Ministry of Education

School:
I.P.T.David

Teacher:

Student:
Yostin Rodriguez

Subject:
English

Grade: 12ºG

School year 219

 • How car electrical systems work.
The electrical system of a car is a closed circuit with a power source
independent of the battery. This works with a small fraction of the
energy of a domestic circuit.

o A typical electrical system:

Apart from the main charging, starting and ignition circuits, there are
other circuits such as lighting of lights, electric motors, sensors and
meters of electrical instruments, heating elements, magnetically
operated locks, radio and so on. All circuits are opened and closed
either by means of switches or relays (remote switches operated by
electromagnets).

The current flows along a single cable, from the battery to the
component being fed and returns to the battery through the metal
body. The body is connected to the battery ground terminal by a thick
wire.

This type of circuit is called a ground return system and any part that is
connected to the vehicle body is said to be grounded.

The force of the current is measured in amperes (amps) and the

pressure that drives it around the circuit is called voltage (volts).
Modern cars have a 12-volt battery and their capacity is measured in
amperes / hour. A battery of 56 amps / hour should be able to deliver a
current of 1 amp for 56 hours or 2 amps for 28 hours.
 o Positive and negative polarity.

Electricity flows from the battery in only one direction and some
components work only if the flow through them passes in the right
direction.

This one-way flow consent is called polarity. In most cars, the negative
(-) terminal of the battery is grounded and the positive (+) terminal
powers the electrical system.

This is known as a negative ground system and when you buy an

electrical accessory, for example a radio, you should check that it is of
a type suitable for the car system. Mounting a radio with an incorrect
polarity will damage the equipment, however most radios have an
external switch that allows the polarity to be adapted to work in the car.
It is advisable to change to the correct configuration before mounting it.

o Auxiliary circuits

The starter motor has its own heavy cable coming from the battery.
The ignition circuit supplies the high voltage pulses to the spark plugs
and the charging system includes the generator, which recharges the
battery. All other circuits are called auxiliary (subsidiary) circuits.

Most are wired through the power switch, so they only work when the
switch is on.

This prevents something from accidentally turning on and can drain the
battery.
  how is it generated

I still meet people who, when talking about electric vehicles, pose as a
doubt, even as an inconvenience, where we are going to get electricity
to recharge them, or everything that we are going to contaminate
because of their fault by having to generate electricity through coal and
other fossil fuels . This, the progress of the 2012 report of Red
Eléctrica de España and an article in the Falacias Ecologistas blog
gives me the opportunity to write this article.

The first thing to say is that taking out electricity to recharge them is the
least of the problems. Let's look at the case of Spain. For the ninth
consecutive year, and I already have the data of the Spanish electricity
system corresponding to 2012, it has had a net export balance with
regard to international exchanges. In other words, we have generated
4.2% more electricity than what we consume and what we have left
over we have sold to our neighboring countries.

More and more cars are part of our daily lives and although these
gasoline-powered vehicles have brought us great benefits, they have
also brought air pollution. According to the American Lung Association,
pollutants emitted by cars kill between 60,000 and 120,000 people in
the United States each year and cost approximately $ 93 billion in
medical expenses.

For all this, the search for new energy sources has become
indispensable and with it the electric cars have arrived, to whom we will
dedicate this article.
  how is it stored

According to a recent Swedish study, carbon fibers can function as

electrodes and store energy directly and similar to batteries. In this way
the bodies and structures made of this material fulfill a double function
and open up new opportunities to "significantly" reduce the weight of
electric vehicles, from airplanes to cars.

According to Leif Asp, a professor at the Chalmers University of

Technology in Sweden, "in this way the car body would not only be a
structural support element, but would also act as a battery" for electric
propulsion. "In a car or on an airplane this could reduce the weight by
up to 50 percent."

Reduce weight, a key challenge for electrification

Weight is a key challenge for electrification since it is the main factor

influencing the energy efficiency of any vehicle, so it has a direct and
notable impact on the autonomy of electric cars. In the case of
passenger airplanes "to run on electricity they will have to be much
lighter than they are today," say the researchers.
  how is it distributed

The distributor is an element of the ignition system in Otto cycle

engines (gasoline, ethanol and gas engines) that sends the high-
voltage electric current, coming from the ignition coil, through a rotor in
the order required by the cycle of ignition of each one of the cylinders
until the spark plugs of each one of them.1

This current converted into a spark when arriving at the spark plug
electrode causes the combustion of the mixture that is compressed
inside the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke, causing the
pressure in the chamber to rise, pushing the piston outwards,
producing a Useful work transmitted to the connecting rod and then to
the crankshaft. This is the expansion or explosion race.

The rotor rotates seated on the upper end of the distributor shaft, and
in so doing it is successively sending current to each of the spark plugs
of the engine.1

This action occurs when passing (not touching) to the metal points of
the distributor cap alternately, in the order indicated, and at a speed
such that the four explosions can occur in a turn of the same. This in a
4T 4-cylinder engine means that it has to turn at half the engine speed,
that is, when the engine rotates at 3000 rpm the distributor rotates at
1500 rpm, 6000 sparks are produced per minute, 1500 in each
cylinder.

The procedure to produce the high spark spark in the coil-rotor-spark

plug system is to interrupt the current of the low coil circuit,
synchronized with the distribution mechanism, by means of the breaker
or "plates". Therefore, the breaker is housed inside the distributor with
cams in number such that they produce the sparks indicated in the
previous paragraph.
  Introduction

Electricity, one of the most scary issues when you're starting to

play your self-propelled pot. It is taking a multimeter and
sweating cold, you have no idea even how it turns on. Even
people with a lot of experience in mechanics have a lot of "yuyu".
Why? Because it is something that (usually) you do not see, and
that in the worst case you will only notice when it is too late
(handsome cramps).
 Chat

More and more cars are part of our daily lives and although these
gasoline-powered vehicles have brought us great benefits, they
have also brought air pollution. According to the American Lung
Association, pollutants emitted by cars kill between 60,000 and
120,000 people in the United States each year and cost
approximately $ 93 billion in medical expenses.

For all this, the search for new energy sources has become
indispensable and with it the electric cars have arrived, to whom we
will dedicate this article.

Electric vehicles are cars whose engines are powered by fuel cells,
these work through reverse electrolysis, that is, water can be
separated into its original components, hydrogen and oxygen by
applying electric shocks.

Therefore the cells must have a hydrogen supplier, an oxidant

(oxygen) and two electrodes (the anode and the cathode) on each
side of an electrolyte. Electricity is conducted by a passage of ions
and atoms charged with electricity.
 During the electrical reaction, the hydrogen atoms release electrons
to the anode and become hydrogen ions within the electrolyte. The
electrons that are released at the anode travel through an external
circuit to the cathode. On their way to the cathode they can be used
to power the electric vehicle.

There are different types of electric vehicles today, some have only
one electric motor to move the four tires, others use two small
motors to power each tire separately, the most efficient is the one
that uses motors connected directly to each tire.