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The microorganisms used for working in microbial fuel cells

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DOI: 10.1063/1.5031979

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The microorganisms used for working in microbial fuel cells
E. Yu. Konovalova, D. I. Stom, G. O. Zhdanova, D. A. Yuriev, Youming Li, Lepakshi Barbora, and Pranab
Goswami

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1952, 020017 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5031979

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5031979
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1952/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics
The Microorganisms Used For Working In Microbial Fuel
Cells
E. Yu. Konovalova1, D. I. Stom2, а), G.O. Zhdanova1, D. A. Yuriev1,
Youming Li3, Dr. Lepakshi Barbora4 and Pranab Goswami4
1
Irkutsk State University (ISU), Irkutsk, Russia
2
Irkutsk National Research Technical University (INRTU), Irkutsk, Russia
3
State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
4
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

Corresponding author: а) stomd@mail.ru

Abstract. Investigated the use as biological object in microbial fuel cells (MFC) of various microorganisms
performing the transport of electrons in the processing of various substrates. Most MFC, uses complex substrates.
Such MFC filled with associations of microorganisms. The article deals with certain types of microorganisms for use
in the MFC, shows the characteristics of molecular electron transfer mechanisms microorganisms into the
environment.

Key words: Microbial fuel cells, microorganisms, electrogenic activity

INTRODUCTION
MFCs are devices that are designed to convert organic waste into electrical energy using microorganisms.
The production of electricity with the help of MFC is a more profitable process in comparison with the
processing of organic waste into biogas with the further receipt of electricity. This is due to the fact that
electricity is created directly in the MFC, without intermediate stages, while in thermal power plants it is
necessary to first burn the gas to generate electricity from gas, and then drive the motors and only after that there
will be an electric current, i.e. a significant amount of energy is lost at intermediate stages.
In addition to a clear advantage in the form of a high theoretically possible efficiency, MFCs are also devices
for neutralizing dangerous toxic compounds, up to polyaromatic compounds.
Currently much interest in MFC that can serve as a power source for implantable medical devices [1].
One of the interesting areas of MFC research is the use of them in life support systems, for example, on
space vehicles, submarines [2].
The high cost of electricity produced by the MFC, and in general of the device itself, is largely due to the
high price of proton exchange membranes. One of the directions in the development of MFC is the creation of
membrane-free devices [3]. Also, the influence of various factors on the output power of MFC, for example,
platinum spraying and cathode biofilm or the shape of the device itself [4; 5].

MICROORGANISMS USED FOR MFC

Most MFCs use wastewater as a power source. In open systems based on the sediment occurs selection
electrogenic communities. Such consortia in the anode chamber should have functions similar to the
communities of methanogenic anaerobic digesters, except that microorganisms capable of transferring electrons
to the electrode replace methanogens. Such microbiocenoses are called anodophilic (Anodophilic consortia) [6].
In systems in sediments from 50 to 90% of the microorganisms at the anode are G-Proteobacteria. To a lesser
extent Cytophagales (to 33%), Firmicutes (11.6%), J-Proteobacteria (9-10%) [7]. This fact indicates that the
uniqueness of the community in open systems depends on the type of sediment. For example, freshwater
microorganisms from Geobacteraceae are responsible for freshwater sediments. On the other hand, the high

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Materials and Applied Science

AIP Conf. Proc. 1952, 020017-1–020017-10; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5031979
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1647-5/$30.00

020017-1
representation of Geobacteraceae (G-Proteobacteria) in anodophilous communities with different types of
substrates (bottom sediments) is not surprising. Geobacteraceae are the predominant microorganisms in various
sedimentary environments in which the reduction of Fe (III) oxide is the main terminal electron-acceptor
process.
It has been revealed that the composition of microorganisms in open systems can also be influenced by
various mediator substances capable of transferring electrons from bacteria to electrodes. The use of exogenous
electron carriers is not always justified in open systems. The addition of some extracellular quinones, such as
humic substances and their synthetic analogues (for example, anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate (AQDS)), which is
known to enhance the transfer of electrons between Geobacteraceae and insoluble Fe (III) oxides causes
changes in the composition of microbial communities associated with the anodes [7].
In 2010, Barua P. K. and Deka D. found that the voltage generated in the MFC is linearly decreasing in time.
A mixture of biowaste can actually lead to more generation of the recovered current than any one-component
MFC [8]. In MFC working on complex substrates and wastewater, biofilm is formed on the anode, containing,
in addition to well-known electrogenes (Geobacter, Shewanella), a complex association of microorganisms. A
sufficiently wide range of microorganisms can transfer electrons to the electrode, including representatives of
the families Geobacteraceae, Alteromonadaceae, Clostridiaceae. The microorganisms found in the association
may not participate in the direct transfer of electrons to the electrode, but rather be symbionts of the electrogenes
in this association [9].
The composition of microorganisms inoculated from such a complex substrate as wastewater varies
depending on many factors: the substrate used, the culture method (batch or flow); anaerobic conditions and
severity of the conditions even in the cathode chamber. For the analysis of populations in such systems,
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes is used and sequencing of
dominant bands is used. When inoculated with wastewater, when starch is used as a substrate, in the batch
process with an aerated cathode in the anode chamber, the following relationship is established: 36% of
unidentified clones, 25% of β- and 20% of α-Proteobacteria, 19% of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and Bacteroides.
In the same system, but with acetate as substrate, the composition of the community changes: 24% - α-; 7% - β-;
21% - J- and 21% - G-Proteobacteria and 27% other types. If a cathode with a ferricyanide applied to its surface
was used in a similar system, the dominance of Gram-positive bacteria of Brevibacillus agri, representatives of
Fermicutes, was recorded in the anode chamber [10].
The literature describes a relatively small number of cases of gram-positive bacteria in MFC – Clostridium
butyricum EG3, Thermincola ferriacetica, Saccharomyces sp., Sarcina lutea, Clostridium beijerinckii, Bacillus
cereus, Corynebacterium sp., Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus subtilis and other [11 - 21].
Gram-negative microorganisms used in MFC are presented Bacillus violaceus, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas methanica, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Geobacter
sulfurreducens, Methylovorus dichloromethanicum, Methylovorus mays, Shewanella putrefaciens, Geobacter
metallireducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella affinis, Ochrobactrum sp.,
Gluconobacter oxydans, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas
pseudoalcaligenes , Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Klebsiella pneumonae [2; 6; 10 - 14; 17 - 20; 22 - 39].
Microorganisms-electrogenes are able to utilize a wide range of substrates, depending on the species. Thus,
the generation of an electric current by the bacteria Thermincola ferriacetica, Escherichia coli, Desulfuromonas
acetoxidans, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Bacillus subtilis in MFC using as a substrate acetate [6; 15; 19; 27; 30-
31; 40]. Klebsiella pneumonae uses lactose [34], and the strain Corynebacterium sp. utilizes a wide range of
substrates, from organic acids to sugars and alcohols [41].
Lovley D.R. with colleagues in his work (1993) showed that the strain Geobacter metallireducens is capable
of oxidizing aromatic compounds, for example, benzoate and toluene. Thus, when Geobacter metallireducens
was inoculated into the MFC cell and 0.48 mM benzoate was added, the whole benzoate was oxidized to CO 2,
and 84% of the electrons were reduced at the electrode [31].
For many species, the ability to produce a current in the presence of glucose as a substrate – Saccharomyces
sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Rhodoferax
ferrireducens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas
pseudoalcaligenes, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus subtilis [6; 14; 16; 18; 19;
22 - 23; 28; 32; 33; 42 - 44].
Another work in this area is the use of a pure B. subtilis culture for the operation of MFC, in which the
substrate was glycerol [45].
Also known are thermophilic strains of B. licheniformis and B. thermoglucosidasius involved as bioobjects
in MFC [28].
Based on the conditions that are created in the anode chamber (the absence of oxygen), either anaerobic or
facultative anaerobic microorganisms can work there. Anaerobes include Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter
metallireducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Enterobacter sp.

020017-2
[2; 16; 27-29; 33; 38; 40]. Facultative anaerobes presented Bacillus violaceus, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces
sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sarcina lutea, Proteus vulgaris, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, Shewanella
putrefaciens, Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella affinis, Bacillus cereus, Ochrobactrum sp., Klebsiella oxytoca,
Klebsiella pneumonae [4; 6; 10; 17; 18; 20; 24; 30 - 34; 36; 43 - 44; 46]. In earlier studies, aerobes were used as
an electrogen – Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas methanica [18; 38], continuing to work with them and
now Methylovorus dichloromethanicum, Methylovorus mays, Gluconobacter oxydans, Pseudomonas
mendocina, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus
subtilis [14; 19; 22; 23; 25; 42].
The maximum current density achieved so far (4.3 W / m2) is obtained by a mixed culture in a batch mode.
The population is enriched by facultative anaerobes (Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterococcus gallinarum), capable of
hydrogen production, and contains a complex mixture of bacteria: Firmicutes, J-, β-, and α-Proteobacteria. In
addition, the system was attended by colored electron carriers such as piocyanines produced by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa [47].
Not all bacteria in the population participate in the transfer of electrons to the electrode, since the
composition of the association of bacteria in the anode chamber depends on the type of substrate used [9].
A review of Indian researchers examines microorganisms used in MFC as biocatalysts, not only such species
as S. oneidensis, S. putrefaciens, G. sulfurreducens, but also species of the genus Pseudomonas, Paracoccus
denitrificans, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus subtilis [14; 19; 48].

MECHANISMS FOR ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN MFC

Direct electronic transfer. It has been established that certain types of bacteria in MFC, of which metal-
reducing are the most important, can directly transfer electrons to the anode. Metal- reducing bacteria such as
Geobacter sulfurreducens, Rhodoferax ferrireducens and Shewanella putrefaciens are found in the sediments
where they use insoluble electron acceptors, for example iron (III) oxide or manganese (IV) oxide. Specific
cytochromes on the outer side of the cell membrane make these bacteria electrochemically active. The role of
the final electron acceptor can be played by the MFC anode [37; 49].
Some strains of Geobacter and Shewanella can create electronically conducting molecular peels (nanowires)
that allow the microorganism to use more remote solid electronic acceptors [49; 50].
Mediator electronic transfer. In most cases, microorganisms are electrochemically inactive and cannot
directly transfer electrons to the electrode. In this case, soluble substances known as redox mediators can be
used that facilitate electronic transport. To ensure effective transfer of electrons from the microorganism to the
anode, the mediators must satisfy a number of special requirements: to ensure fast and reversible transfer of
electrons from the biocatalyst to the electrode; have an oxidation-reduction potential close to the potential of the
biocatalyst; should be chemically stable [41].
Electrochemically active microorganisms in MFC are able to produce their own mediator connections under
certain conditions, which can be involved in extracellular electron transfer processes. This can happen in two
ways: by producing secondary and primary metabolites [48; 52].
Secondary metabolites (endogenous mediators) are redox active substances and serve as reversible final
electron acceptors that transport electrons from a bacterial cell to a solid oxidant (anode of MFC) or to aerobic
layers of biofilm where they are oxidized and can again participate in redox processes. Primary metabolites, for
example sulphide or hydrogen, also serve as redox mediators.

CONCLUSION
The possibility of using certain types of microorganisms in MFC, their cultural properties and various
substrates used as food, shows the characteristics of molecular mechanisms of electron transfer to the external
environment. Data on the composition of the microbiocenosis associated with the anode, the voltage and current
produced by these microorganisms are analyzed. The search, research and use of energy-efficient strains in the
MFC is one of the promising developments of alternative energy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND SUPPORT

The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project
RFMEFI58317X0060 «Bioremediation and bioconversion of waste with the help of complex photosynthetic
organisms and heterotrophic in aerobic and anaerobic conditions with generating of bioenergy»).

020017-3
 TABLE 1. Microorganisms used to work in MFC

Electrodes -
Year Substrate /
Microorganisms Gram Type of amperage, mA anode/cathode
of the carbon Voltage, V (Method) Authors
used in MFC +/- breath resistance, Ω (and surface area, if
article source
indicated, cm2)
E.Yu.
facultative Model maximally per cell
Bacillus cereus 2015 + without resistance silicon carbide Konovalova [et
anaerobic sewage 0.463 V
al.]
glucose, glucose – 0.298 V, glucose – 2.14 mA, Sharma Suresh
sucrose, sucrose – 0.207 V, sucrose – 1.01 mA, K. and
Bacillus subtilis 2012 + aerobe nickel plate
starch, starch – 0.170 V, starch – 0.70 mA, Bulchandani
acetate acetate – 0.166 V acetate – 0.72 mA B.D.
the medium used is not
facultative
Bacillus violaceus 1912 - asparagine suitable for bacterial - platinum M.C. Potter
anaerobic
growth

Glucose – 1.33 mA×cm-2;

platinum wire or
Clostridium obligate glucose, maximally per cell Lactate – 0.7 mA×cm-2;
2004 + graphite rod; platinized J. Niessen [et al.]
beijerinckii anaerobic starch 0.759 V Starch – 0.8(1) mA×cm-2;

020017-4
graphite cloth
maximally per cell 120 mA

Glucose – 1.1 mA×cm-2; platinum wire or

Clostridium obligate glucose, maximally per cell
2004 + Starch – 1.3 mA×cm-2; graphite rod; platinized J. Niessen [et al.]
butyricum anaerobic starch 0.473 V
maximally per cell 30 mA graphite cloth

Desulfuromonas facultative sodium D. R. Bond [et

2002 - - 0.45 mA (500 Ω) graphite
acetoxidans anaerobic acetate al.]
5 оС – 0.4 V 5 оС – 5×103 mA
anode - carbon brush,
Enterobacter sp. 2016 - anaerobic wastewater 10оС – 0.39 V 10оС – 3×103 mA O. Tkach [et al.]
cathode - carbon paper
25 оС – 0.4 V 25 оС – 4×103 mA
glucose, glucose – 0.307 V, glucose – 2.05 mA, Sharma Suresh
facultative sucrose, sucrose – 0.248 V, sucrose – 1.57 mA, K. and
Escherichia coli 2012 - nickel plate
anaerobic starch, starch – 0.203 V, starch – 1.11 mA, Bulchandani
acetate acetate – 0.187 V acetate – 1.49 mA B.D.
 Electrodes -
Year Substrate /
Microorganisms Gram Type of amperage, mA anode/cathode
of the carbon Voltage, V (Method) Authors
used in MFC +/- breath resistance, Ω (and surface area, if
article source
indicated, cm2)
0.308 V (asparagine)
facultative asparagine, 30°С
Escherichia coli 1912 - - platinum M. C. Potter
anaerobic starch 0.349 V (starch) 30°С
0.534 V (starch) 20°С
facultative 0.18 mA/cm2 (short circuit glassy carbon (12,5
Escherichia coli 1966 - glucose 0.53 V (0.30 at 10 kΩ) M. J. Allen
anaerobic changes) cm2)

facultative D. H. Park [et

Escherichia coli 1997 - acetate 0.25 V 1.4×10-3 mA/cm2 graphite (100 cm2)
anaerobic al.]

anode - porousgraphite
facultative 1 mA Е.В. Кузьмичева
Escherichia coli 2007 - glucose 1.3 V (7,5 cm2),
anaerobic 10 mA [и др.]
catode - lead dioxide
aromatic
Geobacter compounds( D. R. Bond [et
2002 - anaerobic 0.2 V graphite
metallireducens benzoate, al.]

020017-5
toluene)
D. R. Bond, D.
Geobacter obligate R. Lovley;
2002 - acetate 0.47 V 0.4 mA unpolished graphite
sulfurreducens anaerobic P. Vandevivere,
W. Verstraete
sodium
Geobacter obligate 0.537 mA±0.124; 688
2008 - dihydrogen - gold H. Richter [et al.]
sulfurreducens anaerobic mA/m2
phosphate
Geobacter obligate Mineral 24.33 mA/m3, at external
2011 - - carbon cloth F. Du [et al.]
sulfurreducens anaerobic solution resistance 5000 Ω.
Gluconobacter thermally expanded Р.Г. Василов [и
2013 - aerobe glucose 0.360 V 0.06 mA
oxydans graphite др.]
Gluconobacter thermally expanded А.Е. Китова [и
2014 - aerobe ethanol 0.160 V -
oxydans graphite др.]
Gluconobacter thermally expanded В.А. Алферов [и
2014 - aerobe ethanol 0.120 V -
oxydans graphite др.]
 Electrodes -
Year Substrate /
Microorganisms Gram Type of amperage, mA anode/cathode
of the carbon Voltage, V (Method) Authors
used in MFC +/- breath resistance, Ω (and surface area, if
article source
indicated, cm2)
Palm oil mill
facultative
Klebsiella oxytocf 2016 - effluent 0.207 V 80 mA/m2 carbon paper A. Islam [et al.]
anaerobic
(POME)
Klebsiella facultative A. D. Dalvi [et
2011 - lactose 0.453 V - carbon
pneumonae anaerobic al.]
Methylovorus С. В. Алферов
2011 - aerobe methanol 0.250 V - graphite rods (3 cm2)
dichloromethanicum [и др]
С. В. Алферов
Methylovorus mays 2011 - aerobe methanol 0.140 V - graphite rods (3 cm2)
[и др]
synthetic 0.180 V (at resistance 33 В. К. Ильин [и
Ochrobactrum sp. 2012 - anaerobic 200×10-3 mA graphite
medium kΩ) др.]
Paenibacillus lautus 2015 + aerobe glucose 0.727 V 22.68 mA/cm2 graphite cloth S. Kumari [et al.]

facultative glass-carbon mesh (800 G. M. Delaney

Proteus vulgaris 1984 - glucose 0.35 V 3.5 mA (100 Ω)
anaerobic cm2) [et al.]

020017-6
facultative D. H. Park, J. G.
Proteus vulgaris 2000 - sucrose 0.35 V 3.5 mA (100 Ω) carbon
anaerobic Zeikus

facultative D. H. Park [et

Proteus vulgaris 2000 - sucrose 0.75 V 0.45 mA (1000 Ω) graphite
anaerobic al.]
7.72×103 mA/s (without
glucose)
33.4×103 mA/s (25 μmol
glucose) glassy carbon grid(35 х
facultative 21.7×103 mA/s (10 μmol 50 х 7 mm) C. F. Thurston
Proteus vulgaris 1985 - glucose -
anaerobic glucose) cathode platinum foil [et al.]
resistance 100 Ω (10 х 40 mm)
14.4×103 mA/s (10 μmol
glucose, cell is flat,
resistanceе 560 Ω)
 Electrodes -
Year Substrate /
Microorganisms Gram Type of amperage, mA anode/cathode
of the carbon Voltage, V (Method) Authors
used in MFC +/- breath resistance, Ω (and surface area, if
article source
indicated, cm2)
Pseudomonas
2015 - aerobe glucose 0.627 V 19.68 mA/cm2 graphite cloth S. Kumari [et al.]
mendocina
20-30 °С – the medium
Pseudomonas obligate
1912 - asparagine used is not suitable for - platinum electrodes M. C. Potter
fluorescens anaerobic
bacterial growth
Pseudomonas platinum electrodes H. P. Bennetto
1985 - aerobe methane 0.6 V 2.5×10-3 mA/cm2
methanica (12,6 cm2) [et al.]
Pseudomonas
2015 - aerobe glucose 0.368 V 11.4 mA/cm2 graphite cloth S. Kumari [et al.]
pseudoalcaligenes
glucose – 0.2 mA;
glucose, glucose – 0.48 mA;
Rhodoferax sucrose, sucrose – 0.46 mA; graphite rods, graphite S. K. Chaudhuri,
2003 - anaerobic -
ferrireducens fructose, fructose – 0.54 mA; foam, graphite cloth D. R. Lovley
xylose xylose – 0.54 mA;
glucose – 0.59 mA
Sharma Suresh

020017-7
glucose, glucose – 0.183 V, glucose – 0.65 mA,
Saccharomyces facultative K. and
2012 + sucrose, sucrose – 0.170 V, sucrose – 0.64 mA, nickel plate
cerevisiae anaerobic Bulchandani
starch starch – 0.125 V starch – 0.24 mA
B.D.
Saccharomyces facultative M. Rahimnejad
2012 + glucose - - -
cerevisiae anaerobic [et al.]
5% – 0.31 V
10% – 0.25 V
facultative 20% – 0.32 V
Saccharomyces sp. 1912 + glucose - platinum electrodes M. C. Potter
anaerobic 30% – 0.26 V
40% – 0.18 V
50% – 0.08 V
20-30 °С – the medium
facultative
Sarcina lutea 1912 + asparagine used is not suitable for - platinum electrodes M. C. Potter
anaerobic
bacterial growth
 Electrodes -
Year Substrate /
Microorganisms Gram Type of amperage, mA anode/cathode
of the carbon Voltage, V (Method) Authors
used in MFC +/- breath resistance, Ω (and surface area, if
article source
indicated, cm2)
solution of
facultative mineral 0.033 V/m2 (at resistance graphite cathode on B. E. Logan [et
Shewanella affinis 2005 - -
anaerobic salts, 1 kΩ) platinum wire al.]
Cysteine
0.22 mA (1000 Ω); 1 mA
Shewanella facultative graphite cloth +
2003 - wastewater - (10 Ω); 1.35 mA G. C. Gil [et al.]
oneidensis anaerobic platinum grid
(phosphates + NaCl)
Shewanella facultative synthetic 0.50 V (at resistance 33 В. К. Ильин [и
2012 - 200×10-3 mA graphite
oneidensis anaerobic medium kΩ) др.]
phosphate
Shewanella facultative graphite cloth +
2002 - buffer with 0.72 V 0.04 mA H. J. Kim [et al.]
putrefaciens anaerobic platinum grid
NaCl
Stenotrophomonas
2015 - aerobe glucose 0.445 V 13.93 mA/cm2 graphite cloth S. Kumari [et al.]
acidaminiphila

020017-8
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