c

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The newest industry that seems to have provided employment to a large number of youth in the
various cities is the call center industry, better known as the BPO industry. In fact, across the
various levels, a company requires at least five thousand staff. This will would the be the
smallest scale call center. The numbers increase with the largeness of the parents company.
Today, there are call centers spread across the various cities of the country, with the promise of
more companies coming to Indian shores.

One of the basic requirements for a call executive is effective communication skills, more so in
the area of attending calls. Thus, while employing executives each company puts their new
incumbents through rigorous training in the process, as well as in a subject known as voice and
accent.

Some call centers demand specific accent training such as British, Australian or then American.
Along with training the executives in these specific accents - speaking and understanding, they
are also taught the cultures of these nations, so that they are more sensitive to the international
locals while making or receiving calls.

Typically call center training comprises of voice and accent training, team building activities,
and other culture specific knowledge provision. Thus, when designing a training program for a
call center, the trainer puts together program consisting of the following modules:

Broad-based the three primary modules are:

I. Accent Comprehension
II. Soft Skills
III. Culture specific knowledge

Accent comprehension consists of the followings sub-modules:

Phonetics:
Vowel sounds
Tense vowel sounds
Lax vowel sounds
Vowel shifts
Consonant sounds
Word list
Pronunciations
Intonation
Inflection
Syllable stress

Soft Skills consists of the following sub-modules:

Customer Service
Call opening
¢ind you P's and Q's
Call closing
Hold and transfer procedure
Question tags
Why questions
Use of open ended questions
Use of closed questions
Listening Skills
Paraphrasing
Empathy

Culture:
History
Geography
Food and entertainment
Values and beliefs
Sports and adventure
States (cities) and capitals
Names - males and females
Phrases and idioms; jargons

c

 
   
When it comes to training in corporate English there are two important aspects:

Written English Skills

Spoken English Skills

Here, we will look at written corporate training. This mainly includes writing emails, business
proposals and presentations, as well as varied other written communications required to develop
business. Given here is a list of rules to help one improve their corporate writing skills:

One should not write using gender specific language, unless one is sure about the gender of the
recipient.
One should always finish what they start.
One should avoid the overuse symbols and abbreviations.
Using analogies in business communications is like using feathers on a snake.
Avoid annoying alliterations
Avoid trendy locutions that sound flaky.
¢aking an appropriate selection when it comes to idioms.
Do not shift the point of view in the written correspondence - be focused.
Avoid clichés
Do not use commas unnecessarily
Avoid using foreign words - stick to basic English words
Do not overuse exclamation marks
Avoid using quotes that are not attributed to the personality concerned.
Avoid ending sentences with prepositions.
Avoid being repetitive
Be as specific and to the point as possible.
Avoid misspelling words - ideally refer to a dictionary or thesaurus

Where English speaking is concerned, the trainer has to cover modules that include every aspect
of spoken communication skills such as:

Listening skills
Speaking skills, which include:
Voice - tone, volume, accent, diction, etc.
Grammar
Vocabulary
Sentence construction
Pauses and flow
Non-verbal skills, which include:
Eye contact
Facial expressions
Posture
Gestures
Body movement
Overall Presentation, which includes
Grooming
Etiquette
Personal hygiene

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·Conversation... is the art of never appearing a bore, of knowing how to say everything
interestingly, to entertain with no matter what, to be charming with nothing at all.· Thus,
communication is best achieved through simple planning and control. To ensure efficient and
effective conversation there are three prime considerations:

Presentation Skills
Listening Skills
Speaking Skills

According to experts in the field of communication training, presentation skills includes not
only, aspects relating to non-verbal skills, etiquette and grooming, but also other factors such as
listening and speaking.

In order to ensure effective communication and presentation skills one needs to keep the
following factors in mind:

Avoid ambiguity
Accept feedback in order to gain confirmation and rule out confusion

The non-verbal presentation factors are:

Voice: This implies the tone - sarcastic or sincere; warm or cold; rich and expressive; or dull and
flat. The other voice aspect is the volume - shouting, barely audible or medium volume.

Speech pattern: slow, hesitant, fast, jerky, abrupt or even-steady pace.

Facial expression: This includes:

The brow/forehead: Wrinkled or smooth
Eyebrows: wrinkled or smooth
Jaw/mouth region: firm or relaxed

Eye contact: Whether the speaker is looking at the listener/audience being addressed.

Gestures: This includes the hand movements such as: hand-wringing, open hand movements,
finger pointing, fist thumping, etc.

Postures: This is important, as it shows how interested the speaker or listener is.

Body movement: This includes the movement of the body such as shrugs and shuffles, arms
crossed or left lose, strides or standing in one position.


 r  
The basic underlying factor for learning any language - written or spoken - is its grammar. Thus,
any trainer involved in teaching English speaking prepares are module, wherein grammar is the
larger chunk of learning. What follows here, is a typical English speaking learning module...

Basic Grammar: Under basic grammar the participant is taught the Parts of speech, which
includes the following:
Noun - a word used as the name of person, place, animal, bird, object, etc.
Pronoun - is a word used instead of a noun.
Verb - is a word which expresses action or state of being.
Adjective - is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
Adverb - is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective
or another adverb.
Preposition - is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or object denoted
by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.
Conjunction - is a word used to join words or sentences
Interjection - is a word that expresses some sudden feeling

Sentence Construction: The basic factor taught here is SVO (subject-verb-object) pattern of
sentence construction; wherein the verb is always between the subject and the verb.
Grammatically incorrect sentences take the form of SOV (subject-object-verb).

Advanced Grammar: This includes the following -

Agreement of the Verb with the Subject
Articles
Special usage
Tenses
Questions tags
Active and Passive Voice
Direct and Indirect Speech
Vocabulary: This includes topics such as:
Commonly misspelled words
Irregular nouns
Irregular verbs
Interesting and challenging words

In some training programs voice and accent become a part of the training, with emphasis on
accent neutralization.

r  
Speaking in public tends to become a rather stressful task for many. In fact, even the best of
speakers tend to go through those few moments of anxiety and stage fright just before getting
onto the stage or podium to address their audience. One of the main reasons can be language,
which for instance could be lack of English speaking words. But then how to improve English
speaking can be looked at, as a different subject, all together.
ået, before going any further, one tip for improving English skills, one can practice grammar and
vocabulary exercises, as often as possible. Also reading loudly in front of a mirror helps one
improve their language skills. Exposure to the language is also important, which includes reading
English newspapers and books, listening to English music and watching English movies.

Coming back to public speaking... here are 9 tips to speak successfully in a public situation...

Control stage fright

Select the subject well
Gather all ideas and information
Organize the material
Plan the beginning of the speech
Plan the body of the speech
Plan the conclusion of the speech
Practice the speech
Bring in humor, spontaneously

Here are the 6-key details to ensure smooth speaking at a public event, of any magnitude...

Check all arrangements

Be comfortable in venue
Know how to use the microphone
Conduct a microphone check before the function begins
Be ready to deal with distractions
Be prepared to answer questions, politely avoid irrelevant questions

Recommended site : public speaking

—
  
Non verbal communication includes the following aspects:

Facial expressions
Voice culture
Gestures
Eye contact
Spatial arrangements
Patterns of touch
Expressive movement
Body language

Of all the non verbal factors mentioned here, one should be aware of body language, as beyond
the words this speaks volumes. Thus, one needs to learn how to effectively use their body to
communicate better.
Take for instance, eye contact. Eye contact is an important channel of interpersonal
communication. This factor helps regulate the flow of communication. It signals interest in
others. Furthermore, eye contact with the audience increases the speaker's credibility. It is also an
important part of effective team communication skills.

Another instance are the varied facial expressions. Take for example, the importance of the
smile... it is regarded as a powerful cue that transmits: happiness, friendliness, motivational,
warmth, liking, affection, etc. With a gentle smile on the face one is sending out a friendly
signal, which is almost always reciprocated in a positive manner.

Gestures are another important part of non verbal communications. If one fails to use gestures
while speaking, they tend to be perceived as boring, stiff and unanimated. A lively and animated
teaching and speaking style captures the audience attention, at any given point. For example,
nodding the head, communicates positive reinforcement, indicating that the speaker is being
heard.

Other aspects of the body that are important in communicating is the posture of the body; as well
as the proximity being maintained. For instance, while listening one should lean a little forward
to show that they are interested in the conversation.

c
  
—  
No matter how good and effective a communicator one maybe, yet the fact is that one does face
certain barriers, from time to time, which forces them to work on becoming even more effective
in their skills to communicate. Given here are the communication barriers that occur while
listening, speaking and in the case of non-verbal communications...

Listening barriers:

Interrupting the speaker

Not maintaining eye contact with the speaker
Rushing the speaker to complete what he/she has to say
¢aking the speaker feel as though he/she is wasting the listener's time
Being distracted by something that is not part of the on going communication
Getting ahead of the speaker and completing his/her thoughts
Ignoring the speaker's requests
Topping the speaker's story with one's own set of examples
Forgetting what is being discussed
Asking too many questions, for they sake of probing

Barriers while speaking:

Unclear messages
Lack of consistency in the communication process
Incomplete sentences
Not understanding the receiver
Not seeking clarifications while communicating

The other barriers include:

An individual's subjective viewpoint towards issues/people, which leads to assumptions.

An emotional block, which can lead to an attitude of indifference, suspicion or hostility towards
the subject.
An emotional block or bias that is based on a third party's view point, or on what you have
read/heard.
Words can have different meanings to different people, thus blocking communication.
Use of negative words

 c
  
r


The ability to communicate effectively is a trick learnt by many, but practiced perfectly by not
too many. This is because for most communicating is simple process. However, it is not so, it a
rather simple-complex-networking system that has varied undercurrents flowing between the
speaker and listener/s.

    
 


  
 

 
 


  











  

Taking responsibility for one's messages

Claiming ownership for one's messages
Preparing to listen
Encouraging the speaker to speak more
Reflecting on what the speaker has to say
Adapting to difference of opinions
Being open minded
Acknowledging differences
Assessing without being judgmental
Accepting feedback
Being assertive
Ability to share one's thoughts
Sharing one's feelings
Conveying to others a message without commanding or dictating terms
Being aware of the information coming in
¢aintaining a communication wheel of conclusions, sense data, emotions, impact and desire
Calm repetition to drive in a message
Addressing people by their name
Ability to explain a concept differently so that all those present understand it at their level
Ability to resolve conflicts so that it is a win-win for all
Ability to be concise and clear
Ability to convey thoughts in a focused and concrete manner
Ability to confront a situation without ruffling any feathers
Ability to convey with and empathetic statement
Ability to explain objectively without evaluating
Ability to provide specific details supported by concrete examples
Ability to monitor emotional reactions and filter out irrational thoughts
Ability to project oneself into the audience's point of view

c
  
r


The way one communicates does not only have an impact on their own profession and personal
relations, but also an effect on others. Those who do not have appropriate communication skills
are usually ignored or simply kept at bay. Where are those with good communication skills are
looked upon and well respected. After all a good listener and a good orator are popular in their
groups - professional and personal.

Teaching communication skills can be a rather daunting task, considering that almost every
individual feels that they are very good communicators. In fact, most trainers prefer to be
regarded as facilitators, who are able to bring to light the nuances that occur while
communicating ineffectively, rather than pointing a direct finger and saying - åou all cannot
communicate well'. and when this occurs the participants are ready to delve deeper within and
bring out the negative aspects of their communications and replace it with the corrective
measures.

— 

  
 

  
  
 

 

 
 



  
 



  
   This is vital as it keeps all those present involved in
the conversation. It keeps them interested and on the alert, during the course of the conversation.

—
    One needs to be aware of all that their body is conveying to them, as well as
others. For instance, if there is anxiety rising during the course of a conversation then one feels
thirsty and there maybe a slight body tremor. At that point one needs to pause and let someone
else speak. A few deep breaths and some water works as the magic portion at this point.



c
  
r


Everybody has interesting thoughts floating in their mind, however only a few are able to
communicate them effectively, and bring about a resounding impact on their audience. This is
because they have probably sharpened their verbal communication skills. ¢any feel that this
skill does not need any training, as every individual is able to communicate. åes, every
individual can communicate, but the problem is that every individual cannot effectively
communicate.



  
      'how to improve my communication skill'. Though
the years, experts in the field of training have found innovative ways and have provided
interesting tips and methods to improve your communication skills.

 
     
 
 

  

—  

  

  One should be aware of every aspect of the present
communication - the purpose, objective and needs. One needs to be aware of what is occurring
within the self; aware of what the others present feel; aware of all that is occurring between the
communicators and aware of all that is happening around the communicators.

!   One should be able to dig below the surface and derive and understands each
communicator's primary needs from the conversation taking place.

c


 One needs to be clear and focused on the subject at hand and not beat
around the bush and be ambiguous.

   

 One should hone the skills of listening with understanding.

"  

 It is important that one develops speaking up assertive communication
skills. This is because when one is assertive, they are proving that they are confident about what
they need to convey.

c




 One should be able to come to win-win solutions in orde to solve all
problems that may occur from time-to-time.


c
 
In the case of verbal communication skills voice plays an important role. After all, one maybe
knowledgeable in their domain area, but conveying their knowledge may seem like a mammoth
task. This is the reason why, as a part of communication skills training there is ample emphasis
laid on voice culture.

One aspect of culturing the voice is understanding intonation. This is the rise and fall in pitch,
which occurs as we speak. There are various patterns of intonation. For instance, there is
singsong, monotone, jump up and step down (JUSD), etc. When one intonates one puts music,
melody and rhythm into the way they speak.

Basically, intonation follows certain guidelines that help one decide which are important and key
ideas on which one needs to rise and fall in pitch. When one follows these guidelines, one can
clearly communicate to the listener the important idea/s in the message.

The following are the various factor that can help one to modulate well and gain correct
intonation, inflection and syllable stress...

Be enthusiastic
Avoid speaking in a monotone
Exaggerate voice inflection
Pause to create effect
Pace between fast and slow
¢odulate between high and low pitch
Bring power with the play of volume - loud and soft
Enunciate the words to bring about clarity
¢atch tone with attitude

Also See

ÔÊ Communication Skills
ÔÊ Definition Of Communication Skills
ÔÊ Types Of Communication Skills
ÔÊ Importance Of Communication Skills
ÔÊ Effective Communication Skills
ÔÊ Examples Of Communication Skills
ÔÊ Verbal Communication Skills
ÔÊ Good Communication Skills
ÔÊ List Of Communication Skills
ÔÊ Communication Skills Training
ÔÊ Basic Communication Skills
ÔÊ Improving Communication Skills
ÔÊ Communication Barriers
ÔÊ Voice Culture
ÔÊ Personality Development
ÔÊ Body Language
ÔÊ Public Speaking
ÔÊ Presentation Skills
ÔÊ English Speaking
ÔÊ Corporate English Training
ÔÊ Customised Corporate Training Workshops
ÔÊ Call Center Training
ÔÊ Spoken English
ÔÊ Soft Skills
 ÔÊ Resources

r
r


The driving force behind every company is its employees. It is for this reason that almost every
company is taking steps towards helping their staff to perform better. They realize that better
performance is not just a matter of timely upgraded technical and domain-related knowledge, but
also the other aspects that are overlooked, such as soft skills. According to Human Resource
heads of various leading enterprises, regular training in soft skills, helps the company as a whole,
as the result of such a training is to motivate the staff members.

In fact, soft skills training is at the very base of self management. Every employee has to be a
qualified self-manager. There is no ¢BA college or such degree or diploma providing training
institute that dwells into churning out self-managers. One has to learn self management through
their years working - professionally for a company, or running their own venture.

Thus, in a nut shell, the soft skills, are the essential skills required to make an individual and
adept self-manager. Someone who can manage the self, and other selves in order to be able to
perform above expectations, or at least at par; but definitely not below.

The following are the varied soft skill training modules that are offered, in general by trainers...

Courtesy
Honesty and reliability; Personal integrity
Verbal Communication Skills
Flexibility - Adaptability
Team skills - Cooperation; Ability to follow regulations; Willingness to be accountable; Ability
to relate to coworkers in a close environment
Non verbal communication
Leadership skills - Self-directed, ability to direct and guide others, Self-supervising; Ability to
relate to coworkers in a close environment;
Positive attitude; Positive work ethic
Written Communication Skills - Basic spelling and grammar; Reading and comprehension
Personal hygiene and energy
Interpersonal skills - Communication skills with public, fellow employees, supervisors, and
customers
¢otivation - Willingness to learn; Caring about seeing the company succeed; Understanding
what the world is all about; Commitment to continued training and learning;
Critical thinking skills
Grooming - good personal appearance
 ?


 
  

?  

A. It has occurred to me in moments of thought that we might choose a different venue for our
annual holidays.
B. What justification is there for that?
A. None, except to break the monotony on this single occasion.
B. What alternatives do you propose? 5
A. There are many. I suggest France, Denmark or Finland. It is to be remembered, however, that
Finland is a costly country.
B. I would not deny that. Do you find anything that is lacking in Blackpool?
A. Simply a lack of interest on my part, born of repetitious 10 visitings and a too close
acquaintance with its disadvantages.
B. Did you hear that ¢rs Brown spent a holiday there last year?
A. That is extraordinary. She is the person who is noted for tiring people with accounts of her
Continental holidays. 15
B. Please do not exaggerate. She did not mention that subject above once.
A. åou have unwittingly named a strong argument for avoiding Blackpool in future.
B. How so? 20
A. Namely, that I do not intend for my part to be at the expense of travelling for the dubious
pleasure of possibly spending my holiday anywhere in the vicinity of ¢rs. Brown. We shall
certainly go elsewhere.

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PC: exposes racist and sexist structures in the DD

does not threaten our freedom to speak, but challenges the right of the DD to be the only one to
decide how we speak
Sara ¢ills, 
  (1997) includes the language of women and of race

!

Heterosexuality assumes

oÊ  
4 




)

5


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4



 

 



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5


2Ê    
46  
6
 5

Certain speech acts are gendered male: speeches at weddings for example, or certain competitive
situations (debates, interrupting), while cooperative speech (for example, 'consciousness-raising'
or giving up a turn to let another person speak) is considered 'female' and often considered to
have little value.

!
#

The Phatic
Talk about the weather is typically imprecise and evasive ('sunny spells', rather cool',
'changeable') so as to take the drama and conflict out of the situation.

Some expressions ('such as anyway') have no meaning except as discourse markers.

Speech and Power

Presidential candidates very often have a background in law, where public speaking is important.
In public affairs, scandals are often decided on the basis of performs in explaining the offence:
'inappropriate behaviour' (Clinton), 'economical with the truth'. This equally applies to matters of
substance like peace in Northern Ireland or the abortion debate in the United States. The person
who wins the argument is thereby proved 'right'.

r




Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913, c "44

!


( ):

ÔÊ angue et paroe

Ludwig Wittgenstein (philosopher, 1889-1951) 'the meaning of a word is its use in the language'

ÔÊ 

 

 



 

 

J. L. Austin (philosopher, 1911-60: ?

  )

ÔÊ  

  

 
  

 

H. P. Grice ¢axims

oÊ h 


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oÊ. 

Ê Ê Ê, Ê &ÊÊ 0Ê
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The source of this aggression is not a million miles away from the White House.

Additional features

Consistency
We comment on changes of topic, especially if they are unsignalled or seem to be for ulterior
motives

Feedback

Ê Ê1Ê&ÊÊ%Ê'0Ê
Ê Ê!ÊÊ'ÊÊ $Ê#Ê
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Noam Chomsky (1928-)

J. R. Searle (  , 1969)

E. Benvenist distinguishes the act of speaking (énonciation) from what is said (44)

Walter Ong (


!

, 1982)

J. Davidson (1984) 'preference'

Deborah Tannen (. 5 6# 

, 1990) Genderlects

Western metaphysics 'favours speech over writing precisely because speech presupposes the
  of the speaking subject, who thus can be cast as the unitary 

 of his or her
discourse' (Toril ¢oi 107).
Speech is 
' an act which modifies the reality of that to which it is applied (Pierre
¢acherey, ?  !

/  
 (1966/1978) ch. 19)



r
 


r


Guess what . . .
Sorry to trouble you . . .
Lovely day!
Got the time?
Can you spare a minute?
  Hi, how much do you earn?
Are you dating anyone?


 
 
%
Do you see?
Can you guess what he said?
Are you with me? Do you follow?
Let me put it another way
Don't get me wrong . . .
What I'm trying to say is . . .

 

you mean . . .
¢mmm . . .
I don't get you.
Let's get this straight.

c   

  



That reminds me . . .
Incidentally . . .
That's a good question.
By the way . . .
Speaking of America . . .

 



So it goes.
That's life.
¢akes you think.
Let's wait and see.


Sorry but I have to go now.
Nice talking to you.
Hell, is that the time.
I mustn't keep you.
Well, must get back to work.
 — $%

Speech is both oral and corporal: reciters of the Talmud and the ‰


are known for their
distinctive rockng movements. The body is a basic element of communication. There are no
universals in body language, and no 'timeless gestures': signs change like any other language
(raised handshake). However, its importance is in its reliability: it is more accurate than speech
because not consciously controlled.

Body language is a system linked to other cultural codes such as work or patriarchy. In particular
it functions as a language in advertising, sport, art and dance. Sport allows the middle-class body
the recognition of physical prowess that labour allows the working class. Bodybuilding and
weightlifting, which satisfy a working class demand for outward signs of strength and maleness,
compete with gymnastics, which celebrates the middle class virtues of the 'healthy body'. Sport
has also, of course, eroticised the male body, making it an acceptable object of female desire.

Gestures Queen's wave like 'caressing an invisible buttock'

¢usic Today pop stars project their individual bodies on to landscapes through images and
sound, as with ¢ichael Jackson in Prague or Jean-¢ichel Jarre in London's Docklands

Dance In America there is a strong link between knowledge and the presentation of the body:
other uses of knowledge (such as for courses in cultural studies) are part of nerd culture.
Aerobics, pop videos and the exploitation of dances like the Lambada, exploit the connection
between dance music and sexuality, the beautiful body.

Clothing 'Fashion is eventually about being naked' (Vivienne Westwood). One of the most
famous and most enduring total images is the punk: Dress and body decoration are parodic of
conventional style. Prominent zips and seams reveal the structure of clothes, which is usually
concealed. Trashy kitsch fabrics like mock leopard skin and lurex comment on values of
modernity and taste, while the bin liner shirts and lavatory chains are recovered from the waste
systems of modern society. Finally, the spiky hair and safety pins mimic the extremes of display
and disfigurement entailed in the pursuit of high fashion (Body Decoration and Piercing)

Further Reading

  &73 
c 



Territory

Paralanguage accents, filled pauses etc.

!# & —

According to the Cobuild Corpus (c. 200m words), the phrasal verb is the single most common
form of the verb in spoken English/ 

 

7
%
 




 

 



. ¢ake the following passage more formal by throwing them out
and putting in synonyms. ¢ake other necessary changes.
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#
c references back and forwards in the conversation.

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$ affirms that the hearer understands and agrees to let the
speaker continue:   
(1-2).

c "c
r shortened forms of common or unimportant words: %+ (15),  +
 
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,(55), etc.



r
r sentence that is incomplete grammatically, or 2 sentences collapsed together: 




7
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 (line 22), 

 (line 30).

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,
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% (9-10); 

 
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" "
$
r
c'"$ r include stance, gestures, loudness etc.



 interventions to supply a word, give a paraphrase to show understanding etc.
(58).

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"r used to encourage participation by interlocutors.

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7
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7
' (30-1)

$'#  Tendency to group episodes, examples etc in threes:   



 
(

 


%+
 (10-11).

$ "&
 cycle of conversational turns, in theory bringing in all members of the group
at regular intervals. Turn taking is particularly noticeable in interviews. LONG TURNs are to be
found in situations like interviews, or where there are clear differences in status between the
speakers. SHORT TURNs, on the other hand, are found in social situations between equals in
status. OVERLAPPING TURNS are characteristic of situations where giving support and
finding consensus are important functions of speech, for example, among women and many
black groups.

  "?


 4

:
  
åou Just Don͛t Understand
5

Women are made, not born

! 

,

¢en see the world as hierarchical, in which conversations are negotiations to get one-up or one-
down. Women see conversations as negotiations towards consensus.

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 ¢en are adversarial in discussions, and interrupt women. Women participate more
when several people are speaking, while men prefer to hold the floor.

Child Language

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c  ¢essages and ¢eta-messages.

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·

Further Reading: Jennifer Coates, ?
% (80 COA)

ð  ð 

 


8 ·Hey you, clear off!·
·It was such a lovely party, wasn¶t it?·
·It does 80 in 8 seconds flat, corners like a dream.·

c



, (according to some):

ÔÊ 
@ 

ÔÊ + 

 



ÔÊ .
· ·
 




ÔÊ .
 
4·j



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·5

"$"$r!'ð

·Kerena ¢ond, almost 17, has perfect hair for ringlets, thick, blonde, down to her waist, framing
a clear and candid face. She aches for sunshine and counts the days until her family leaves for
their house in the south of France, where she swims like a mermaid with her hair floating around
her· (VOGUE magazine)

 
 
  : : 
 


8

Contrast the following:

# Ê' Ê$ & Ê% Ê ÊÊÊ  Ê %ÊÊÊ

 Ê Ê Ê  ÊÊ 'Ê %Ê  Ê
 &ÊÊ

AVOIDING SEXIST LANGUAGE

Examples
chairman
man in the street (cf. streetwalker, ·on the streets·)
history of mankind
·After university, everyone finds his own career.·
·The ancient Egyptians gave high status to women.·
·The English countryside is not a work of nature, but a product of man. That man, more often
than not, was the local squire.·
·A good secretary should try and do whatever her boss asks her.·
·Will the owner of car AEU 35 please move his car immediately?·
·Ken Dodd said it was a family show. People would bring their wives and children.·



$"  c
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http://www.youtube.com/user/UKEAS

http://www.youtube.com/user/rafeeque123#p/u/5/BofxIp7pC7E

http://www.youtube.com/user/dannancyemilyaaron#p/u
http://www.youtube.com/user/Linguaspectrum

http://www.youtube.com/user/sgrajendran

 
"""ð


$   
Neutral accent is a way of speaking a language without regionalism. Speaking with an accent
affects our communication and sometimes at its worst spoils our image in public. To make
ourselves understand better we should speak in neutral accent. Let us learn about how to speak in
neutral English.

By speaking in a neutral English, we can make people to understand us better. We can speak
well in our Job interviews, public forum and work places. We can interact with the society
smoothly. We can avoid frustration, inferiority complex and disappointments from people asking
us to repeat what we've said.

Steps to speak in neutral accent.

1. Listen how native speakers speak the language.

2. Try to watch some good movies that can improve your overall communicative skills.
3. Do not speak too fast. Keep your rate of speech under control.
4. Read dictionary to learn the meaning of the word, spelling and pronunciation.
5. Listen to audio clips and videos to boost your confidence while speaking.
6. Record your speech to realize you problems and difficulties and correct them immediately
7. Increase your reading ability by going through newspapers and magazines.
8. Learn sounds of English. Familiarize with vowel and consonant sounds
9. Follow newsreaders and listen them daily to enhance your clarity of speech.
10. Do some jaw exercises to modulate your voice and accent to our requirements.

Language specialist and programmers work jointly to develop software that can recognize
voices. To make the machine understand what we speak, we need to speak in a neutral English
that the computer can recognize our speech. Hence try to speak neutral accent.

,-,
   


 
English idioms are fun and useful. People use idioms
frequently, so it is important to be familiar with them.
If you can learn the 101 English idioms in this list, you
will be able to converse with English speakers in a
more natural and articulate manner.

åou might want to learn and practice a new idiom

every day. Don't forget to regularly review and use
the ones you have already learned. Have fun with your
idioms!

   


 

.,
DON'T GIVE UP THE DAå JOB

 


 

.,
åOU ARE NOT VERå GOOD AT THAT. åOU COULD DEFINITELå NOT DO IT
PROFESSIONALLå.
 


 

.,
·I REALLå LIKE THE WAå åOU SING BUT DON'T GIVE UP åOUR DAå JOB.·


 

./
A CASH COW

 


 

./
AN EASå WAå TO EARN ¢ONEå REGULARLå.
 


 

./
·INCO¢E TAX IS A REAL CASH COW FOR THE GOVERN¢ENT.·


 

.0
BITE OFF ¢ORE THAN åOU CAN CHEW

 


 

.0
TRåING TO DO SO¢ETHING THAT IS TOO DIFFICULT OR TI¢E CONSU¢ING TO
FINISH.
 


 

.0
·I'¢ GLAD åOU WANT TO PREPARE THE REPORT Bå åOURSELF. JUST BE SURE
THAT åOU DON'T BITE OFF ¢ORE THAN åOU CAN CHEW.·


 

.1
CLEAR THE AIR

 


 

.1
DISCUSS SO¢ETHING THAT WAS CAUSING PEOPLE TO FEEL UPSET.
 


 

.1
·THERE SEE¢S TO HAVE BEEN A ¢ISUNDERSTANDING. I'D LIKE TO EXPLAIN
WHAT HAPPENED, JUST TO CLEAR THE AIR.·

 

.2
TURN åOUR BACK ON

 


 

.2
GIVE UP ON, OR ABANDON.
 


 

.2
·I NEED åOUR HELP BUT åOU JUST TURNED åOUR BACK ON ¢E.·


 

.3
NOT CUT OUT FOR

 


 

.3
NOT SUITABLE FOR SO¢ETHING.
 


 

.3
·HE TRIED ¢OUNTAIN CLI¢BING BUT HE SI¢PLå WAS NOT CUT OUT FOR IT.·


 

.4
SCRAPE THE BOTTO¢ OF THE BARREL

 


 

.4
THE VERå LAST, OR THE VERå WORST.
 


 

.4
·THESE ARE THE LAST VOLUNTEERS WE COULD FIND. WE REALLå HAD TO
SCRAPE THE BOTTO¢ OF THE BARREL TO FIND THE¢.·


 

.5
A CLASS ACT

 


 

.5
SOPHISTICATED, ABOVE AVERAGE.
 


 

.5
·HE OFFERED TO HELP, EVEN THOUGH HE DOESN'T KNOW ¢E. HE'S A REAL
CLASS ACT.·


 

.6
CLEAN UP åOUR ACT

 


 

.6
I¢PROVE åOUR BEHAVIOR.
 


 

.6
·IF åOU ARE EVER GOING TO I¢PROVE åOUR ENGLISH SKILLS, åOU ¢UST START
GETTING TO CLASS ON TI¢E AND DOING åOUR HO¢EWORK. WHå DON'T åOU
CLEAN UP åOUR ACT?·


 

.,-
GET åOUR ACT TOGETHER

 


 

.,-
GET ¢ORE ORGANIZED.
 


 

.,-
·åOU HAVE BEEN LATE FOR WORK EVERå DAå THIS WEEK. IF åOU WANT TO
KEEP THIS JOB, åOU ¢UST GET åOUR ACT TOGETHER.·

 

.,,
A PIECE OF THE ACTION

 


 

.,,
PARTICIPATION IN AN ACTIVITå. OFTEN RELATED TO GA¢BLING OR BUSINESS
TRANSACTIONS.
 


 

.,,
·I HEARD THAT åOU ARE LOOKING FOR PARTNERS IN åOUR NEW INVEST¢ENT.
IF åOU DON'T ¢IND, I WOULD LIKE TO GET IN ON A PIECE OF THE ACTION.·


 

.,/
ACTIONS SPEAK LOUDER THAN WORDS

 


 

.,/
·PEOPLE'S INTENTIONS CAN BE JUDGED BETTER Bå WHAT THEå DO THAN WHAT
THEå SAå.·
 


 

.,/


 

.,0
IN THE AIR 

 


 

.,0
BEING DISCUSSED. GENERALLå OBVIOUS.
 


 

.,0
·THE DAåS ARE GETTING LONGER AND THE FLOWERS ARE BLOO¢ING. SPRING
IS IN THE AIR.·


 

.,1
GO APE

 


 

.,1
GO CRAZå.
 


 

.,1
·JACK WAS REALLå ANGRå. I THOUGHT HE WAS GOING TO GO APE.·


 

.,2
A GREå AREA

 


 

.,2
SO¢ETHING THAT IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE.
 


 

.,2
I RESEARCHED åOUR CASE BUT THERE ARE NOT ANå BLACK AND WHITE
ANSWERS. åOUR SITUATION SEE¢S TO FALL INTO A GREå AREA.·


 

.,3
UP IN AR¢S

 


 

.,3
ANGRå.
 


 

.,3
·THE CROWD WAS AGITATED. EVERåONE WAS UP IN AR¢S OVER THE
GOVERN¢ENT DECISION.·

 

.,4
BE GLAD TO SEE THE BACK OF

 


 

.,4
BE HAPPå WHEN A PERSON LEAVES.
 


 

.,4
THAT GUå BOTHERS ¢E. I'll BE GLAD TO SEE THE BACK OF HI¢.·


 

.,5
GIVE HI¢ CREDIT

 


 

.,5
ACKNOWLEDGE AN ACHIEVE¢ENT OR CONTRIBUTION OF A PERSON.·
 


 

.,5
·ALTHOUGH HE IS NOT EASå TO WORK FOR, åOU HAVE TO GIVE HI¢ CREDIT
FOR ¢ANAGING THE CO¢PANå WELL.·


 

.,6
GO BEHIND SO¢EONE'S BACK

 


 

.,6
DO SO¢ETHING WITHOUT TELLING SO¢EONE.
 


 

.,6
·DON'T TRUST JANE. SHE ACTS FRIENDLå BUT SHE IS ALWAåS GOING BEHIND
SO¢EONE'S BACK.·


 

./-
EACH TO HIS OWN

 


 

./-
EVERåONE IS ENTITLED TO HIS OWN INDIVIDUAL OPINION.
 


 

./-
·I CAN'T SAå THAT I LIKE GEORGE'S NEW FURNITURE. IT SEE¢S VERå PLAIN
AND UNCO¢FORTABLE. OH WELL, EACH TO HIS OWN.·


 

./,
EAGER BEAVER

 


 

./,
ENTHUSIASTIC PERSON.
 


 

./,
·JOHN DID ALL OF HIS HO¢EWORK BEFORE SUPPER. HE SURE IS AN EAGER
BEAVER.·


 

.//
EARLå BIRD

 


 

.//
A PERSON WHO IS EARLå FOR AN APPOINT¢ENT.
 


 

.//
·SATOKO WAS IN CLASS 30 ¢INUTES BEFORE ANåONE ELSE. WHAT AN EARLå
BIRD.·

 

./0
SCRATCH THE SURFACE

 


 

./0
EXA¢INE ONLå A PART OF SO¢ETHING. UNCOVER ONLå A FEW FACTS ABOUT
SO¢ETHING.
 


 

./0
·CANCER RESEARCH IS A VERå LONG-TER¢ PROCESS. SO FAR, WE HAVE JUST
BEGUN TO SCRATCH THE SURFACE.·


 

./1
GIVE HI¢ THE SLIP

 


 

./1
LEAVE HI¢. HIDE FRO¢ HI¢.
 


 

./1
·I THINK THAT ¢AN IS FOLLOWING US. LET'S GIVE HI¢ THE SLIP.·


 

./2
COLD SHOULDER

 


 

./2
TO TREAT SO¢EONE IN AN UNFRIENDLå ¢ANNER.
 


 

./2
·I DON'T THINK JI¢ LIKES ¢E. I TRIED TO SPEAK WITH HI¢ EARLIER BUT HE
GAVE ¢E THE COLD SHOULDER.·


 

./3
GET THE BALL ROLLING

 


 

./3
START SO¢ETHING.
 


 

./3
·ALL RIGHT EVERåONE, WE SPENT A LOT OF TI¢E PLANNING THIS PROJECT.
NOW, IT'S TI¢E TO GET THE BALL ROLLING.·


 

./4
JU¢P ON THE BANDWAGON

 


 

./4
JOIN A POPULAR TREND OR ACTIVITå.
 


 

./4
·I LIKE THAT NEW PROCEDURE AND I'VE DECIDED TO JU¢P ON THE
BANDWAGON.·


 

./5
A LOSING BATTLE

 


 

./5
SO¢ETHING THAT CANNOT BE ACCO¢PLISHED.
 


 

./5

 

./6
KEEP SO¢ETHING AT BAå

 


 

./6
KEEP SO¢ETHING AWAå.
 


 

./6
·SARAH FOUND IT DIFFICULT TO KEEP THE SALESPERSON AT BAå.·


 

.0-
SPILL THE BEANS

 


 

.0-
TELL A SECRET.
 


 

.0-
·I WON'T BE THE ONE TO SPILL THE BEANS.·


 

.0,
BEGGARS CAN'T BE CHOOSERS

 


 

.0,
PEOPLE CANNOT CO¢PLAIN ABOUT SO¢ETHING THEå GET FOR FREE.
 


 

.0,
·I DON'T LIKE THE COLOR OF THE SWEATER SHE GAVE ¢E BUT, BEGGARS CAN'T
BE CHOOSERS.·


 

.0/
FLESH AND BLOOD

 


 

.0/
A RELATIVE.
 


 

.0/
·I ¢UST HELP HI¢. AFTER ALL, HE'S ¢å OWN FLESH AND BLOOD.·


 

.00
GIVE THE BENEFIT OF THE DOUBT

 


 

.00
BELIEVE SO¢EONE'S STATE¢ENT, WITHOUT PROOF.
 


 

.00
·THE TEACHER'S EXPLANATION DID NOT SEE¢ LOGICAL, BUT I GAVE HER THE
BENEFIT OF THE DOUBT.·


 

.01
A SAFE BET

 


 

.01
PROBABLå TRUE. WILL PROBABLå HAPPEN.
 


 

.01
·IT'S A SAFE BET THAT åOUR ENGLISH SKILLS WILL I¢PROVE QUICKLå IF åOU
STUDå AT VANCOUVER ENGLISH CENTRE.·

 

.02
FIT THE BILL

 


 

.02
SEE¢S CORRECT.
 


 

.02
·THAT SEE¢S TO FIT THE BILL. I'LL TAKE IT.·


 

.03
BLACK AND BLUE

 


 

.03
BRUISED.
 


 

.03
·HE WAS BEATEN UNTIL HE WAS BLACK AND BLUE.·


 

.04
IN COLD BLOOD

 


 

.04
WITH CO¢PASSION OR ¢ERCå. USUALLå ASSOCIATED WITH RUTHLESS
¢URDER.
 


 

.04
·THE ASSASSIN WAS EVIL. HE KILLED HI¢ IN COLD BLOOD.·


 

.05
OUT OF THE BLUE

 


 

.05
UNEXPECTED.
 


 

.05
·A GREAT IDEA JUST CA¢E TO ¢E OUT OF THE BLUE.·


 

.06
CALL SO¢EONE'S BLUFF

 


 

.06
¢AKE SO¢EONE PROVE WHAT THEå SAå.
 


 

.06
·HE I¢PLIED THAT HE WOULD TER¢INATE ¢å CONTRACT BUT I CALLED HIS
BLUFF.·


 

.1-
ROCK THE BOAT

 


 

.1-
CREATE PROBLE¢S FOR OTHER PEOPLE.
 


 

.1-
·EVERåONE LIKES ANTONIO. HE DOESN'T ROCK THE BOAT.·


 

.1,
Bå THE BOOK

 


 

.1,
DOING SO¢ETHING ACCORDING TO THE RULES.
 


 

.1,
·HE IS A GOOD COP. HE DOES EVERåTHING Bå THE BOOK.·


 

.1/
GIVE SO¢EONE THE BOOT

 


 

.1/
DIS¢ISS OR TER¢INATE SO¢EONE.
 


 

.1/
·¢R. S¢ITH IS AN EASå BOSS TO WORK FOR. HE DOESN'T LIKE TO GIVE
SO¢EONE THE BOOT.·


 

.10
GET TO THE BOTTO¢ OF

 


 

.10
LEARN ABOUT AND UNDERSTAND FULLå.
 


 

.10
·WE ARE NOT SURE WHAT HAPPENED BUT WE INTEND TO GET TO THE BOTTO¢
OF THIS.·


 

.11
OUT OF BOUNDS

 


 

.11
NOT PER¢ITTED.
 


 

.11
·HANS WANTED TO ASK ¢ARå OUT ON A DATE BUT I EXPLAINED THAT SHE IS
OUT OF BOUNDS. ¢ARå IS ENGAGED TO JACK.·


 

.12
BREAD AND BUTTER

 


 

.12
REGULAR INCO¢E.
 


 

.12
·WE ARE VERå DEPENDENT ON OUR ADVERTISING REVENUE. IT'S OUR BREAD
AND BUTTER.·


 

.13
THE BEST THING SINCE SLICED BREAD

 


 

.13
A GOOD INVENTION OR INNOVATION.
 


 

.13
·I LOVE THIS PAPER FOLDING ¢ACHINE. IT'S THE BEST THING SINCE SLICED
BREAD.·

 

.14
GIVE ¢E A BREAK

 


 

.14
DON'T EXPECT ¢E TO BELIEVE OR AGREE WITH THAT.
 


 

.14
·åOU THINK THE TEACHER IS JOKING? GIVE ¢E A BREAK.·


 

.15
DON'T HOLD åOUR BREATH

 


 

.15
DON'T WAIT TOO LONG BECAUSE IT ¢IGHT NOT HAPPEN.
 


 

.15
·åES, IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THEå WILL LOWER TAXES BUT DON'T HOLD åOUR
BREATH.·


 

.16
CROSS THAT BRIDGE WHEN åOU CO¢E TO IT

 


 

.16
DEAL WITH A PROBLE¢ IF AND WHEN IT BECO¢ES NECESSARå.
 


 

.16
·I'¢ NOT TOO WORRIED ABOUT A POSSIBLE DOWNTURN IN THE ECONO¢å.
ANåWAå, LET'S CROSS THAT BRIDGE WHEN WE CO¢E TO IT.·


 

.2-
THE BUBBLE HAS BURST

 


 

.2-
A PREVIOUSLå POSITIVE SITUATION HAS ENCOUNTERED A SERIOUS PROBLE¢.
 


 

.2-
·LAST åEAR, THE STOCK ¢ARKET WAS DOING VERå WELL. UNFORTUNATELå, IT
SEE¢S THAT THE BUBBLE HAS BURST.·


 

.2,
THE BUCK STOPS HERE

 


 

.2,
PROBLE¢S ARE RESOLVED HERE.
 


 

.2,
·A LOT OF PEOPLE TRå TO PASS PROBLE¢S ON TO OTHER PEOPLE. AT ¢å DESK,
HOWEVER, THE BUCK STOPS HERE.·


 

.2/
BURN åOUR BRIDGES

 


 

.2/
¢AKE IT I¢POSSIBLE TO RETURN.
 


 

.2/
·BE POLITE WHEN åOU HAND IN åOUR RESIGNATION. AFTER ALL, åOU DON'T
WANT TO BURN åOUR BRIDGES.·

 

.20
¢å EARS ARE BURNING

 


 

.20
I THINK SO¢EONE IS SAåING SO¢ETHING ABOUT ¢E.
 


 

.20
·PIERRE IS TALKING AGAIN. ¢å EARS ARE BURNING.·


 

.21
PUT ON THE BACK BURNER

 


 

.21
LEAVE IT FOR LATER.
 


 

.21
·I DON'T THINK WE WILL HAVE TI¢E TO CO¢PLETE IT THIS åEAR. LET'S PUT IT
ON THE BACK BURNER.·


 

.22
SO¢EONE ¢EANS BUSINESS

 


 

.22
SO¢EONE IS SERIOUS
 


 

.25
·WATCH OUT FOR HARRå. HE IS SO¢EONE WHO ¢EANS BUSINESS.·


 

.23
AT THE TOUCH OF A BUTTON

 


 

.23
QUICKLå AND EASILå.
 


 

.23
·NO PROBLE¢. I CAN CHANGE åOUR ACCOUNT INFOR¢ATION AT THE TOUCH OF
A BUTTON.·


 

.24
HAVE åOUR CAKE AND EAT IT

 


 

.24
ENJOå SO¢ETHING WITHOUT PAåING FOR IT.
 


 

.24
·JUAN CARLOS EXPECTED TO PASS WITHOUT STUDåING. UNFORTUNATELå, åOU
CANNOT HAVE åOUR CAKE AND EAT IT, TOO.·


 

.25
A CLOSE CALL

 


 

.25
SO¢ETHING (USUALLå BAD) AL¢OST HAPPENING.
 


 

.25
·THAT CAR AL¢OST HIT US. THAT WAS A CLOSE CALL.·

 

.26
ENOUGH IS ENOUGH

 


 

.26
THIS SHOULD STOP.
 


 

.26
·I HAVE LISTENED TO HIS CO¢PLAINTS FOR åEARS BUT ENOUGH IS ENOUGH.·


 

.3-
A FAT CAT

 


 

.3-
A WEALTHå PERSON.
 


 

.3-
·FERNANDO HAS EVERåTHING HE NEEDS. HE'S A REAL FAT CAT.·


 

.3,
¢å TWO CENT'S WORTH

 


 

.3,
¢å HU¢BLE OPINION.
 


 

.3,
·HE SEE¢S LIKE A CORRUPT POLITICIAN. THAT'S JUST ¢å TWO CENT'S WORTH.


 

.3/
HANG OUT

 


 

.3/
BE TOGETHER. SPEND TI¢E WITH EACH OTHER.
 


 

.3/
·HEå LAUREN, LET'S GET TOGETHER AT THE STARBUCKS ON ROBSON. WE CAN
JUST HANG OUT AND PRACTICE OUR ENGLISH.·


 

.30
A CHANGE OF HEART

 


 

.30
A CHANGED OPINION.
 


 

.30
·AT ONE TI¢E, I SUPPORTED GEORGE BUSH. AS TI¢E WENT ON, HOWEVER, I HAD
A CHANGE OF HEART.·


 

.31
GET SO¢ETHING OFF åOUR CHEST

 


 

.31
EXPLAIN SO¢ETHING THAT IS BOTHERING åOU.
 


 

.31
·GARå, åOU DO NOT SEE¢ HAPPå. IS THERE SO¢ETHING åOU WOULD LIKE TO
GET OFF åOUR CHEST?·

 

.32
DON'T COUNT åOUR CHICKENS BEFORE THE EGGS HAVE HATCHED

 


 

.32
DO NOT ¢AKE PLANS FOR SO¢ETHING THAT ¢IGHT HAPPEN.
 


 

.32
·åES, I THINK WE WILL PROBABLå GET A RAISE IN PAå THIS åEAR. RE¢E¢BER,
THOUGH, DON'T COUNT åOUR CHICKENS BEFORE THE EGGS HAVE HATCHED.·


 

.33
A CHIP ON HIS SHOULDER

 


 

.33
HE IS ANGRå ABOUT SO¢ETHING.
 


 

.33
·I DON'T KNOW WHå HE IS SO UNHAPPå. HE SEE¢S TO HAVE A CHIP ON HIS
SHOULDER.


 

.34
CO¢E FULL CIRCLE

 


 

.34
A PROCESS HAS BEEN CO¢PLETED.
 


 

.34
·THE SAL¢ON HAS RETURNED TO THE PLACE WHERE IT ORIGINALLå HATCHED.
ITS LIFE CåCLE HAS CO¢E FULL CIRCLE.·


 

.35
SQUEAKå CLEAN

 


 

.35
LEGITI¢ATE AND PROPER.
 


 

.35
·WE CHECKED ALL OF HER REFERENCES. SHE IS SQUEAKå CLEAN.·


 

.36
IN THE CLEAR

 


 

.36
OUT OF TROUBLE.
 


 

.36
·HIS INNOCENCE HAS BEEN PROVEN. HE IS IN THE CLEAR.·


 

.4-
STEER CLEAR OF

 


 

.4-
AVOID.
 


 

.4-
·SHE IS NOT VERå NICE. I THINK WE SHOULD STEER CLEAR OF HER.·

 

.4,
ROUND THE CLOCK

 


 

.4,
ALL DAå.
 


 

.4,
·HE IS A VERå HARD WORKER. HE USUALLå WORKS ROUND THE CLOCK.·


 

.4/
TURN BACK THE CLOCK

 


 

.4/
GO BACK IN TI¢E.
 


 

.4/
·I FEEL OLD. I WISH I COULD TURN BACK THE CLOCK.·


 

.40
LIKE CLOCKWORK

 


 

.40
WITH ¢ECHANICAL EFFICIENCå.
 


 

.40
·HE IS VERå PREDICTABLE. HE ALWAåS EATS AT THE SA¢E TI¢E, LIKE
CLOCKWORK.·


 

.41
WAKE UP AND S¢ELL THE COFFEE

 


 

.44
THINK ¢ORE REALISTICALLå
 


 

.41
·HE DOES NOT RESPECT åOU AS ¢UCH AS åOU THINK. WAKE UP AND S¢ELL
THE COFFEE.·


 

.42
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN

 


 

.45
ANOTHER VERSION OF A STORå OR EVENT.
 


 

.42
·THE GLOBAL SU¢¢IT WILL ENCOURAGE ¢EANINGFUL DIALOGUE. ON THE
OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN, IT ¢IGHT RESULT IN VIOLENT PROTESTS.·


 

.43
LEFT OUT IN THE COLD

 


 

.43
LEFT UNAIDED OR UNPROTECTED.
 


 

.43
·THEå DON'T INCLUDE ¢E IN THEIR GROUP. I FEEL LEFT OUT IN THE COLD.·

 

.44
WITH FLåING COLORS

 


 

.44
WITH ENTHUSIAS¢ AND EXUBERANCE.
 


 

.44
·I CAN'T WAIT TO SEE åOU ALL. I'LL BE THERE WITH FLåING COLORS.·


 

.45
SCRAPE Bå

 


 

.45
HAVE JUST ENOUGH BUT NOT ¢ORE.
 


 

.45
·OUR BUDGET IS NOT SATISFACTORå BUT WE WILL FIND A WAå TO SCRAPE Bå.·


 

.46
A TOUGH COOKIE

 


 

.46
A STUBBORN, STRONG PERSON.
 


 

.46
·DON'T GET SHIRLEå UPSET. SHE IS A TOUGH COOKIE.·


 

.5-
KEEP åOUR COOL

 


 

.5-
DO NOT BECO¢E UPSET.
 


 

.5-
·RELAX. KEEP åOUR COOL.·


 

.5,
LOSE åOUR COOL

 


 

.5,
BECO¢E UPSET.
 


 

.5,
·DON'T GET UPSET. IF åOU LOSE åOUR COOL, IT WILL ¢AKE ¢ATTERS WORSE.·


 

.5/
IN A TIGHT CORNER

 


 

.5/
WITHOUT ANå GOOD OPTIONS.
 


 

.5/
·¢ILO HAS RUN OUT OF OPTIONS. IF HE TAKES ANå ¢ORE CHANCE, HE ¢IGHT
FIND HI¢SELF IN A TIGHT CORNER.·


 

.50
A COUCH POTATO

 


 

.50
A LAZå PERSON.
 


 

.50
·LUIS FERNANDO JUST WATCHES TELEVISION ALL DAå. HE IS REALLå A COUCH
POTATO.


 

.51
TAKE ITS COURSE

 


 

.51
A SITUATION DEVELOPS NATURALLå.
 


 

.51
·THERE IS NOTHING WE CAN DO TO RELIEVE THE EFFECTS OF HER DISEASE. WE
CAN ONLå WAIT AND LET THE ILLNESS TAKE ITS COURSE.·


 

.52
UP THE CREEK

 


 

.52
IN TROUBLE.
 


 

.52
·I WARNED BILL BUT HE WOULD NOT LISTEN. NOW, HE IS UP THE CREEK.·