Hydrography is a branch of applied sciences which Bearing in navigation is the direction of one object Major component of tides : amplitude,
amplitude, period, approximation of the distance between a satellite &
deals with the measurement & description of the sea
& coastal areas Application @Coastal: tourism,
ports, natural hazards, real estate, sport, fisheries,
environment, farming Application @Offshore: non
living resources (gas, oil, mineral), maritime
delimitation (Territorial Sea 12 mil, Contiguous Sea
200 m, Exclusive Economic Zone 200 mil), living
resources, cable/pipe laying (communication,
oil/gas, sewage system), dumping areas (material
from dredging, sewage system), scientific research
Nautical Chart is a graph represents maritime area
& adjacent coastal regions (depth, bathymetric,
hydrograph) Publication : INT (IHO/ International
Hydrogra-phic Organisation/ Monaco) ; Indonesia
(DISHIDROS/ Dinas Hidro Oseanografi/ TNI-AL)
Datum : A set of reference points on the earth’s
surface against which position measurements are
made Horizontal Datum (World Geodetic System
’84) : Latitude (N & S) & Longitude (W & E) Vertical
Datum (Altitude) : Onshore (Mean Sea Level) &
Offshore (Low Water Spring) MSL affected by
metonic cyle (18,6 yrs) which sun, moon and earth
are in one line/ repeated Strength : Spring > Neap
 Cylindrical Projection : free distortion in the
middle, poles’d b stretched Tangent Case : best for
tropic zone Secant Case : best for subtropic zone
Gnomonic : a light source positioned at the centre
of the globe, best for equator, poles can’t b
represented Orthographic: A light source is in an
infinite distance from the projection surface
Mercator / Atlas : conformal (scale constant in all
directions), identical to the corresponding angles in
nature, designed for use in navigation Conical
Projection : free distortion in the middle latitude and
countries that fall within those regions Azimuthal
Projection : Free distortion at poles Case Projection
: Conventional (normal & easiest fashion), Transverse
(shifted 90o), Oblique (shifted by lesser amount)
Robinson Projection : Elliptical in shape, shows the
entire world in a single plane, poles’re depicted as
lines instead of dots Graticule : Lat&Long Webbing
Compass : an instrument containing a freely
suspended magnetic element which displays the
direction of the horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field at the point of observation Compass
Rose: Inner circle (magnetic north/ compass) & Outer
circle (true north/ GPS) ; the difference of magnetic
and true north called magnetic variation True north
: where the axis of rotation passes through 
Magnetic pole coordinate : 82,7oN & 114.4oW 
from another (measurement : clockwise from north)
 Isogonic lines : imaginary line or a line on a map
joining points on the earth’s surface at which the
magnetic declination is the same  Agonic lines :
imaginary line on the earth’s surface connecting the
north and the south magnetic poles & passing
through those points where there is no magnetic
declination (true north)  Gyro compass used in
ships Universal Transverse Mercator (x,y,z) : grid
based method, 60 zones, N=84o S=80o W=180o
E=180o Lat&Long : degrees, minutes, seconds
Triangulation: pict Trilateration : measuring sides
Traverse : pict Indonesia : Lat (12oS & 6oN) Long
(90oE & 141oE) Flood current : the portion of the
tide between low water & the following high water,
to the shore Ebb current : The portion of the tide
between high water & the following low water, to the
ocean Revolution : Earth revolves the sun for about
1 year Rotation : Earth rotates on its axis for about
1 day Revolution of moon : Moon orbits the earth
for about 1 month because of earth’s gravity F
Earth&Moon > F Earth&Sun because of the distance
F Earth&Moon caused semi-diurnal tide in 24,8 hrs
The effect of semi-diurnal will be less in the zone
far from equator Classification of tides :
astronomical & storm surge (wind tide/ effect of the
wind blowing for a long period in the same direction,
barometric) Astronomical tides caused by F
Moon&Sun Neap tides : lower, sun&moon 90o
apart Spring tides : higher, sun&earth&moon in
one line, @full moon or new moon Neaps & Springs
happen on 1 lunar month/ 29 days Low tides in one
lunar day : 6,18 High tides in one lunar day: 12,24
Tides > Average in perihelion (Jan 2nd) & perigee
Tides < Average in aphelion (July,2nd) & apogee
Diurnal : 1 high + 1 low Semi-diurnal : 2 high + 2
low in equal size Mixed semi-diurnal : 2 high + 2 low
in different size *)/lunar day Tidal streams :
oscillating current produced by changing water depth
due to tides Inter tidal zone : the strip of the sea
shore that is submerged at high tide & exposed at low
tide Drying height: heights of the exposed seabed
at the LAT Slack water/tide: flow reverse when
water reaches its highest level & stops at high tide
and tidal current also cease that happen near high
and low water (scuba divers and sailor love this!)
Lunar day : 24hr 50 mins Solar day: 24 hr Tide
table : used for tidal prediction & shows the daily
times & height of high water & low water for a
particular location Interval spring & neap : 7 days
frequency, phase F = (k1+O1)/(m2+s2) ; 0 s/d 2.5 =
semi-diurnal, 0.25 s/d 1.5 = mixed semi-diurnal, 1.5
s/d 3 = mixed diurnal, >3 = diurnal Moon facts :
radius= 1,737km; mass= 7,35x1022 kg; density= 3,4
g/cm3; rotational period= 27,32d; orbital period=
27,32d; distance from earth= 384,400km Earth
facts : radius= 6,378km; equator inclination= 23.5o;
mass= 5,97x1024 kg; density= 5,5 g/cm3; rotational
period= 0,997d; orbital period= 1 yr; distance from
sun= 149,6M km Sextant : basic instrument for
measuring altitude or elevation angle to celestial
bodies Global Positioning System: developed by
U.S. Army that utilizing a constellation of at least 24
medium earth orbit satellites that transmit precise
microwave signals Global Navigation Satellite
System : GPS, GLONASS (Rusia), Galileo (Europe
Union), QZSS (Japan) GPS used to determine
location, speed, direction & time Precise
Positioning System: only authorized users Standard
Positioning System: for civil users, without charge,
but the accuracy is degraded by Selective Availability
that removed on May 2000 Geo-XT: mostly used for
Global Information System Garmin: mostly used for
recreational purposes Distance=travel time x c
which c=3x108 m/s GPS Application : aircraft
control, survey, vessel control, leisure, agriculture,
fishery, cattle management, timing, meteorological
obser- vation, crime prevention 24 satellites in 6
orbital planes so there’s 4 satellites in each plane
which the 4th satellites used to determine the true
pointMethods of data collection: autonomous (10-
20 m), differential (2-5 m), phase differential (cm)
Variables that affected the accuracy of GPS: time
spent on measurement, design of receiver,
postprocessing, relative positions of satellites/
Dilution of Precision Wide Area Augmentation
System : provide free GPS differential correction
data, developed & operated by the Federal Aviation
Administration for flight navigation, in most location
in US and southern Canada Source of error:
multipath (when GPS signals arrive at the receiver
having traveled different paths), Position Dilution of
Precision (Good : spread), Signal to Noise Ratio
(determines the signal strength relative to noise, if
the SNR of one or more satellites in the conste-llation
falls below certain range then the accuracy will b
degraded), Clock Error, Ionospheric (charged
particles) Delay, Tropospheric (clouds, moisture)
Delay, Orbit errors (errors in the estimates of the
satellite coordinates) Pseudo-range :
a GNSS receiver Radio wave of military GPS < civil
GPS so that the wave length is bigger Segment of
GPS : user, space and monitor Main contents of GPS
Message: Ephemerics (precise orbit elements), Clock
Correction Coefficient (difference from GPS time),
Ionospheric Delay, Almanac (approximate orbit
elements for other satellites) Segment of GPS :
Space Segment for signal transmission; Control
Segment (Monitor, Master, Back-Up) for observing
GPS satellites, orbit dtermination, message
preparation and control GPS satellites; User Segment
at land, marine, aviation, space IN REAL LIFE:
Master (Falcon AFB Colorado Springs) & Monitor
(Hawaii, Ascension, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein)
Altitude reference : Ellipsoid (a smooth,
mathematically defined model of the earth’s
surface), Geoid (A surface of equal gravitational pull
best fitting the average sea surface over the whole
globe) GPS Time : International Atomic Time
(delayed 19s) & UTC/ Coordinated Universal Time
(delayed 13s) Gravity is high at land and geoid is
high at ocean GPS Signal : radio wave that
continuously transmitted from GPS satellite to GPS
receiver that measured to find the range pls
navigation message Finding location with GPS :
receiver measures the time it takes for signals sent
from different satellites (e.g. A,B,C) then receiver
triangulates an exact position in lat&long with
satellites D determine the altitude Differential-GPS
: used in hydrographic surveying to accurately
determine the position of seabed features
Common monitoring parameters in D-GPS : power
level/ signal to noise ratio of the broadcasting signal,
age of the correction data, positional accuracy)
Modes of GPS Position : Absolute & Differential
(With Reference Station), RTK-System (pls Rover) In
bathymetry measurement, z obtained from the GPS
won’t b used so z from echo sounder will b used
instead Almanac Parameter : Ω (rectascention of
ascending node), I (inclination), w (argument of
perigee), a (semi-major axis), e (eccentricity), v (true
anomally) Ship needs local expert (the pilot) who
knows detailed of the particular waterway to guide
the ship appropriately because actually every harbor
has its own pattern of currents, changing tides,
shallow waters, etc. e.g. what route to take, what
changes need to be made during ship’s routine
manoeuvring while entering or leaving a port, who
can navigate the ship safely without any loss (in help
to protecting the marine life and habitat) Mercator
projection is widely used for navigation at the sea bcs
that kind of projection is come with practical scale so
it becomes a usable tool for navigation To covering
the northernmost land on earth, the last latitude
band must be extended about 4 more degrees
Times of the tidal events in a day are constantly
changing bcs lunar month is one day earlier (29dys 12
hrs 44min) than solar month so the tidal cycle moves
back by about 50 minutes each dayTimes to send
diver in the water When the moon isn’t full because
the tides tend to be moderate since the moon and
the sun are sitting at right angles canceling each
other’s pull Geometric-DOP:we can estimate
satellite conditions for a given location and time.
Position-DOP:we can estimate position error
caused by satellite geometry by combination of both
the horizontal and vertical components An ideal
GDOP has one satellite directly overhead with an
abundance of additional satellites spaced evenly
around the sky, not clustered GPS Correction: Diff-
GPS (correct the data in real time), WAAS/ Wide Area
Augmentation System (each station relays the data
to one of two wide-area master stations, which
compute correction information for specific
geographical areas); L-Band (the data from satellites
downloaded by L-Band frequency because some
areas could only receive correction information from
commercial satellite service providers over L-band
frequencies); Postprocessing (used to correct the
data days, weeks, months after the data has been
collected)Differential GPS : involves the coope-
ration of 2 receivers, one that’s stationary and
another that’s roving around making position
measurements. What make this system is differ to
common GPS system is this DGPS can eliminate all
errors that are common to both the reference
receiver and the roving receiver (except multipath
errors)RTK & WAAS : satellites based correction
source that utilizes ground stations to generate a
correction and broadcast it via a radio signal but even
so, RTK is more accurate than WAAS because the
ground station is located in the same location as the
user so the area only within miles of the rover