MECHANICAL

EQUIPMENT OF
BUILDING
 CONVEYORS AND OTHER BUILDING
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS

ELEVATOR – type of vertical transport

equipment that efficiently moves
people or goods between floors of a
building, vessel or other structure.
- generally powered by electric motors
that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.
TYPES OF ELEVATORS

ELECTRIC
ELEVATOR
HYDRAULIC
ELEVATOR
ELECTRIC ELEVATOR -hoisting mechanism; tall buildings/DC
motor operated/cable

• ELEVATOR TRACTION MACHINES

1. GEARLESS - spun and worm
2. GEARED - gear and worm
ELECTRIC ELEVATOR MAJOR PARTS
1. Car/Cab
2. Cable
3. Drive machine
4. Counterweights
5. Guide rail
6. Shaft/Hoistway
7. Penthouse
8. Elevator Pit
9. Control Equipment
GEARLES
GEARED
S
 ELECTRIC ELEVATOR OTHER PARTS
1. Control Panel – electrical panel; control
2. Motor Generators/Generator Field Control – governs
acceleration, speed,retardation, stopping of elevator
3. Guide shoes
4. Compensating Chain- welded-link for hoist rope
weight compensation
5. Buffer – stops descending car or counterweighs
beyond normal limit of travel
6. Governor – mechanical speed control
mechanism
7. Secondary Sheave – pulley on a gearless
machine
8. Safety – large clamp; anchors the car to the
building
9. Limited Switches
10. Operating Devices
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
- plunger (antennaic/movable
cord)
MAJOR PARTS: 5. Guide Rails
1. Car/Cab 6. Shaft/ Hoistway
2. Plunger 7. Elevator
3. Spring Buffer Machine Room

4. Guide Shoes 8. Elevator Pit

9. Control System
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR OTHER PARTS

1.Floor Stop and Limit 4. Gate Valve

Switch 5. Controller
2.Creepage and Leveling 6. Motor and Pump
Car Switch with Tank
3.Car Gate Switch
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR TYPES

IN-GROUND HOLE-LESS ROPED

MACHINE ROOMLESS ELEVATOR
STANDARD DEPTH
FOR A BUFFER PIT
SPRING AND OIL BUFFERS
DUMBWAITER
ELEVATOR
ELEVATOR CAR PARTS
FREIGHT ELEVATOR
SAFETY
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
THE MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR DESIGN
PRINCIPLES OF
HEATING
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (HVAC)
 PRINCIPLES OF HEATING

• The body itself has its own heating system, providing

enough heat for human survival in a wide range of
temperatures. Maximum comfort , however, is
obtained in a very narrow range of temperatures
and only when the heat loss is too slow, a person
feels hot, and when heat loss is too fast, he or she
feels cool.
 PRINCIPLES OF HEATING

HEAT
• A form of energy associated with the random motion of
atoms or molecules, capable of being transmitted by
convection, conduction, or radiation and causing substances
to rise in temperature, fuse, expand, or evaporate.
 PRINCIPLES OF HEATING

RADIATION IS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT BY

DIRECT RAYS FROM THE BODY TO COOLER
SURROUNDING OBJECTS, SUCH AS COLD
WINDOWS, WALLS AND FLOORS.
A PERSON PLACING A HAND NEXT TO A COLD WALL WILL FEEL A
CHILL AS THE RAYS LEAVE THE HAND.
 PRINCIPLES OF HEATING

CONVECTION IS THE TRANSFER OF HEAT

BY CIRCULATION OF AIR AROUND THE
BODY.
THE MOVEMENT OF THE AIR BY WIND OR A FAN OR A DRAFT
SPEEDS UP THE HEAT LOSS AND CHILLS THE BODY.
 PRINCIPLES OF HEATING
THE IDEAL HEATING SYSTEM SHOULD SUPPLY THE
AMOUNT OF HEAT THAT WILL KEEP THE BODY-
HEAT LOSS IN BALANCE. IT ALSO MUST PREVENT
DRAFTS, WARM THE FLOORS AND WALLS AND
PROVIDE STEADY TEMPERATURES FROM ROOM TO
ROOM AND FLOOR TO CEILING.
 HOT-AIR
GRAVITY
SYSTEMS
HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
(HVAC)
 HOT-AIR GRAVITY SYSTEMS
THE GRAVITY-AIR SYSTEM ENJOYED IS BEING
INSTALLED IN SMALL HOUSES. COLD AIR IS
HEATED IN A FURNACE THAT LOOKS LIKE A
GIANT OCTOPUS. BECAUSE HOT AIR RISES, IT
GOES UP UNAIDED IN A SERIES OF DUCTS AND
INTO THE ROOMS BEING HEATED THROUGH
WALL, FLOOR OR CEILING REGISTERS.
 HOT-AIR GRAVITY SYSTEMS
WHEN THE AIR COOLS, IT DESCENDS THROUGH
OTHER DUCTS OR HALLWAYS BY THE FORCE OF
GRAVITY. THIS SYSTEM IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE
UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF HOT, DIRTY, DRY AIR
THROUGHOUT THE HOUSE. AN ALTERNATIVE IS TO
REPLACE THE SYSTEM WITH A MODERN FORCED-
AIR SYSTEM.
 HOT-AIR GRAVITY SYSTEMS

ANOTHER TYPE OF GRAVITY-AIR SYSTEM IS A FLOOR FURNACE

USED IN SMALL HOUSES, ESPECIALLY IN MODERATE CLIMATES.
THE FURNACE IS SUSPENDED BELOW THE FLOOR AND THE HOT
AIR RISES FROM THE FURNACE THROUGH A FLUSH GRILLE IN
THE FLOOR. THERE USUALLY ARE NO DUCTS. THE SYSTEM IS
INEXPENSIVE TO INSTALL. THE LARGER THE AREA TO BE HEATED,
THE POORER THE HEAT DISTRIBUTION.
 HOT-AIR GRAVITY SYSTEMS

SPACE HEATERS ARE RARELY SATISFACTORY

EXCEPT IN MILD CLIMATES OR IN
COTTAGES OR FOR SUPPLEMENTARY HEAT
IN AREAS BEYOND THE MAIN HEATING
SYSTEM.
WATER IS HEATED IN A BOILER OF CAST IRON OR STEEL. IT
THEN IS PUMPED BY ONE OR MORE CIRCULATORS
THROUGH FINGER-SIZE TUBES INTO BASEBOARD PANELS,
RADIATIORS OR TUBES EMBEDDED IN THE WALLS, CEILINGS
OR CONCRETE SLAB. WATER IS AN EXCELLENT HEATING
MEDIUM, RETAINING HEAT LONG THAN ANY OTHER
COMMON MEDIUM.
SOME OLDER SYSTEMS, LIKE THE HOT-AIR
GRAVITY SYSTEM, DEPEND ON GRAVITY FOR
CIRCULATION. THE MORE MODERN UNITS
HAVE ONE OR MORE CIRCULATING PUMPS
THAT ARE CONTROLLED BY THERMOSTATS
PUMPING HOT WATER INTO THE PIPES WHEN
HEAT IS CALLED FOR.
A BETTER SINGLE-PIPE SYSTEM CONNECTS
EACH UNIT SEPARATELY TO THE LOOP WITN
AN INDIVIDUAL TAKE-OFF PIPE AND SHUT
OFF VALVE. THIS ALLOWS INDIVIDUAL
REGULATING OF EACH UNIT AS WELL AS
CONTROL OF THE LOOP, AS IN SERIES
CONNECTED SYSTEM.
LOOKING UP AT THE AREA OF THE BASEMENT
CEILING THAT IS DIRECTLY UNDER THE FIRST
FLOOR RADIATORS, ONE WIDE DIAMETER PIPE
WILL BE SEEN UNDER EACH RADIATOR. EACH
OF THERE PIPES WILL BE CONNECTED TO ITS
RADIATOR BY TWO SMALLER FEEDER IPPES.
BEST SYSTEM IS A TWO-PIPE REVERSE-RETURN SYSTEM
WHERE ONE PIPE DELIVERS THE HOT WATER AND
ANOTHER RETURNS IT TO THE FURNACE. TO TAKE
MAXIMUM ADVANTAGE OF A TWO PIPE SYSTEM, IT
MUST BE SET UP SO THAT THE FIRST RADIATOR TO
RECEIVE THE WARM WATER IS THE LAST RADIATOR ON
THE RETURN LINE. THIS IS CALLED A REVERSE-FLOW
SYSTEM
TWO – PIPE SYSTEM IN DIRECT RETURN
A HOT WATER SYSTEM GENERALLY USES RADIATORS,
BASEBOARD PANELS OR CONVECTORS TO DISTRIBUTE THE
HEAT INTO THE ROOM. THESE THREE UNITS DEPEND ON
BOTH CONVECTION (AIR BEING WARMED AS IT PASSES
OVER THE HEATED METAL AND THEN CIRCULATING INTO
THE ROOM) AND RADIATION (HEAT WAVES BEING
TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY FROM THE HEATED METAL TO THE
OBJECT BEING HEATED BY RADIANT ENERGY.
TYPES OF RADIATORS:

1.TWO-PIPE HOT WATER SYSTEM – CAST IRON RADIATOR.

2. ONE-PIPE STEAM – CAST IRON RADIATOR
3. TWO-PIPE STEAM – CAST IRON RADIATOR
4. BASEBOARD CONVECTOR
A RADIANT HEATING SYSTEM DEPENDS SOLELY ON THE
DIRECT TRANSFER OF HEAT BY RADIATION FROM THE HOT
METAL TO THE OBJECT BEING HEATED. THE HEATED WATER
IS PUMPED THROUGH COILS OF PIPE THAT ARE EMBEDDED
IN THE FLOOR, WALLS OR CEILING OR SOME
COMBINATION OF THESE.
A HOT WATER SYSTEM CAN BE EXPANDED TO PERFORM
OTHER FUNCTIONS, FROM MELTING ICE AND SNOW IN
THE SIDEWALKS TO HEATING AN INDOOR/OUTDOOR
SWIMMING POOL OR GREENHOUSE.
STEAM HEATING SYSTEM
STEAM HEAT IS PRODUCED BY A FURNACE THAT IS A
BOILER WITH A FIREBOX UNDERNEATH IT. THE WATER IN
THE BOILER BOILS, MAKING STEAM THAT IS FORCED BY ITS
PRESSURE THROUGH PIPES INTO THE RADIATORS
THROUGHOUT THE HOUSE. IN A SINGLE PIPE SYSTEM,
THE STEAM COOLS, TURNS BACK INTO WATER AND RUNS
BACK TO THE FURNACE TO REPEAT CYCLE. IN A TWO PIPE
SYSTEM, IT RETURNS VIA SEPARATE PIPE.
2.1.5 Electric Heating System
2.1.5 ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEM

• Electric resistance elements, which convert electricity into heat are

embedded in the floors, walls and ceilings to provide radiant heat. They are
embedded at the time of construction or may be factory-installed in the
building materials.
2.1.5 ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEM

• Electric Radiant Heat

• The advantages of electric radiant heat are the lack of visible
radiators or grilles and the comfort obtained without heating the
room air hot enough to drive out the moisture
2.1.5 ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEM
2.1.5 ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEM

• Electric Heating Panels

• also with individual resistance elements, often are used for auxiliary
heat in bathrooms, additions to the original house and summer
homes.
2.1.5 ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEM

• The heat-pump electric system provides both heating and cooling

from a central system. It actually is a reversible refrigeration unit.
• In the winter, it takes heat from the outside air, ground or well
water and distributes it in the house. Its efficiency decreases when it
is very cold outside and it must be supplemented with resistance
heating. In the summer, the system cools by extracting heat from
the inside of the house like a typical air-conditioning unit. This
modern heating and cooling
2.1.5 ELECTRIC HEATING SYSTEM
4.1.6 Solar Heat
4.1.6 SOLAR HEAT

• Solar heat still is in the experimental stages. With it, the sun 's heat
is collected and used to heat water, which , in turn , is pumped
throughout the house to provide heat.
4.1.6 SOLAR HEAT
4.1.7 Heat Controls
4.1.7 HEAT CONTROLS

• All of the systems previously described can be operated by simple,

automatic controls.
4.1.7 HEAT CONTROLS

• The first control is the thermostat, which is designed to turn

the system On and off to produce heat only when it is needed
or route heat to the areas where it is needed.
• A thermostat is a temperature sensitive switch . While a
thermostat often controls the heat in more than one room, it
can read the temperature only at the point where it is located.
Therefore, it must be located at a spot typical of the area
being regulated.
4.1.7 HEAT CONTROLS
4.1.6 Humidifiers
4.1.6 HUMIDIFIERS

• Dry air in the winter can be a problem with all types of heating
systems, contrary to the popular misconception that it is a warm-air
heating deficiency. The major controlling factor is the construction
of the house.
• Moisture is generated by the activities of daily living, such as
cooking and bathing, and is drawn out of the house in the winter to
the dry air outside through leaks and
4.1.6 HUMIDIFIERS

• Cracks a tight, very well-insulated house will retain enough

moisture for comfortable living which is about 25-percent to 30-
percent relative humidity.
4.1.6 HUMIDIFIERS

• A dry air can be corrected by adding a humidifying device to a hot

air heating system or with portable humidifying devices. Often a
small vaporizer in the bedroom at night will solve the problem.
4.1.6 HUMIDIFIERS

• Occasionally, in super-insulated, electrically heated house, the

reverse problem will develop, resulting in wet walls and windows. In
this case, an exhaust fan connected to the humidistat control will
effectively control the humidity.
AIR COOLING PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES OF COOLING

• Heat transfer

• The less the heat an object has, the colder we say it is.

• The cooling process is the process of transferring heat from one object to another.
When air-conditioning system cools, it is actually removing heat and transferring it
some where else.
AIR-CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES
• With the exceptions of fans and evaporation cooling, most house air-
conditioning uses either electric-power compressor-cycle equipment or
gas absorption-cycle equipment.

• The basic law of physics that applies to both types is that when a liquid is
changed to vapour or gas, heat is absorbed and when the vapour is
compressed back into a liquid the heat it previously absorbed is given
off.
TYPES OF HEAT
SENSIBLE
• Is the form of heat energy which
most commonly understood
because it is sensed by touch or
measured directly with a
thermometer.
LATENT
• Cannot be sensed by touch or
measured with a thermometer. Latent
heat causes an object to change its
properties. Example, when enough
latent heat is removed from water
vapor, it condenses into water.
FREON

• The refrigerant that is change back and forth from the gas to liquid .

• As the Freon is compressed in these tubes, they become hot. The heat is
disbursed by either running water over the tubes in water-cooled unit or
more often by blowing outside air over them with a fan.
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• Compressor
• Refrigerant is drawn from the evaporators and pumped to the condenser by the
compressor.

• Condenser
• The high-pressure refrigerant vapour releases heat through the condenser coil it
condenses into liquid refrigerant.

• Metering device
• Restricts the flow of liquid refrigerant from the condenser to the evaporator
• Evaporator
• The low pressure liquid refrigerant absorbs heat as it vaporizes in the evaporator
coils.
ELECTRIC ROOM AIR-CONDITIONING
UNITS

• Room compressor-cycle air-conditioning units are being

manufactured provided an economical solution of summer heat.
• The main disadvantage are their ugliness, their high noise level
and the fact that they are haphazard solution to complete one-
year round home temperature control.
AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
TYPES:
• DUCTED
• DUCTLESS
DUCTLESS

•
•
DUCTED CENTRAL

• Air is sent through

ducts from one
central location to
heat and cool all
rooms.
• ALL ROOMS ARE AIR
CONDITIONED
UNIFORMLY AT THE
SAME
TEMPERATURE
SETTINGS.
 APPLICATIONS
HOME
OFFICE FACILITIES
HEAT PUMP SYSTEM
WHAT IS A HEAT PUMP?
• A device that
provides heat
energy from a
source of heat to a
destination called a
"heat sink"
TYPES

•Compression
•Absorption
COMPRESSION HEAT PUMPS
OPERATE ON MECHANICAL ENERGY
(TYPICALLY DRIVEN BY ELECTRICITY)
ABSORPTION HEAT PUMPS
• MAY ALSO RUN ON HEAT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE (FROM
ELECTRICITY OR BURNABLE FUELS),
• FUELED BY NATURAL GAS OR LP GAS
Heat pumps are designed to move
thermal energy opposite to the direction
of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing
heat from a cold space and releasing it to
a warmer one.
HEAT PUMPS USE A REFRIGERANT AS AN
INTERMEDIATE FLUID TO ABSORB HEAT WHERE IT
VAPORIZES, IN THE EVAPORATOR, AND THEN TO
RELEASE HEAT WHERE THE REFRIGERANT
CONDENSES, IN THE CONDENSER.
THE REFRIGERANT FLOWS THROUGH INSULATED
PIPES BETWEEN THE EVAPORATOR AND THE
CONDENSER, ALLOWING FOR EFFICIENT THERMAL
ENERGY TRANSFER AT RELATIVELY LONG DISTANCES
REVERSIBLE HEAT PUMPS WORK IN EITHER THERMAL
DIRECTION TO PROVIDE HEATING OR COOLING TO
THE INTERNAL SPACE.
 IN HEATING MODE
• outdoor coil is an evaporator
• indoor is a condenser
• The refrigerant flowing from the evaporator (outdoor coil) carries
the thermal energy from outside air (or soil) indoors, after the
vapour temperature has been augmented by compressing it. The
indoor coil then transfers thermal energy (including energy from the
compression) to the indoor air, which is then moved around the
inside of the building by an air handler. Alternatively, thermal
energy is transferred to water, which is then used to heat the
building via radiators or underfloor heating. The heated water may
also be used for domestic hot water consumption.
IN COOLING MODE

• cycle is similar, but the outdoor coil is now the condenser

and the indoor coil (which reaches a lower temperature)
is the evaporator. This is the familiar mode in which air
conditioners operate.
OPERATING PRINCIPLES

• Mechanical heat pumps exploit the physical properties of a volatile

evaporating and condensing fluid known as a refrigerant. The heat
pump compresses the refrigerant to make it hotter on the side to be
warmed, and releases the pressure at the side where heat is
absorbed.
A SIMPLE STYLIZED DIAGRAM OF A HEAT PUMP'S
VAPOR-COMPRESION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

1) condenser,
2) expansion
valve,
3) evaporator,
4) compressor.
APPLICATIONS

• There are millions of domestic installations using common air

source electric heat pumps.
• Used in climates with moderate space heating and cooling needs
(HVAC)
• Provide domestic hot water.
REFRIGERANTS
• Until the 1990s, the refrigerants were often chlorofluorocarbons
such as R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), one in a class of several
refrigerants using the brand name Freon, a trademark of DuPont.
• Its manufacture was discontinued in 1995 because of the damage
that CFCs cause to the ozone layer if released into the atmosphere.
• More recent refrigerators use R600A which is isobutane, and does
not deplete the ozone and is friendly to the environment
HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATION ,AIR
CONDITIONING)

is the technology of indoor and

vehicular environmental comfort. Its
goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable air quality.
SIGNIFICANCE OF HVAC SYSTEM IN A
BUILDING DESIGN:

*Controls Temperature
*Provide Fresh Air
*Filter out dust.
*Efficient and Economical.
WAYS/APPLIANCES THAT CONTRIBUTE COOL
AIR IN A ROOM
 TYPES OF AIRCONDITIONING:
1. Window Type- Most commonly used for single rooms.
COOLING CAPACITY:
Small Room
Less than 25 square meter
Horsepower: 1HP

Mid Size Room

25 to 49 square meter
Horsepower: 1 to 2HP

Large Room
50 to 72 square meter
Horsepower: 2.5 to 3HP
2. Split type Wall Mounted- Consist of two main parts: the outdoor unit and
the indoor unit. The outdoor unit is installed near the wall outside the room
you wish to cool.
3. Split type Floor Mounted- Consist of two main parts: The Indoor and
Outdoor Unit. The indoor unit is installed directly on the floor
4. Air Handling Unit (AHU) – Is a device used to regulate and circulate air as
part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (hvac) system.

Return Air Duct

(RAD)

Supply Air
Duct (SAD)
5. Fan Coil Unit (FCU) Chilled Water -A simple device consisting of a
heating and cooling exchanger or coil and fan..
Cooling Tower (CT)
ABBREVIATION:
HVAC- Heating,Ventilation,Air Conditioning
ACU- Air Conditioning Unit
RAD- Return Air Duct
SAD-Supply Air Duct
AHU- Air Handling Unit
FCU- Fan Coil Unit
CT- Cooling Tower
CHWS- Chilled Water Supply
CHWR- Chilled Water Return