Types of Cement

Vineet Kothari
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
 Types of Cement
 Ordinary Portland Cement
(i ) Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade– IS 269: 1989
(ii ) Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade– IS 8112: 1989
(iii ) Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade– IS 12269: 1987
 Rapid Hardening Cement – IS 8041: 1990
 Extra Rapid Hardening Cement – –
 Sulphate Resisting Cement – IS 12330: 1988
 Portland Slag Cement – IS 455: 1989
 Quick Setting Cement – –
 Super Sulphated Cement – IS 6909: 1990
 Types of Cement
 Low Heat Cement – IS 12600: 1989
 Portland Pozzolana Cement – IS 1489 (Part I) 1991 (fly ash based)
 IS 1489 (Part II) 1991 (calcined clay based)
 Air Entraining Cement
 Coloured Cement: White Cement – IS 8042: 1989
 Hydrophobic Cement – IS 8043: 1991
 Masonry Cement – IS 3466: 1988
 Expansive Cement – –
 Oil Well Cement – IS 8229: 1986
Types of Cement
 Rediset Cement
 Concrete Sleeper grade Cement – IRS-T 40: 1985
 High Alumina Cement – IS 6452: 1989
 Very High Strength Cement
 Ordinary Portland Cement
 The OPC was classified into three grades, namely 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade
depending upon the strength of the cement at 28 days when tested as per IS 4031-1988.
 OPC 33 grade can be stated as, If the 28 days strength is not less than 33N/mm2, it is called 33
grade cement.
 Rapid Hardening Cement
 As the name indicates it develops strength rapidly and as such it may be more
appropriate to call it as high early strength
 Rapid hardening cement which develops higher rate of development of strength
should not be confused with quick-setting cement which only sets quickly.
 Rapid hardening cement develops at the age of three days, the same strength
as that is expected of ordinary Portland cement at seven days.
 The rapid rate of development of strength is attributed to the higher fineness of
grinding (specific surface not less than 3250 sq. cm per gram) and higher C3S
and lower C2S content.
 A higher fineness of cement particles expose greater surface area for action of
water and also higher proportion of C3S results in quicker hydration.
Rapid Hardening Cement

Use of rapid heading cement is recommended in the following situations:

 In pre-fabricated concrete construction.
 Where formwork is required to be removed early for re-use elsewhere,
 Road repair works,
 In cold weather concrete where the rapid rate of development of strength
reduces
 the vulnerability of concrete to the frost damage.
 Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
 Extra rapid hardening cement is obtained by intergrinding calcium chloride with
rapid hardening Portland cement.
 The normal addition of calcium chloride should not exceed 2 per cent by weight
of the rapid hardening cement.
 It is necessary that the concrete made by using extra rapid hardening cement
should be transported, placed and compacted and finished within about 20
minutes.
 Extra rapid hardening cement accelerates the setting and hardening process
 The acceleration of setting, hardening and evolution of this large quantity of heat
in the early period of hydration makes the cement very suitable for concreting in
cold weather
Portland Pozzolana Cement
 Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC) is manufactured by the intergrinding of OPC
clinker with 10 to 25 per cent of pozzolanic material (as per the latest amendment,
it is 15 to 35%).
 A pozzolanic material is essentially a silicious or aluminous material which while in
itself possessing no cementitious properties, which will, in finely divided form and in
the presence of water, react with calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration
process, at ordinary temperature, to form compounds possessing cementitious
properties.
 The pozzolanic materials generally used for manufacture of PPC are calcined clay
or fly ash.
 calcium silicates produce considerable quantities of calcium hydroxide, which is
by and large a useless material from the point of view of strength or durability.
Calcium hydroxide + Pozzolana + water → C – S – H (gel)
 Portland pozzolana cement produces less heat of hydration and offers greater
resistance to the attack of aggressive waters than ordinary Portland cement.
 Portland Pozzolana Cement
 it is important to appreciate that the addition of
pozzolana does not contribute to the strength at
early ages.
 Strengths similar to those of ordinary Portland
cement can be expected in general only at later
ages provided the concrete is cured under moist
conditions for a sufficient period
 OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay, Surkhi
and Fly ash) ground together.
 Produces less heat of hydration and offers great
resistance to attacks of Sulphates.
 Used in marine works and mass concreting.
 Ultimate strength is more than OPC.
 Low shrinkage on drying
 Water tightness.
 ADVANTAGES OF PPC IN FRESH CONCRETE
1. WORKABILITY 2. BLEEDING
• PPC cement reduces bleeding by
• Portland pozzolana cement has
providing greater fines volume and
spherical cement particles and they
lower water content for a given
have higher fineness value, more
workability. This also helps to block
fineness of particles allows better
bleed water channels.
filling of the pores.
• PPC cement also reduces the rate of
slump loss of concrete as compared
4. SETTING TIME & FINISHABILITY
to concrete made with ordinary
cement, particularly in hot weather
• The cohesiveness of concrete mix
condition.
helps for better finishing of concrete
3. PUMPABILITY

• The spherical shape of particles

serves to increase workability and
pumpability by decreasing friction
between aggregate particles and
between concrete & pump line.
 HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
 Manufactured by grinding clinkers of calcining bauxite (it’s an
aluminium ore) and ordinary lime.
 In which the total amount of alumina content should not be lesser
than 32% and it should maintain the ratio by weight of alumina to
the lime between 0.85 to 1.30.
 The important reaction during the setting of the high alumina
cement (HAC) is the formation of monocalcium aluminate
decahydrate (CAH10), dicalcium aluminate octahydrate (C2AH8)
and alumina gel (AHn).
 These aluminates give high strength to HAC concrete but they are
not stable and at normal temperature convert gradually to
tricalcium alumina hexahydrate (C3AH6) and gibbsite which are
more stable.
 The change in composition is accompanised by a loss of strength
and by a change in crystal form from hexagonal to cubical form
with the release of water which results in increased porosity of
concrete.
Advantages of High Alumina Cement:
 With stand High temperature
 The initial setting time is 3 hours and final setting time of cement is 5 hours.
 It is highly resistants to even concentrated acids.
 It sets fast and it attains a strength of 40 N/mm2 in just one day and 50
N/mm2 in three days.
Disadvantages of High Alumina Cement:
 It is costly.
 It evolves great heat and thereby it is not used in mass construction.
 Moreover it should not get in contact with lime or ordinary PPC cement
because it’s power gets reduced.
 WHITE CEMENT

 OPC with pure white color produced with white chalk

or clay free from iron oxide.
 As iron oxide gives the grey colour to cement, it is
therefore necessary for white cement to keep the
content of iron oxide as low as possible.
 Instead of coal, oil fuel is used for burning.
USES
 Decorative work.
 Pre-cast cladding panels
 Prestige construction projects
 Sulphate Resisting Cement
 To remedy the sulphate attack, the use of cement with low C3A content is found
to be effective.
 Such cement with low C3A and comparatively low C4AF content is known as
Sulphate Resisting Cement.
 The specification generally limits the C3A content to 5 per cent.
 Tetracalcium Alumino Ferrite (C4AF) varies in Normal Portland Cement between
to 6 to12%. Since
 it is often not feasible to reduce the Al2O3 content of the raw material
 Fe2O3 may be added to the mix so that the C4AF content increases at the
expense of C3A. IS code limits
 the total content of C4AF and C3A, as follows.
2C3A + C4AF should not exceed 25%.
 Uses of Sulphate Resisting Cement
 Concrete to be used in marine condition.
 Concrete to be used in foundation and basement, where soil is infested with
sulphates.
 Concrete used for fabrication of pipes which are likely to be buried in marshy
region sulphate bearing soils.
 Concrete to be used in the construction of sewage treatment works.
 Portland Slag Cement
 Portland slag cement is obtained by mixing Portland cement clinker, gypsum and
granulated blast furnace slag in suitable proportions
 it has low heat of hydration and is relatively better resistant to chlorides, soils and
water containing excessive amount of sulphates or alkali metals, alumina and iron,
as well as, to acidic waters.
 Portland blast furnace slag cement in mortar or concrete is somewhat slower than
that of ordinary Portland cement during the first 28 days, but thereafter increases, so
that at 12 months the strength becomes close to or even exceeds those of Portland
cement.
USES of Portland Slag Cement or GGBS cement
 Reduced heat of hydration
 Refinement of pore structure
 Reduced permeability
 Increased resistance to chemical attack
 Quick Setting Cement
 The early setting property is brought out by reducing the gypsum content at the
time of clinker grinding.
 This cement is required to be mixed, placed and compacted very early. It is used
mostly in under water construction where pumping is involved.
 Use of quick setting cement in such conditions reduces the pumping time and
makes it economical.
 Quick setting cement may also find its use in some typical grouting operations.
Sulphur Sulphated Cement
 Super sulphated cement is manufactured by grinding together a mixture of 80-
85 percent granulated slag, 10-15 per cent hard burnt gypsum, and about 5 per
cent Portland cement clinker.
 Super-sulphated cement has a low heat of hydration of about 40-45 calories/gm
at 7 days and 45-50 at 28 days.
 This cement has high sulphate resistance.
 super-sulphated cement has more resistance than Portland blast furnace slag
cement to attack by sea water, it is also used in the marine works.
 Super-sulphated cement is recommended include the fabrication of reinforced
concrete pipes which are likely to be buried in sulphate bearing soils.
 Low Heat Cement
 hydration of cement is an exothermic action which produces large quantity of
heat during hydration.
 A low-heat evolution is achieved by reducing the contents of C3S and C3A
which are the compounds evolving the maximum heat of hydration and
increasing C2S.
 A reduction of temperature will retard the chemical action of hardening and so
further restrict the rate of evolution of heat.
 The rate of evolution of heat will, therefore, be less and evolution of heat will
extend over a longer period.
USES
 Large body structures
TESTING OF CEMENT
 FIELD TESTING

 LABORATORY TESTING
 Field Testing
 Open the bag and take a good look at the cement, then it should not contain any visible
lumps.

 Colour of cement should be greenish grey.

 When we touch the cement, it should give a smooth &not a gritty feeling.

 When we throw the cement on a bucket full of water before it sinks the particles should
flow.

 When we make a stiff paste of cement & cut it with sharp edges & kept on a glass plate
under water there wont be any disturbance to the shape& should get strength after 24hours.
 Laboratory Testing

 Fineness test
 Standard consistency test
 Setting time test
 Strength test
 Soundness test
 Heat of hydration test
 Specific Gravity of Cement
 Chemical composition test
 FINENESS OF CEMENT BY DRY SIEVING
(IS:4031-PART 1-1996)

 The fineness of cement has an important bearing on

the rate of hydration, rate of gain of strength, evolution
of heat.
 Finer cement offers greater surface area.
 Disadvantage of fine grinding is that it is susceptible to
air set & early deterioration.
 Maximum no. of particles in a sample of
cement<100microns. Fineness of cement is tested in
two ways.
 The smallest particle should have a size of 1.5microns. • By sieving.
 10% by weight must be greater than 50 microns. • By determination specific
 Particles greater than 90 microns must be very less. surface by air permeability
method.
Air Permeability Method

 By determination specific surface by air permeability method.

 Principle of air permeability method is in observing the time taken
for a fixed quantity of air to flow through compacted cement bed
of specified dimension and porosity.
 SOUNDNESS TEST

 It is very important that the cement after setting shall not

undergo any appreciable change of volume.
 This test is to ensure that the cement does not show any
subsequent expansions.
 The unsoundness in cement is due to the presence of excess
of lime combined with acidic oxide at the kiln.
 This is due to high proportion of magnesia & calcium sulphate.
 Therefore magnesia content in cement is limited to 6%.
 Standard Consistency Test
Normal Consistency of Cement
IS 4031 Part 4 - 1988
 To determine the quantity of water
required to produce a cement paste of
standard consistency
PLUNGER FOR STANDARD CONSISTANCY
 It is of polished brass 10 ± 0.05mm in
diameter with a projection at the upper
end for insertion into the movable rod.
The lower end is flat.
VICAT MOULD
Single mould: The vicat mould is in the form of a
frustum of a cone having an internal diameter
of 60+/-0.5mm at the top, 70 +/- 0.5mm at the
bottom and height 40 +/_ 0.5mm.
POINTS TO BE NOTED
1. The time of gauging should not be less
than 3 minutes and not more than 5 minutes.
Gauging time is the time elapsing from the
time of adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould.
2. The test should be conducted at room
temperature 27oC +/- 2oC
3. There should be no vibration on the
working table.
4. The plunger should be cleaned during
Vicat Appratus
 Initial and Final Setting Time
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
 Initial setting time is that time period
Temperature 27 ± 20 C
between the time water is added to
cement and time at which 1 mm square
section needle fails to penetrate the Relative Humidity 90 % (min)
cement paste, placed in the Vicat’s mould
5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the
PRECAUTIONS
mould.
•Release the initial and final setting time needles
gently.
•The experiment should be performed away from
 Final setting time is that time period
vibration and other disturbances.
between the time water is added to
•Needle should be cleaned every time it is used.
cement and the time at which 1 mm
•Position of the mould should be shifted slightly
needle makes an impression on the paste
after each penetration to avoid penetration at
in the mould but 5 mm attachment does
the same place.
not make any impression.
•Test should be performed at the specified
environmental conditions.
 Technical Discussion
 It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly.
 Setting should not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gain in mechanical
strength after the certain degree of resistance to the penetration of a special attachment
pressed into it.
 Setting time is the time required for stiffening of cement paste to a defined consistency.
 Indirectly related to the initial chemical reaction of cement with water to form aluminum-
silicate compound.
 Initial setting time is the time when the paste starts losing its plasticity.
 Initial setting time test is important for transportation, placing and compaction of cement
concrete.
 Initial setting time duration is required to delay the process of hydration or hardening.
 Final setting time is the time when the paste completely loses its plasticity.
 It is the time taken for the cement paste or cement concrete to harden sufficiently and attain
the shape of the mould in which it is cast.
 Determination of final setting time period facilitates safe removal of scaffolding or form.
 During this period of time primary chemical reaction of cement with water is almost
completed
1. If 1500 g of water is required to have a
2. The commonly used material in
cement paste 1875 g of normal
the manufacture of cement is
consistency, the percentage of water is,
A. sand stone
A. 20%
B. slate
B. 25%
C. lime stone
C. 30%
D. graphite.
D. 35%
E. 40%
4 . To obtain cement dry powder,
3 . Hydration of cement is due to lime stones and shales or their slurry,
chemical action of water with is burnt in a rotary kiln at a
A. Tricalcium silicate and temperature between
dicalcium silicate A. 1100° and 1200°C
B. Dicalcium silicate and B. 1200° and 1300°C
tricalcium aluminate C. 1300° and 1400°C
C. Tricalcium aluminate and D. 1400° and 1500°C
tricalcium alumino ferrite E. 1500° and 1600°C
D. All the above
 Pick up the correct proportions of chemical
TheQuiz
commonly used material ingredients of cement
in the manufacture of cement A. Lime : Silica : Alumina : Iron oxide : 63 :
is 22 : 6 : 3
A. sand stone B. Silica : Lime : Alumina : Iron oxide : 63 :
B. slate 22 : 6 : 3
C. lime stone C. Alumina : Silica : Lime : Iron oxide : 63 :
D. graphite. 22 : 6 : 3
D. Iron oxide : Alumina : Silica : Lime : 63 :
22 : 6 : 3
Vicat's apparatus is used for The rock which is not calcareous, is :
A. fineness test A. lime stone
B. consistency test B. macl
C. setting time test C. chalk
D. soundness test D. laterite
E. B and C. E. none of these.
 Addition of pozzolana to
Quiz causes
cement
For an ordinary Portland cement
A. residual does not exceed 10% when
A. reduction in
sieved through IS Sieve No. 9
permeability
B. soundness varies from 5 to 10 mm
B. loss of heat of
C. initial setting time is not less than 30
hydration
minutes
C. reduction in bleeding
D. compressive stress after 7 days, is not
D. increase in curing time
less than 175 kg/cm2
E. all the above.

Efflorescence in cement is
caused due to an excess of The diameter of the Vicat plunger is 10 mm
A. alumina and its length varies from
B. iron oxide A. 20 mm to 30 mm
C. silica B. 30 mm to 40 mm
D. alkalis C. 40 mm to 50 mm
E. magnesium oxide. D. 50 mm to 60 mm
 Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)
Quiz Portland cement
Ordinary
A. reacts fast with water
is manufactured from
B. generates less heat of hydration
A. lime stone and clay
C. causes initial setting and early strength
B. gypsum and lime
of cement
C. pozzolana
D. does not contribute to develop
D. lime, pozzolana and
ultimate strength
clay.

Gypsum is added for Di-calcium silicate (C2S)

A. colour A. hydrates rapidly
B. strength B. generates less heat of hydration
C. controlling setting time C. hardens rapidly
D. none of these. D. provides less ultimate strength to
cement