3-Pipeline Strength Design

Subsea Pipeline and Risers
Dasharatha Achani
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
Pipeline Structural
Design
11-Aug-16
11-Aug-16 Page 2 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

MECHOCEAN
DESIGN PRINCIPLES Eng. Solutions
 Loads and Failure Mechamisms

 Allowable Stress Design versus Limit State Design
 Other contributions to wall thickness
 DNV Design Process

MECHOCEAN
LOADS Eng. Solutions
Different Loadings
 Internal Pressure (Operating pressure)

 External Pressure (Hydrostatic pressure of sea)
 Temperature Changes (Operating)
 Bending (Construction, spans, upheaval)
 Concentrated loads (Construction, accidents)
 Impact (Accidents)
Environmental loads (waves and current)

MECHOCEAN
Failure mechanisms and Design Criteria Eng. Solutions
Failure mechanisms induced by different loads are

• Burst
• Collapse (ovalisation)
• Buckling
• Fatigue
• Fracture

MECHOCEAN
Design Criteria Eng. Solutions
Pressure containment criterion (Bursting Criterion)

• Design to resist internal pressure
Hydrostatic collapse criterion
• Design to resist external pressure
Propagation buckling criterion
• Design to resist external pressure
Global and Local buckling (lateral and upheval buckling)
• Design to resist combine loads: pressure, temperature,
axial and bending loads etc.
Fatigue criterion
• Design to resist cyclic loads induced by waves, currents
and other cyclic loads
Fracture criterion [ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment)]
• Design to assess crack propagation and crack growth in
pipeline girth weld joints.

MECHOCEAN
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Approach Eng. Solutions
The so called (ASD) design approach is applied in many

of the older design codes.
ASD, Allowable Stress Design, is based on the principles

of Safety Factors applied to yield stress. A safety factor
is applied to determine an allowable stress.
More than one allowable stress criteria is required for full

code compliance, e.g.:
– Hoop Stress: typically an allowable stress of 0.72 x SMYS
– Equivalent stress: typically an allowable stress of 0.96 x SMYS

MECHOCEAN
DNV - ALLOWABLE STRESS Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
LIMIT STATE DESIGN Eng. Solutions
 Design on the basis of achieving a target reliability (i.e. a

defined probability of failure)
 Therefore considering distributions of load and strength
functions
 Required reliability depend on consequence of failure:
Risk = Probability x Consequence

MECHOCEAN
DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD AND STRENGTH Eng. Solutions
 Distribution of Load
• internal and external pressure
• installation loads
• temperature
• hydrodynamic loads
• self weight
 Distribution of Strength
• yield and ultimate strength
• wall thickness
• diameter

MECHOCEAN
FUNDAMENTALS OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
OTHER FACTORS Eng. Solutions
 Corrosion allowance.
 Manufacturing tolerance
 Stability
 Installation method
 Upheaval/lateral buckling
 Stress concentrations
 Proximity of people

MECHOCEAN
WALL THICKNESS COMPONENTS Eng. Solutions
 wall thickness is normally :

• t = tmin + tcorr + tfab(-)
• tmin for pressure containment
• tcorr corrosion allowance
• tfab(-) manufacturing under-tolerance on wall thickness.
• Round up to nearest standard wall thickness ?

MECHOCEAN
LIMIT STATE DESIGN Eng. Solutions
 DNV uses limit state design based on Load Resistance Factor

Design (LRFD)
 Level of safety is satisfactory when:
Ld  R d
 Design Load
Ld  LF   F   C  LE   E  LA   A   C
Functional load with Functional and Conditional load factors
Environalmnetal load with Envoronal load factor
Accidental load with accidental and condtional load factors
 Design Resistance
Rk ( f k )
Rd 
 SC   m Saftety class resistance factor and Material resistance factor

MECHOCEAN
SAFETY CLASS Eng. Solutions
 Low, Normal or High
 Based on fluid – water, oil or natural gas etc

 Based on location – in or out of 500m zone
 Based on duration – temporary or operational

MECHOCEAN
SAFETY CLASS Eng. Solutions
 Partial safety factors are dependant on safety class

• Low: minor environmental consequences and low risk of human injury.
• Normal: for temporary conditions giving risk of human injury, significant
pollution etc.
• High: for operating conditions giving risk of human injury, significant
pollution etc.

MECHOCEAN
LIMIT STATES Eng. Solutions
 Ultimate Limit state (ULS)

The ULS involves the structural integrity or strength, as such the
structure is designed to have a very low probability of reaching this
limit state since the consequences are severe.
For pipelines, this includes:
• Burst (internal pressure)
• Collapse, local buckling, global buckling and propagating buckling
 Fatigue Limit state (FLS)

The FLS involves the fatigue damage resulting from cyclic dynamic
loads accumulated throughout its life. The structure is designed such
that its life, accounting for fatigue damage from all sources, meets or
exceeds the design life. The sources include:
• Currents
• Waves
• Slugging

MECHOCEAN
LIMIT STATES Eng. Solutions
 Serviceability Limit state (SLS)

The SLS involves the disruption of use of the structure as intended.
For pipelines, exceedence of this includes for instance:
• Excessive ovality of cross section (initial or progressive).
• Excessive deflection or vibration.
 Accidental Limit State (ALS)

ALS is Special limit state involve damage or failure due to unusual,
accidental, or unplanned loading conditions such as:
• Dropped objects (impact loading)
• Incidental overpressure
• Explosion and/or fire
• Severe earthquales or environments

MECHOCEAN
TARGET RELIABILITY Eng. Solutions
Limit Probability basis Safety Class

State per zone per year
Low Normal High
SLS Serviceability 10
2
10
3
10
4
ULS Ultimate
4
FLS Fatigue 10
3
10 10
5
ALS Accidental

MECHOCEAN
DESIGN PRINCIPLES-SUMMARY Eng. Solutions
 Loads and failure mechanisms

• Burst, collapse or buckle.
 Allowable stress vs limit state
 Contributions to wall thickness
• Pressure containment
• Corrosion allowance
• Manufacturing under-tolerance
 Increase
• Material strength or wall thickness

MECHOCEAN
INTERNAL PRESSURE- BURSTING Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
PRESSURE CONTAINMENT (BURSTING) Eng. Solutions
Note: σh = sH
MECHOCEAN
p D  2 t  p D
o o h i i
Rearrange,
pD p D



i o
2t
i o
h
and this is exact for mean value of σh.

MECHOCEAN
h 
pi Di  po D o
2t
exact for mean value of σh.

Variants:
h 
pi D (Barlow)
2t
h 
 pi  po Do  t  (DnV 1996)
2t
Differences are small for typical values of D/t.

MECHOCEAN
Most codes require that the hoop stress is less than a

prescribed fraction
f1 of the yield stress σY
i.e. σh ≤ f1 σY
f 1 is called the design factor (usage factor).

Historically, was taken as 0.72 for pipelines, 0.60 or less
for risers. Those figures date back 70 years, to a time when
standards of design, pipe manufacture, welding and
construction were far inferior to today. Recent thinking is
that higher factors to and above 0.8 can be applied
(provided that the governing code allows that change)

MECHOCEAN
f 1   h  pi Di  po D o  pi ( D o  2t )  po D o
2t 2t
y
t  ( pi  po ) D o
Rearrange, 2 ( f 1 y  p i )
Example: Do is 762 mm
pi is 20 MPa
po is 2 MPa
σY is 413.7 MPa (N/mm2)
f1 is 0.83,
resulting in t ≥ 18.87 mm
MECHOCEAN
DnV 1996 formula, f     p  p D  t 

2t
i o o
1 y h
D
After Rearranging, t 
2 f 1 y
 1
p p
i o
D is 762 mm
p is 20 MPa
i
p is 2 MPa
o
σY is 413.7 MPa (N/mm2)

f is 0.83,
t  19.46mm
1
resulting in
MECHOCEAN
D
t 
2 2  f u 
1  Min  f y ,

 sc  m ( p li  p e ) 3  1 . 15 
Continuing the example and taking:

 = 1.138 (safety class normal)
 = 1.15
sc
fY = 413.7 MPa (60000 psi)

fu > 1.15fY (so that fY governs),
minimum wall thickness is 18.34 mm (0.722 inch)

MECHOCEAN
DNV BURSTING CRITERION Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
Different Pressure Terms of Pipeline system Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
DNV BURSTING CRITERION Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
BURSTING-SUMMARY Eng. Solutions
 Theory
• Thin wall theory relates pressure to hoop stress
 Design pressure has many considerations
• e.g. future pipeline requirements, hydrotest
pressure, incidental pressure
 Design codes specify criteria for pressure containment
• DNV OS-F101
• Allowable stress design

MECHOCEAN
COLLAPSE Eng. Solutions
 External Pressure
 Collapse Criterion
 Buckle Propagation
 Buckle arrestors

MECHOCEAN
COLLAPSE CRITERION Eng. Solutions
 External Pressure shall meet the following criterion

p
Pe 
1.1   SC   m
 Characteristic resistance for external pressure p is given by:
Note: pY = p y

MECHOCEAN
The elastic collapse pressure Pecr for a perfect

tube is given by
2 E  
t
3
E D
4( R t ) 1  1
P 
ecr 3 2

2
where For a 30in pipeline with wall thickness of 22.2 mm,

the elastic critical pressure is 12.5 MPa,
R : mean radius corresponding to waterdepth of 1250m, which would
t : wall thickness generate a hoop stress of 208 MPa.
E : Elastic Modulus Circumferential pressure yield is possible, but elastic

collapse occurs first except for very thick pipelines
‫ ט‬: Poisson's Ratio

MECHOCEAN
 In deep water, collapse under external pressure drive the wall

thickness design.
 Minimum wall thickness as high as 30mm for modest
diameters of 20-26in in water depths of the order of 3000.
(Oman-India P/L)
 Better approach is to construct the pipeline fully or partially
liquid filled so that it never has to bear full external hydrostatic
pressure.

MECHOCEAN
BUCKLE PROPAGATION Eng. Solutions
Propagation is initiated by a combination of bending and

pressure. Once started, the buckle can propagate at a lower
pressure. Propagation pressure is the minimum pressure at
which a buckle can continue to propagate.
 Propagation pressure < hydrostatic pressure
 Hence once started, buckle ‘zips’ along pipeline.
f y fab  t2  2.5

Pp  35   
 m   SC  D 

MECHOCEAN
BUCKLE PROPAGATION
Eng. Solutions
Alternative strategies to deal with buckle propagation

Increase wall thickness so that propagation pressure >
maximum external pressure
Accept possibility of propagation over short distances, but
incorporate buckle arresters, so that buckle runs to arresters
on either side and then stops

MECHOCEAN
COLLAPSE SUMMARY Eng. Solutions
 External over-pressure
• Worst case = installation at highest water level
 Collapse criterion
• Check for ovality
 Buckle propagation
• Propagation pressure < Collapse pressure
 Buckle arrestors
• Constrain buckle propagation to a minimal length.

MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
LONGITUDINAL STRESS

MECHOCEAN
LONGITUDINAL AND HOOP STRESSES Eng. Solutions
Longitudinal stresses arise

primarily from two effects:
Poisson and Temperature.
Note: sH = σh , sL = σl
MECHOCEAN
QUANTIFY Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
 The longitudinal strain εL is given by stress strain relation for

a linear elastic isotropic material:
l  h
l    
E E
longitudinal hoop thermal
If  l  0 (which implies complete axial constraint)

and  h  pR t ( thin wall idealisation),
pR
then  l   E
t

MECHOCEAN
 Longitudinal stress therefore has two components, the first

related to pressure and second to temperature.
 The pressure component is positive (tensile) and
temperature component is negative (compressive)
 The nature of resultant longitudinal stress depends on the
relative magnitudes of pressure and temperature increase.

MECHOCEAN
VON MISES EQUIVALENT STRESS Eng. Solutions
    
2
h h l
2 12
l   eqvM
 f 
3 y
Note:
11-Aug-16 sH = σh , sL = σl www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
LOCAL BUCKLING

MECHOCEAN
BUCKLE INITIATION Eng. Solutions
 External overpressure
 Local indentation due to bending, axial forces (including
thermal)
 Initiation due to excessive bending at touchdown during lay.
 Initiation due to accidental/environmental loads e.g. trawl
gear.

MECHOCEAN
LOCAL BUCKLE INITIATION Eng. Solutions
 Depends on combination of:

• Longitudinal load
• Pipe bending moments
• Hoop stresses
 ’Cook-book’ formulae in:
• DNV 81 B.1
• PD 8010 Part 3 C.1
• DNV OS-F101

MECHOCEAN
COMBINED STRESSES Eng. Solutions
ASD codes specify limits on equivalent stress

• Combined longitudinal, hoop and shear stresses
Von Mises criterion
 eq
      
2
h
2
l h l
 3
2


MECHOCEAN
STRAIN DURING REELING Eng. Solutions
Bending Strain During Pipe Reeling
 D 
   
 r   2 

D D
  reel   t ext 
 2  
where r = bending strain during reeling

Dreel = diameter of reel core
text = thickness of external coating / insulation coating
The strains from the calculations above should not exceed the allowable installation strains
specified by the applicable design code.

MECHOCEAN
Pipelay Methods -Reel Lay Eng. Solutions

MECHOCEAN
Reel Lay Installation Eng. Solutions
Straightener
Aligner
Reel Hub
Tensioner
Ramp
A & R Winch
Reel
Reel Ship –Main Components

MECHOCEAN
Detail engineering of reeling using Finite Element AnalysisEng. Solutions
Example: A pipeline with weldlink connector under reeling

Main input:
 Geometric Mismatch (Wall thickness mismatch) of strong and week pipe
 Material Strength Mismatch of strong and week pipe
 Minimum required back Tension
Apply back tension Week pipe

Weld joint
3D Solid Model
Strong pipe
Beam Model
Reel Hub

MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
Typical pipe (8” WI) reeled about 100 deg over the hub of a drum
 Estimated Back Tension:

For 8” WI pipeline: 15Te
 Reel Hub diameter: 15m

MECHOCEAN
Predictions from 3D Solid Models for 8” WI Line Eng. Solutions
 Results for longitudinal strains from 3D Soild Model
Week pipe
Weld joint
Strong pipe

On-reeling and Local Buckling
MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions
 During on-reeling, the pipeline is subjected to the same plastic deformation.

 Weeker pipe has lower material strength and geometric stiffness (lower wall
thickness) compared to stronger pipe.
 Buckle initiation during reeling can occur in weeker pipe at the mismatch
location
 For the exposed plastic deformation, a pipe followed by a weaker pipe (in
stiffness) will cause strain concentration and when it is combined with low
strength of weaker pipe will further cause buckling
Design Parameters
 Ovalisation and strain concentration are important design parameters to
investigate when a linepipe is under plastic deformation on reeling
 Predicted strain and ovality shall be less than the allowable values specified
by standard design codes.

MECHOCEAN
Questions Eng. Solutions
1. List 4 failure modes for pipelines, which must be considered

in Limit State Design
2. What are the governing design criteria for pipeline design?
3. What is allowable stress design (ASD)? Compare allowable
stress design to Limit State Design and explain the merits
of Limit State Design.
4. Write the fundamental inequality, which forms the basis of
the LRFD design format.
5. List and explain 4 limit states which must be considered in
Limit State Design.
6. Consider a thin wall pipeline with diameter D and wall
thickness t under internal pressure (pi) and external
pressure (pe). Derive fundamental equation for hoop stress
from first principles.

MECHOCEAN
Questions Eng. Solutions
7. Give a definition of the DnV safety classes as they apply to

pipelines. How are safety classes accounted for in the design
formulation?
8. List out and explain the components contributing to the
longitudinal stress in a pipe line.
9. Describe different pressure terms related to pipeleine system
10. Check if the given pipeline wall thickness is sufficient enough
to install by reeling method using an offshore vessel having
the reel drum of 15m diameter. Pipeline data given is: Outer
diameter = 323.9mm, Wall thickness = 15.9mm and the
allowable nominal strain is 2%.
11. Explain about on-reeling and local buckling. What are the
important design parameters for on-reeling assessment?

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Subsea Pipeline and Risers

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Loads and Failure Mechamisms

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Internal Pressure (Operating pressure)

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Failure mechanisms induced by different loads are

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Pressure containment criterion (Bursting Criterion)

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

The so called (ASD) design approach is applied in many

ASD, Allowable Stress Design, is based on the principles

More than one allowable stress criteria is required for full

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Design on the basis of achieving a target reliability (i.e. a

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 wall thickness is normally :

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 DNV uses limit state design based on Load Resistance Factor

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Low, Normal or High

 Based on fluid – water, oil or natural gas etc

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Partial safety factors are dependant on safety class

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Ultimate Limit state (ULS)

 Fatigue Limit state (FLS)

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 Serviceability Limit state (SLS)

 Accidental Limit State (ALS)

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Limit Probability basis Safety Class

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 Loads and failure mechanisms

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

and this is exact for mean value of σh.

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

exact for mean value of σh.

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

Most codes require that the hoop stress is less than a

f 1 is called the design factor (usage factor).

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

DnV 1996 formula, f     p  p D  t 

σY is 413.7 MPa (N/mm2)

Continuing the example and taking:

fY = 413.7 MPa (60000 psi)

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

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 External Pressure shall meet the following criterion

 Characteristic resistance for external pressure p is given by:

11-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

The elastic collapse pressure Pecr for a perfect

where For a 30in pipeline with wall thickness of 22.2 mm,

E : Elastic Modulus Circumferential pressure yield is possible, but elastic