT89C2051
Transmitter unit is used to send the meter reading to the receiving end. The
data is send to the receiver end through RF channel. The transmitter unit consist of
transmitter module, encoder HT12E, microcontroller AT89C2051 and display driver
74LS244.The pulses are given to the of microcontroller via optocoupler. For display
the meter reading we are using seven segments. The supply which is given to the
transmitter unit is +5 volt. The meter data is stored on the EEPRO memory unit .
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AMR THEORY OF OPERATION :
5.1 Consumer side unit (CSU) operation :
The microcontroller receives the measured quantity as analog data
from the energy meter port which is , in watt-hour meters , a potential
and current quantities .The microcontroller is programmed to analysis
this quantities then it display the reading in the LCD screen . When the
server wants to collect the reading from the meter , it sends a message
to the meter which receive it throw the antenna and the GSM modem
connected with it . This message call the meter to wake up and then it
makes a data frame consisting of the meter’s information and sends it to
the server which collect them and store them in the database . The data
collection can be done at any time or periodically such as hourly, daily,
weekly or monthly.
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immunity, reliability and low cost, both at the remote site and the central
station.
Telephone communications AMR systems are categorized by the
method of call initiation and initial data flow. The two most common
forms are inbound communications and outbound communications.
5.3.1.1 Inbound communications :
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GSM Communication
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Dual Band or Triband GSM GPRS modem (EGSM 900/1800MHz) /
(EGSM 900/1800 / 1900 MHz )
Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications
Fully compliant with ETSI GSM Phase 2+ specifications (Normal
MS)
Interfaces
RS-232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector
Power supply through Molex 4 pin connector
SMA antenna connector
Toggle spring SIM holder
Red LED Power on
Green LED status of GSM / GPRS module
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Powerline carrier communications take place over the same lines that
deliver electricity. This technique involves injecting a high frequency AC
carrier onto the powerline and modulating this carrier with data
originating from the remote meter or central station.
Years of research, however, have not overcome the technical
problems that preclude this medium from being a cost-effective solution
over primary transmission lines. Powerline carrier techniques may be
used successfully and cost effectively for short distances; i.e., from a
customer’s meter to a pole or surface-mounted transformer. It is very
expensive to pass this data through a distribution transformer and onto
the primary distribution lines and the resulting communications is slow
due to the narrow bandwidth and mono-directional meaning data is
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transmitted from the meter to the company but the company cannot send
data or control signals back to the meter or associated devices at the
subscriber side.
Employs an ASIC, which accepts digital data & converts it into FSK
modulation and transmits it over the power line by sensing a zero
crossing of 220V sine wave.
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5.3.3 Radio Frequency Communications (RF)
:
Radio frequency, or RF, systems make use of small low power RF
transmitters or transceivers located at the controller. These may take
advantage of licensed or unlicensed portions of the RF spectrum and the
effective radiated power of the transmitter and the distances capable of
being traversed will vary as a function of the frequency and power of the
remote transmitters and the receiving strategies employed. A variety of
system configurations have been field tested thus far. The most
successful employs a mobile unit operated in a van that sends a wakeup
and transmit command to the remote meter units in its range. The
remote meter units pick up the signal and respond by sending back
requested data to the van's computer for later uploading and billing. This
system is commercially available for use with gas meters. A variation of
this approach employs remote meter units that regularly transmit every
few seconds and a small portable receiver connected to a hand-held
data terminal. Two of the more exotic approaches (in 1992) involves use
of a cellular telephone network system and satellite communications.
The mobile receiver approach suffers the significant disadvantage
of being effectively mono-directional ; thus, communication cannot be
initiated from the company's central office. Therefore, systems of this
type have limited function and relatively low feature/function cost ratios
and are not well suited for use by electric utilities.
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DISADVANTAGES OF AMR :
The most effective disadvantages of AMR system are :
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References :
1- “Electric power transmission”, Wikipedia ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission ,
2- “Automatic meter reading”, Wikipedia ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading ,
3- “AMR: Automated Meter Reading ,Passive Line Component Offering” , Johanson Technology
Inc ,
4- “Cisco Outdoor Wireless Solutions—Automated Meter Reading” , Cisco Systems, Inc.,
5- Tom D. Tamarkin , “Automatic Meter Reading “ , Public Power magazine , Volume 50,
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