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<h1 align="center">What is a Function?</h1>
<p class="center"><span class="larger">A
function relates an input to an output.</span></p>
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="11%"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-cogs.gif" width="150"
height="104" alt="function cogs"></td>
<td width="89%">
<p>It is like a machine that
has an input and an output. </p>
<p>And the output is related
somehow to the input.</p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>
<div class="simple">
<table border="0" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="huge">&nbsp; f(x)
&nbsp;</td>
<td><p> "<b>f(x) = ... </b>"
is the classic way of writing a function. <br>
And there are other ways, as
you will see!</p> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h2>Input, Relationship, Output</h2>
<p>We will see many ways to think about functions, but there are always
three main parts:</p>
<ul>
<li>The input</li>
<li>The relationship</li>
<li>The output</li>
</ul>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: "Multiply by 2" is a very simple
function.</h3>
<p>Here are the three parts:</p>
<div align="center">

<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="5">


<tbody><tr>
<th align="center">Input</th>
<th align="center"><b><i>Relationship</i></b></th>
<th align="center">Output</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">0</td>
<td align="center">× 2</td>
<td align="center">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">1</td>
<td align="center">× 2</td>
<td align="center">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">7</td>
<td align="center">× 2</td>
<td align="center">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">10</td>
<td align="center">× 2</td>
<td align="center">20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">...</td>
<td align="center">...</td>
<td align="center">...</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

</div>

<p>For an input of 50, what is the output?


</p>
</div>
<h2>Some Examples of Functions</h2>
<ul>
<div class="bigul">
<li><b>x<sup>2</sup></b> (squaring) is
a function</li>
<li><b>x<sup>3</sup>+1</b> is also a
function</li>
<li><a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sine-cosine-tangent.html">Sine, Cosine and
Tangent</a> are functions used in trigonometry</li>
<li>and there are lots more!</li>
</div>
</ul>
<p>But we are not going to look at specific functions ...<br>
<span class="indent50px">... instead we
will look at the <b>general idea</b> of a function.</span></p>
<h2>Names</h2>
<p>First, it is useful to give a function a
<b>name</b>. </p>
<p>The most common name is "<i><b>f</b></i>",
but we can have other names like "<i><b>g</b></i>" ... or even
"<i><b>marmalade</b></i>" if we want. </p>
<p>But let's use "f":</p>
<p align="center"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-fx-x2.svg" alt="f(x) =
x^2"></p>
<p align="center" class="larger">We say <i>"f
of x equals x squared"</i></p>
<p>what goes <b>into</b> the function is put
inside parentheses () after the name of the function:</p>
<p class="larger" align="center">So
<b><i>f(x)</i></b> shows us the function is called "<b><i>f</i></b>", and
"<b><i>x</i></b>" goes <b>in</b></p>
<p>And we usually see what a function does with
the input:</p>
<p align="center" class="larger"><b><i>f(x) =
x<sup>2</sup></i></b> shows us that function "<i><b>f</b></i>" takes
"<i><b>x</b></i>" and squares it.</p>
<p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
<div class="example">
<p>Example: with <b>f(x) =
x<sup>2</sup></b>:</p>
<ul>
<li>an input of 4 </li>
<li>becomes an output of 16. </li>
</ul>
<p align="center">In fact we can write<b>
f(4) = 16</b>.</p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h2>The "x" is Just a Place-Holder! </h2>


<p>Don't get too concerned about "x", it is just there to
show us where the input goes and what happens to it. </p>
<p>It could be anything!</p>
<div class="center80">
<p>So this function:</p>
<p align="center" class="larger">f(x) = 1 - x +
x<sup>2</sup></p>
<p>Is the same function as:</p>
<ul>
<li>f(q) = 1 - q + q<sup>2</sup></li>
<li>h(A) = 1 - A + A<sup>2</sup></li>
<li>w(θ) = 1 - θ + θ<sup>2</sup></li>
</ul>
<p>The variable (x, q, A, etc) is just there
so we know where to put the values:</p>
<p align="center"><span
class="larger">f(<b>2</b>) = 1 - <b>2</b> + <b>2</b><sup>2</sup> = 3</span></p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Sometimes There is No Function Name</h2>
<p>Sometimes a function has no name, and we
see something like:</p>
<p align="center" class="larger"> y =
x<sup>2</sup></p>
<p>But there is still:</p>
<ul>
<li>an input (x)</li>
<li>a relationship (squaring)</li>
<li>and an output (y)</li>
</ul>
<h2>Relating</h2>
<p>At the top we said that a function was
<b>like</b> a machine. But a function doesn't really have belts or cogs or any
moving parts - and it doesn't actually destroy what we put into it!</p>
<p class="larger" align="center">A function
<i><b>relates</b></i> an input to an output. </p>
<p>Saying "<b>f(4) = 16</b>" is like saying 4
is somehow related to 16. Or 4 → 16</p>
<div class="example"><p style="float:left;
margin: 0 10px 5px 0;"><img src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/tree.jpg"
width="172" height="148" alt="tree"></p>
<p>Example: this tree grows 20 cm every
year, so the height of the tree is <i><b>related</b></i> to its age using the
function <i><b>h</b></i>:</p>
<p align="center"><b><i>h</i>(age) = age
× 20</b></p>
<p>So, if the age is 10 years, the height
is:</p>
<p align="center"> <span
class="style1"><i>h</i>(10) = 10 × 20 = 200 cm</span>
</p>
<p>Here are some example values:</p>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="5">
<tbody><tr>
<th align="center">age</th>
<th align="center"><b><i>h</i>(age) = age ×
20</b></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">0</td>
<td align="center">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">1</td>
<td align="center">20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">3.2</td>
<td align="center">64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">15</td>
<td align="center">300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">...</td>
<td align="center">...</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>What Types of Things Do Functions Process?
</h2>
<div class="indent50px">
<p class="larger"><i>"Numbers"</i> seems
an obvious answer, but ...</p>
</div>
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="11%" valign="top"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/images/style/calc.gif" width="48" height="48"
alt="calculator"></td>
<td width="89%">
<p>... <b>which</b> numbers?
</p>
<p>For example, the tree-
height function <b><i>h</i>(age) = age×20 </b>makes no sense for an age less than
zero.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="11%"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/images/style/codes.gif" width="48" height="48"
alt="codes"></td>
<td width="89%"> ... it could also
be letters ("A"→"B"), or ID codes ("A6309"→"Pass") or stranger things. </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>So we need something <b>more powerful</b>,
and that is where <a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/sets-
introduction.html">sets</a> come in:</p>
<div class="simple">
<table border="0" align="center">

<tbody><tr>
<td><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/various-reals.svg" alt="various real
numbers"></td>
<td valign="middle">
<h3>A set is a collection
of things. </h3>
<p>Here are some
examples:</p>
<div class="indent50px">
<ul>
<li>Set of
even numbers: {..., -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, ...}</li>
<li>
Set of clothes:
{"hat","shirt",...} <br>
</li>
<li>Set of
prime numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ...}<br>
</li>
<li>Positive
multiples of 3 that are less than 10: {3, 6, 9}</li>
</ul>
</div>

</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p>Each individual <b>thing in the set</b>
(such as "4" or "hat") is called a <b>member</b>, or <b>element</b>.</p>
<p>So, a function takes <b>elements of a
set</b>, and gives back <b>elements of a set</b>. </p>
<h2>A Function is Special</h2>
<p>But a function has <b>special rules</b>:</p>
<ul>
<li>It must work for <b>every</b> possible
input value</li>
<li>And it has only <b>one
relationship</b> for each input value</li>
</ul>
<p>This can be said in one definition:</p>
<div class="def">
<p style="float:left; margin: 0 10px 5px 0;"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-sets.svg" alt="function sets X
to Y"></p>
<h3 class="center">Formal Definition of a Function</h3>
<p class="center larger">A function relates <b>each element</b> of a
set<br>
with <b>exactly one</b> element of another
set<br>
(possibly the same set).</p>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>The Two Important Things!</h2>
<table border="0" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="50" align="center" valign="top"><p
class="larger">1.</p></td>
<td width="550"><p><span class="larger">"...each
element..."</span> means that every element in <b>X</b> is related to some element
in <b>Y</b>. </p>
<p>We say that the function <i><b>covers</b></i>
<b>X</b> (relates every element of it).</p>
<p>(But some elements of <b>Y</b> might not be
related to at all, which is fine.)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<td width="50" align="center" valign="top"><p
class="larger">2.</p></td>
<td width="550"><p><span class="larger">"...exactly
one..."</span> means that a function is <i><b>single valued</b></i>. It will not
give back 2 or more results for the same input. </p>
<p align="center" class="large">So "f(2) = 7 <b>or</b>
9" is not right! </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" align="center">
<tbody><tr align="center">
<td colspan="3"><p>"One-to-many" is <b>not</b>
allowed, but "many-to-one" <b>is</b> allowed:</p></td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-sets-1-2.gif" alt="function"
width="175" height="119"></td>
<td width="40">&nbsp;</td>
<td><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-sets-2-1.gif" alt="function"
width="203" height="126"></td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td>(one-to-many)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>(many-to-one)</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td>This is <b>NOT</b> OK in a function</td>
<td width="40">&nbsp;</td>
<td>But this <b>is</b> OK in a function</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>When a relationship does <b>not</b> follow
those two rules then it is <b>not a function</b> ... it is still a
<b>relationship</b>, just not a function.</p>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: The relationship x →
x<sup>2</sup></h3>
<p align="center"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-sets-x2.gif" alt="function "
width="253" height="161"></p>
<p align="center">Could also be written as a
table:</p>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="70" align="center">X: x</th>
<th width="70" align="center">Y: x<sup>2</sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">3</td>
<td align="center">9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">1</td>
<td align="center">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">0</td>
<td align="center">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">4</td>
<td align="center">16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">-4</td>
<td align="center">16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">...</td>
<td align="center">...</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table> </div><br>

<p><b>It is a function</b>, because:</p>


<ul>
<li>Every element in X is related to Y</li>
<li>No element in X has two or more relationships</li>
</ul>
<p>So it follows the rules.</p>
<p>(Notice how both <b>4</b> and <b>-4</b> relate to <b>16</b>,
which is allowed.)</p>
</div>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: This relationship is <b>not</b>
a function:</h3>
<p align="center"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/relation-not-function.gif"
alt="function " width="251" height="160"></p>
<p>It is a <b>relationship</b>, but it is
<b>not a function</b>, for these reasons:</p>
<ul>
<li>Value "3" in X has no relation in
Y</li>
<li>Value "4" in X has no relation in
Y</li>
<li>Value "5" is related to more than one
value in Y</li>
</ul>
<p>(But the fact that "6" in Y has no
relationship does not matter)</p>

</div>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="float:left; margin: 0 30px 5px 0;"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/vertical-line-test.svg" alt="function
not single valued"></p>
<h2>Vertical Line Test</h2>
<p>On a graph, the idea of <b>single valued</b> means that no
vertical line ever crosses more than one value. </p>
<p>If it <b>crosses more than once</b> it is still a valid curve,
but is <b>not a function</b>.<br>
</p>
<p class="center80">Some types of functions have stricter rules,
to find out more you can read <a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/injective-
surjective-bijective.html">Injective, Surjective and Bijective</a></p>
<h2>Infinitely Many</h2>
<p>My examples have just a few values, but
functions usually work on sets with infinitely many elements.</p>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: y = x<sup>3</sup></h3>
<ul>
<li>The input set "X" is all <a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/real-numbers.html">Real Numbers</a></li>
<li>The output set "Y" is also all the Real
Numbers</li>
</ul>
<p>We can't show ALL the values, so here are just a
few examples:</p>
<table border="1" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="90" align="center">X: x</th>
<th width="90" align="center">Y: x<sup>3</sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="90" align="center">-2</td>
<td width="90" align="center">-8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="90" align="center">-0.1</td>
<td width="90" align="center">-0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="90" align="center">0</td>
<td width="90" align="center">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="90" align="center">1.1</td>
<td width="90" align="center">1.331</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="90" align="center">3</td>
<td width="90" align="center">27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="90" align="center">and so on...</td>
<td width="90" align="center">and so on...</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<h2>Domain, Codomain and Range</h2>


<p> In our examples above</p>
<ul>
<li>the set "X" is called the
<b>Domain</b>, </li>
<li>the set "Y" is called the
<b>Codomain</b>, and </li>
<li>the set of elements that get pointed
to in Y (the actual values produced by the function) is called the <b>Range</b>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>We have a special page on <a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/domain-range-codomain.html">Domain, Range and
Codomain</a> if you want to know more.</p>
<h2>So Many Names!</h2>
<p>Functions have been used in mathematics for
a very long time, and lots of different names and ways of writing functions have
come about. </p>
<p>Here are some common terms you should get
familiar with:</p>
<p align="center"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-parts.svg" alt="Function
Parts"></p>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: <b>z = 2u<sup>3</sup></b>:</h3>
<ul>
<li>"u" could be called the "independent variable"</li>
<li>"z" could be called the "dependent
variable" (it <b>depends on</b> the value of u)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: <b>f(4) = 16</b>:</h3>
<ul>
<li>"4" could be called the
"argument"</li>
<li>"16" could be called the "value
of the function"</li>
</ul>
</div> <div
class="example">
<h3>Example: <b>h(year) = 20 ×
year</b>:</h3>
<p class="center"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/parameter.svg" alt="eq">
</p>
<ul>
<li>h() is the function</li>
<li>"year" could be called the
"argument", or the "variable"</li>
<li>a fixed value like "20" can be
called a parameter</li>
</ul>
</div>

<p>We often call a function "f(x)" when in fact the


function is really "f" </p>
<h2>Ordered Pairs</h2>
<p>And here is another way to think about
functions:</p>
<p class="center larger">Write the input and
output of a function as an "ordered pair", such as (4,16). </p>
<p>They are called <b>ordered</b> pairs
because the input always comes first, and the output second:</p>
<p align="center"><span class="larger">(input,
output)</span></p>
<p>So it looks like this:</p>
<p align="center"><span
class="larger">( <b>x</b>, <b>f(x)</b> )</span></p>
<div class="example">
<p>Example:</p>
<p align="center"><b>(4,16)</b> means that
the function takes in "4" and gives out "16"</p>
</div>
<h3>Set of Ordered Pairs</h3>
<p>A function can then be defined as a <b>set
</b>of ordered pairs:</p>
<div class="example">
<p>Example: <b>{(2,4), (3,5), (7,3)}
</b>is a function that says </p>
<p align="center">"2 is related to 4", "3
is related to 5" and "7 is related 3". </p>
<p>
Also, notice that:</p>
<ul>
<li>the domain is <b>{2,3,7}</b> (the
input values)</li>
<li>and the range is <b>{4,5,3}</b>
(the output values)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>But the function has to be <b>single
valued</b>, so we also say </p>
<p align="center" class="larger">"if it
contains (a, b) and (a, c), then b must equal c"</p>
<p>Which is just a way of saying that an input
of "a" cannot produce two different results.</p>
<div class="example">
<p>Example: {(<b>2</b>,<b>4</b>),
(<b>2</b>,<b>5</b>), (7,3)} is <b>not</b> a function because {2,4} and {2,5} means
that 2 could be related to 4 <b>or</b> 5.</p>
<p>In other words it is not a function
because it is <b>not single valued</b></p>
</div>
<h3>&nbsp;</h3>
<p style="float:left; margin: 0 10px 5px 0;"><a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/cartesian-coordinates-interactive.html"><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/images/interactive-cartesian-coordinates.gif"
alt="interactive-cartesian-coordinates" width="150" height="150"
border="0"></a></p>
<h3>A Benefit of Ordered Pairs</h3>
<p>We can graph them...</p>
<p>... because they are also <a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/cartesian-coordinates.html">coordinates</a>!
</p>
<p>So a set of coordinates is also a function (if they follow
the rules above, that is)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>A Function Can be in Pieces</h2>
<p>We can create functions that behave
differently depending on the input value</p>
<div class="example">
<h3>Example: A function with two pieces:</h3>
<ul>
<li>when x is less than 0, it gives 5,
</li>
<li>when x is 0 or more it gives
x<sup>2</sup></li>
</ul>
<div align="center">
<table border="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td><img
src="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/images/function-piecewise-c.gif"
alt="Piecewise Function" width="176" height="189"> </td>
<td width="20">&nbsp;</td>
<td>Here are some example values: <br>
<table border="1" align="center">
<tbody><tr>
<th width="50" align="center">x</th>
<th width="50" align="center">y</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">-3</td>
<td align="center">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">-1</td>
<td align="center">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">0</td>
<td align="center">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">2</td>
<td align="center">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">4</td>
<td align="center">16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">...</td>
<td align="center">...</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<p>Read more at <a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-piecewise.html">Piecewise
Functions</a>.</p>
<h2>Explicit vs Implicit</h2>
<p>One last topic: the terms "explicit" and
"implicit".</p>
<p><b>Explicit</b> is when the function shows
us how to go directly from x to y, such as:</p>
<div class="center80">
<p align="center" class="larger">y =
x<sup>3</sup> − 3</p>
<p align="center"><i>When we know x, we can
find y</i></p>
</div>
<p>That is the classic <span class="larger">y =
f(x)</span> style&nbsp;that we often work with.</p>
<p><b>Implicit</b> is when it is <b>not</b>
given directly such as:</p>
<div class="center80">
<p align="center"><span
class="larger">x<sup>2</sup> − 3xy + y<sup>3 </sup>= 0</span></p>
<p align="center"><i>When we know x, how do
we find y?</i></p>
</div>
<p>It may be hard (or impossible!) to go
directly from x to y.</p>
<p class="words">"Implicit" comes from "implied", in other words
shown <b>indirectly</b>.</p>
<h2>Graphing </h2>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/function-
grapher.php">Function Grapher</a> can only handle explicit functions, </li>
<li>The <a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/grapher-
equation.html">Equation Grapher</a> can handle both types (but takes a little
longer, and sometimes gets it wrong).</li>
</ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<div class="bigul">
<ul>
<li>a function <b>relates</b>
inputs to outputs </li>
<li>a function takes elements from
a set (the <b>domain</b>) and relates them to elements in a set (the
<b>codomain</b>). </li>
<li>all the outputs (the actual
values related to) are together called the <b>range</b></li>
<li>a function is a <b>special
</b>type of relation where:
<ul>
<li><b>every element</b> in the
domain is included, and</li>
<li>any input produces <b>only
one output</b> (not this <b>or</b> that)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>an input and its matching
output are together called an <b>ordered pair</b></li>
<li>so a function can also be seen
as a <b>set of ordered pairs</b></li>
</ul>
</div>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="questions">

<a>Question&nbsp;1</a> <a>Question&nbsp;2</a> <a>Question&nbsp;3</a>


<a>Question&nbsp;4</a> <a>Question&nbsp;5</a> <a>Question&nbsp;6</a>
<a>Question&nbsp;7</a> <a>Question&nbsp;8</a> <a>Question&nbsp;9</a>
<a>Question&nbsp;10</a> &nbsp;

</div>

<div class="related">
<a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/injective-surjective-
bijective.html">Injective, Surjective and Bijective</a> <a
href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/domain-range-codomain.html">Domain, Range and
Codomain</a> <a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/sets-
introduction.html">Introduction to Sets</a>
<a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/index.html">Sets
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#linkfb, #linktw, #linkpi, #linkgp, #linkem, #linkus, #linkli { display: block;
width: 33px; height: 32px; float: left; margin-right: 6px; text-indent: -9999px;
background: url("images/style/links3.svg") no-repeat transparent; }
#linkfb { background-position: 0px 0px; }
#linktw { background-position: -50px 0px; }
#linkpi { background-position: -100px 0px; }
#linkgp { background-position: -150px 0px; }
#linkem { background-position: -250px 0px; }
#linkus { background-position: -300px 0px; width: 50px; }
#linkli { background-position: -350px 0px; }
.menuLt, #menuLt { display: table-cell; width: 110px; height: 60px; vertical-
align: middle; padding: 0px 0px 0px 25px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); text-
decoration: none; background: url("images/style/arrow-tall-left.gif") left center
no-repeat transparent; }
.menuRt, #menuRt { display: table-cell; width: 110px; height: 60px; vertical-
align: middle; padding: 0px 25px 0px 0px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); text-
decoration: none; background: url("images/style/arrow-tall-right.gif") right center
no-repeat transparent; }
.rel-title { font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; background: rgb(255, 222, 255); }
.related { border-bottom: 4px solid rgb(255, 221, 255); margin-top: 10px; margin-
bottom: 1px; padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 9px; border-top: 4px solid rgb(255,
221, 255); font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; background:
url("images/style/related-pages.jpg") no-repeat; clear: none; }
.related a { display: list-item; margin-top: 2px; margin-left: 220px; font-
weight: 400; font-size: 15px; list-style-type: circle; }
#adTopOuter { width: 728px; height: 80px; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto
15px; }
#adTop { width: 728px; height: 90px; }
#adHide { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 60px; margin-left: 370px; text-
align: center; font: 14px Verdana; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7); }
#hideAds1 { display: inline; }
#showAds1 { display: none; }
#footMenu { max-width: 760px; margin: auto; }
#copyrt { margin: 10px auto 0px; text-align: center; font: 14px Arial; color:
orange; }
.simple { overflow: auto; }
.simple table { border-collapse: collapse; background: rgb(204, 238, 255); }
.simple .tbl { background: rgb(204, 238, 255); padding-left: 6px; padding-right:
6px; border-radius: 5px; }
.simple th, .simple td { border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 5px; }
.simple th { background: rgb(153, 187, 238); }
.beach { overflow: auto; }
.beach table { border-collapse: collapse; background: rgb(240, 240, 192); }
.beach th, .beach td { border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px; }
.beach th { background: rgb(153, 187, 238); }
.example { margin: 20px 0px 30px 50px; background: rgb(224, 240, 255); padding:
5px 10px 1px; border-radius: 10px; box-shadow: rgb(208, 208, 255) 5px 5px 1px;
overflow: hidden; }
.example h3 { margin: 2px -2px 12px; padding: 2px 8px; background: rgb(255, 250,
240); border-radius: 8px; color: rgb(0, 0, 139); }
.intbl { display: inline-table; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;
margin: 0px 2px; border-collapse: collapse; }
.intbl em { display: table-row; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid
rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 92%; font-style: inherit; }
.intbl strong { display: table-row; text-align: center; font-weight: inherit;
font-size: 92%; }
.intbl em::before, .intbl em::after, .intbl strong::before, .intbl strong::after
{ content: " "; }
.times { font: 700 130% "times new roman", serif; }
.so ul { margin-top: 6px; }
li .so { padding-left: 120px; }
.so { background: url("images/style/so.svg") 45px 25% no-repeat; padding: 0px 0px
10px 100px; color: rgb(65, 105, 225); font-size: 17px; }
p.so { margin: 1px; }
.questions { margin: 35px 35px 30px; padding: 10px 4px 11px 128px; border: 1px
solid peru; border-radius: 10px; font-size: 17px; background:
url("images/style/questions.gif") no-repeat rgb(223, 255, 225); }
.questions a { padding: 0px; font-weight: 400; font-size: 17px; line-height:
26px; }
.words { margin: 15px 40px 25px; padding: 7px 4px 14px 70px; border-radius: 10px;
background: url("images/style/word.svg") 3px 3px no-repeat rgb(170, 238, 255); }
.words p { margin: 8px 0px 5px; }
.activity { font-size: 17px; background: url("images/style/activity-div.gif") no-
repeat rgb(226, 226, 255); padding: 10px 4px 11px 128px; border: 1px solid rgb(170,
68, 170); border-radius: 10px; margin: 35px 35px 30px; }
.activity a { font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 400; padding: 0px;
}
input[type="range"] { padding-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; }
}

@media (max-width: 810px) {


#adHide { position: absolute; left: auto; right: 10px; top: 62px; margin-left:
auto; }
}

@media (max-width: 600px) {


h1 { height: 80px; text-align: center; margin: 2px auto -25px; font: 32px champ,
Verdana; }
#bodybg { background: 0px 0px; }
#search { display: none; height: 40px; margin: 160px auto 0px; text-align:
center; }
#showSearch { width: 48px; height: 48px; background:
url("images/style/search.gif") no-repeat; cursor: pointer; }
#gtran { position: absolute; left: auto; right: 0px; top: 105px; margin-left:
0px; }
#linkto { position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 169px; background: 0px 0px; z-
index: 100; }
#linktort { float: right; margin-right: 0px; }
#linkus { display: none; }
#menuWide { display: none; }
#menuSlim { display: none; position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 220px; }
#menuTiny { display: block; position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 164px; width:
100%; height: 50px; text-align: left; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 255,
255, 0.5); }
.menu li { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7); }
#gplus { display: none; }
#logo { position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 80px; }
#advText { position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 125px; margin: auto; }
#content { margin: -45px auto 15px; background: 0px 0px; }
.mathsisfunresp { width: 320px; height: 50px; }
#adTopOuter { width: 322px; height: 62px; }
#adTop { width: 320px; height: 50px; }
#footMenu { clear: both; }
.example { margin: 20px 0px 30px 20px; }
.questions { margin: 35px 25px 30px; padding: 40px 4px 11px 18px; }
.related { padding-top: 50px; }
.related a { margin-left: 90px; }
.menuLt { display: none; }
.menuRt { display: none; }
#menuLt { display: none; }
#menuRt { display: none; }
.center80 { margin: 10px; padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 10px; background:
rgb(255, 248, 220); }
.center80 p { margin: 10px 0px 8px; }
.def { padding: 3px 10px; }
}

@supports (-ms-ime-align:auto) {
h1 { font: 28px Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-shadow: none; }
}

@media not all, not all {


h1 { font: 28px Verdana, Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 139); text-shadow: none; }
}

@media print {
#logo { position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; }
#hdr { display: none; }
#adTop { display: none; }
#adend { display: none; }
#footer { display: none; }
#gtran { display: none; }
#gplus { display: none; }
#adhide { display: none; }
#hideAds1 { display: none; }
#showAds1 { display: none; }
#linkto { display: none; }
#linktort { display: none; }
#menuWide { display: none; }
#menuSlim { display: none; }
#menuTiny { display: none; }
#search { display: none; }
.related { display: none; }
.menuLt { display: none; }
.menuRt { display: none; }
#menuLt { display: none; }
#menuRt { display: none; }
.bg { height: 100px; }
h1 { color: rgb(0, 0, 139); }
}
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.goog-te-menu2-item-selected .text { padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; }

.goog-te-menu2-item, .goog-te-menu2-item-selected { text-decoration: none; }

.goog-te-menu2-item div, .goog-te-menu2-item:link div, .goog-te-menu2-item:visited


div, .goog-te-menu2-item:active div { color: rgb(0, 0, 204); background: rgb(255,
255, 255); }

.goog-te-menu2-item:hover div { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background: rgb(51, 102,


204); }

.goog-te-menu2-item-selected div, .goog-te-menu2-item-selected:link div, .goog-te-


menu2-item-selected:visited div, .goog-te-menu2-item-selected:hover div, .goog-te-
menu2-item-selected:active div { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; }

.goog-te-balloon { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow: hidden; padding:


8px; border: none; border-radius: 10px; }

.goog-te-balloon-frame { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid


rgb(107, 144, 218); box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 3px 8px 2px; border-radius:
8px; }

.goog-te-balloon img { border: none; }

.goog-te-balloon-text { margin-top: 6px; }

.goog-te-balloon-zippy { margin-top: 6px; white-space: nowrap; }

.goog-te-balloon-zippy * { vertical-align: middle; }

.goog-te-balloon-zippy .minus { background-image:


url("//www.google.com/images/zippy_minus_sm.gif"); }

.goog-te-balloon-zippy .plus { background-image:


url("//www.google.com/images/zippy_plus_sm.gif"); }

.goog-te-balloon-zippy span { color: rgb(0, 0, 204); text-decoration: underline;


cursor: pointer; margin: 0px 4px; }

.goog-te-balloon-form { margin: 6px 0px 0px; }

.goog-te-balloon-form form { margin: 0px; }

.goog-te-balloon-form form textarea { margin-bottom: 4px; width: 100%; }

.goog-te-balloon-footer { margin: 6px 0px 4px; }

.goog-te-spinner-pos { z-index: 1000; position: fixed; transition-delay: 0.6s;


left: -1000px; top: -1000px; }

.goog-te-spinner-animation { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content:


center; width: 104px; height: 104px; border-radius: 50px; background:
url("//www.gstatic.com/images/branding/product/2x/translate_24dp.png") 50% 50% no-
repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); transition: all 0.6s ease-in-out; transform: scale(0.4);
opacity: 0; }

.goog-te-spinner-animation-show { transform: scale(0.5); opacity: 1; }

.goog-te-spinner { margin: 2px 0px 0px 2px; animation: goog-te-spinner-rotator 1.4s


linear infinite; }

@keyframes goog-te-spinner-rotator {
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
100% { transform: rotate(270deg); }
}

.goog-te-spinner-path { stroke-dasharray: 187; stroke-dashoffset: 0; stroke:


rgb(66, 133, 244); transform-origin: center center 0px; animation: goog-te-spinner-
dash 1.4s ease-in-out infinite; }

@keyframes goog-te-spinner-dash {
0% { stroke-dashoffset: 187; }
50% { stroke-dashoffset: 46.75; transform: rotate(135deg); }
100% { stroke-dashoffset: 187; transform: rotate(450deg); }
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iframe, #goog-gt-tt h1, #goog-gt-tt h2, #goog-gt-tt h3, #goog-gt-tt h4, #goog-gt-tt
h5, #goog-gt-tt h6, #goog-gt-tt p, #goog-gt-tt a, #goog-gt-tt img, #goog-gt-tt ol,
#goog-gt-tt ul, #goog-gt-tt li, #goog-gt-tt table, #goog-gt-tt form, #goog-gt-tt
tbody, #goog-gt-tt tr, #goog-gt-tt td { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;
font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch:
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#goog-gt-tt caption, #goog-gt-tt th, #goog-gt-tt td { text-align: left; font-


weight: normal; }

div#goog-gt-tt { padding: 10px 14px; }

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relative; text-align: justify; width: 100%; }

#goog-gt-tt .title { color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: arial, sans-serif;


margin: 4px 0px; text-align: left; }

#goog-gt-tt .close-button { display: none; }

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#goog-gt-tt .started-activity-container { display: none; width: 100%; }

#goog-gt-tt .activity-root { margin-top: 20px; }

#goog-gt-tt .left { float: left; }

#goog-gt-tt .right { float: right; }


#goog-gt-tt .bottom { min-height: 15px; position: relative; height: 1%; }

#goog-gt-tt .status-message { background: rgb(41, 145, 13); border-radius: 4px;


box-shadow: rgb(30, 102, 9) 0px 2px 2px inset; color: white; font-size: 9pt; font-
weight: bolder; margin-top: 12px; padding: 6px; text-shadow: rgb(30, 102, 9) 1px
1px 1px; }

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arial; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 15px; text-decoration: none; }

#goog-gt-tt textarea { font-family: arial; resize: vertical; width: 100%; margin-


bottom: 10px; border-radius: 1px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-
color: silver rgb(217, 217, 217) rgb(217, 217, 217); border-image: initial; font-
size: 13px; height: auto; overflow-y: auto; padding: 1px; }

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border: 1px solid rgb(77, 144, 254); outline: none; }

#goog-gt-tt .activity-cancel { margin-right: 10px; }

#goog-gt-tt .translate-form { min-height: 25px; vertical-align: middle; padding-


top: 8px; }

#goog-gt-tt .translate-form .activity-form { margin-bottom: 0px; }

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width: 54px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); text-align: center; color:
rgb(68, 68, 68); font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; height: 27px; outline: 0px;
padding: 0px 8px; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 16px 0px
0px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 1px 2px; border-radius: 2px; transition:
all 0.218s; background-color: rgb(245, 245, 245); background-image: -webkit-linear-
gradient(top, rgb(245, 245, 245), rgb(241, 241, 241)); user-select: none; cursor:
default; }

#goog-gt-tt .translate-form .activity-form input:hover { border: 1px solid rgb(198,


198, 198); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); transition: all 0s; background-color: rgb(248,
248, 248); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(248, 248, 248),
rgb(241, 241, 241)); }

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rgb(198, 198, 198); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(246, 246, 246), rgb(241, 241,
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#goog-gt-tt .translate-form .activity-form input:focus, #goog-gt-tt .translate-form


.activity-form input.focus { outline: none; border: 1px solid rgb(77, 144, 254); z-
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#goog-gt-tt .translate-form .activity-form input.selected { background-color:


rgb(238, 238, 238); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgb(238, 238,
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border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); }

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border-color: rgb(48, 121, 237); background-color: rgb(77, 144, 254); background-
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.activity-form input.focus, #goog-gt-tt .translate-form .activity-form
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}

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153, 170) 2px 2px 4px; box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; }

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#goog-gt-tt .alt-menu .goog-menuitem { cursor: pointer; padding: 2px 5px 5px;


margin-right: 0px; border-style: none; }

#goog-gt-tt .alt-menu div.goog-menuitem:hover { background: rgb(221, 221, 221); }

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#goog-gt-tt .goog-submenu-arrow { text-align: right; position: absolute; right:


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#goog-gt-tt .goog-menuitem-rtl .goog-submenu-arrow { text-align: left; position:


absolute; left: 0px; right: auto; }

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rgb(241, 234, 0); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 3px 3px 4px;
box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(241, 234, 0); cursor: pointer; margin: -2px -2px
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#goog-gt-tt .trans-target-highlight { color: rgb(34, 34, 34); }

#goog-gt-tt .gt-hl-layer { color: white; position: absolute !important; }

#goog-gt-tt .trans-target, #goog-gt-tt .trans-target .trans-target-highlight


{ background-color: rgb(201, 215, 241); border-radius: 4px 4px 0px 0px; box-shadow:
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#goog-gt-tt span:focus { outline: none; }

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GIF89a � #~# � ##

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