ME - 312

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Arranged By
PROF. DR. ASAD NAEEM SHAH
anaeems@uet.edu.pk
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
(H. Es.)
The devices or systems in which heat is transferred from one
flowing fluid to another.
Part 3
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD
 When the inlet or exit temperatures are to be evaluated
for a given heat exchanger, the analysis is performed
more easily by utilizing a method based on the
effectiveness of the H.E in transferring a given amount of
heat.
 The effectiveness method also facilitates for the
comparison between various types of heat exchangers to
be selected to accomplish a particular (suitable) H.T
objective.
 Effectiveness of a H.E is defined as:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻. 𝑇
𝜖=
𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻. 𝑇
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 The actual H.T may be computed by calculating either the
energy lost by the hot fluid or the energy gained by the
cold fluid, i.e.

𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 → (1)

where 𝐶ℎ = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐ℎ & 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
 To determine the maximum possible H.T for the
exchanger, one of the fluids has to undergo a temperature
change equal to the maximum temperature difference
present in the exchanger, which is the difference in the
entering temperatures for the hot and cold fluids.
 The fluid that might undergo this maximum temperature
difference is the one having the minimum value of capacity
rate i.e. 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 𝑚𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 So, maximum possible heat transfer is expressed as:

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛 → (2)

 The minimum fluid may be either the hot or cold fluid,

depending on the product of mass-flow rates and specific
heats.
 Parallel Flow H.E:
 If the hot fluid is the minimum fluid, then:

𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2

𝜖ℎ = = = →→ (3)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 From LMTD article (for parallel flow H.E), we have
∆𝑇2 𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
𝑙𝑛 = ln = −𝑈𝐴 + → (4)
∆𝑇1 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐
𝑈𝐴
 But, = 𝑁𝑇𝑈,
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
where NTU = number of transfer units which is, no doubt,
maximum
 Eqn. (4) leads to:
∆𝑇2 𝐶ℎ
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 + = −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 + 𝐶𝑟
∆𝑇1 𝐶𝑐
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶ℎ
where 𝐶𝑟 = = = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑐
∆𝑇2
= 𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1+𝐶𝑟 → (𝐴)
∆𝑇1
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 Now rearranging the L.H.S of the eqn. (A):

∆𝑇2 𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇ℎ1 + 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2

= = → (5)
∆𝑇1 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1
 As we have 𝑞 = 𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1

𝑇𝑐2 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 + 𝑇𝑐1 → (6)

 Putting eqn. (6) into eqn. (5):

∆𝑇2 𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇ℎ1 + 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝐶𝑟 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐1

=
∆𝑇1 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1
∆𝑇2 −(𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ) + (𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 ) − 𝐶𝑟 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2
=
∆𝑇1 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

∆𝑇2
= 1 − 𝜖(1 + 𝐶𝑟 ) → (𝐵)
∆𝑇1

 Comparison of eqns. (A) & (B) will lead to:

𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1+𝐶𝑟 = 1 − 𝜖(1 + 𝐶𝑟 )

1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 + 𝐶𝑟
𝜖=
1 + 𝐶𝑟
which is the required expression in terms of ∈ −𝑁𝑇𝑈 for
parallel flow H.E.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

Counter Flow H.E:

 From previous article (In case of LMTD for counter flow
H.E), we have:
𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑈𝐴 −
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐

𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 −
𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ

𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 1 1
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 − → (𝑋)
𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 Since effectiveness is given as:

𝐶ℎ 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 𝐶𝑐 𝑇𝑐1 − 𝑇𝑐2

𝜖= =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2

 Thus outlet temperatures are given as:

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ2 = 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 → (7)
𝐶ℎ
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑐1 = 𝑇𝑐2 + 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 → (8)
𝐶𝑐
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.

 Putting eqns. (7) & (8) in eqn. (X):

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 1 1
𝐶𝑐
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝜖 − 𝑇𝑐2
𝐶ℎ

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 1
1− 𝜖 = 1− 𝜖 × 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ

1 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝜖= → (𝑌)
1 1 1 1
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 If 𝐶𝑐 is assumed to be minimum, eqn. (Y) leads to:

1 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑈𝐴 −
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
𝜖=
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶 −𝑈𝐴 𝐶
1 − 𝑐 . 𝑒𝑥𝑝 1− 𝑐
𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ 𝐶𝑐 𝐶ℎ
 As 𝐶𝑐 < 𝐶ℎ i.e. 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 & 𝐶ℎ = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝐴 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
Also = 𝑁𝑇𝑈 & = 𝐶𝑟
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥

1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 − 𝐶𝑟
∴𝜖=
1 − 𝐶𝑟 . 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑁𝑇𝑈 1 − 𝐶𝑟
Now if 𝐶ℎ in eqn. (Y) is assumed to be minimum, same result
will be obtained.
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
Key Findings:
o Phase Change: Boiling & Condensation cases.
𝑑ℎ
As 𝐶𝑃 = , But dT = 0
𝐶𝑃 = ∞
𝑑𝑇
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = =0
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝝐 = 𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑵𝑻𝑼 (Both for parallel & counter flow H. Es)

o Equal Capacity rates: A case of gas turbine recuperator.

 As both the fluids have same capacity rates, 𝐶𝑟 = 1
 In case of parallel flow H.E:
1 − 𝑒 −2𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜖=
2
𝝐𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎%
 EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 In case of Counter flow H.E effectiveness is, however,
indeterminate, thus:
𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜖 = lim
𝐶𝑟 →1 1 + 𝐶𝑟 𝑁𝑇𝑈

𝑵𝑻𝑼
𝝐=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝑻𝑼
 Graphs of 𝛜 Vs. 𝐍𝐓𝐔 parameters are available for various
H.E configuration.
 The curves indicate the relationship among
• Effectiveness (𝜖)
• Capacity ratio (𝐶𝑟 )
• NTU
EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD Cont.
 HOME ASSIGNMENT

Examples: 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.10 & 10.14

Problems: 10.8, 10.11,10.16, 10.23, 10.26,

10.45, 10.55 & 10.59
Thanks