A PROJECT REPORT

ON

(INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE USING CERAMIC WASTE AS PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT)

BY
HAJAR KHALFAN ABDULLAH AL HADIDI 15F14000
KHALID ABDULLAH SULAIMAN SAIF AL KALBANI 15F14336
RAYA SAID SALIM AL SAADI 17F17061

Guided by
Kiran Kumar Poloju

Middle East College

Knowledge Oasis Muscat, Oman
FALL,2018
 A PROJECT PLANNING REPORT
ON

(INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE USING CERAMIC WASTE AS PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT)

BY

HAJAR KHALFAN ABDULLAH AL HADIDI 15F14000

KHALID ABDULLAH SULAIMAN SAIF AL KALBANI 15F14336
RAYA SAID SALIM AL SAADI 17F17061
 Junger, 2019

DECLARATION

We HAJAR AL HADIDI , KHALID AL KALBANI AND RAYA AL SAADI ,

hereby declare that the work presented herein is genuine and has not been copied in
part or in whole from any other source except where duly acknowledged. As such, all
use of previously published work (from books, journals, magazines, internet, etc.) has
been acknowledged with the main report to an item in the references or bibliography
lists.

Copyright Acknowledgement

We acknowledge that the copyright of this project and report belongs to MEC.

Student Name Student ID Signature

HAJAR KHALFAN ABDULLAH AL HADIDI 15F14000

KHALID ABDULLAH SULAIMAN AL KALBANI 15F14336

RAYA SAID SALIM AL SAADI 17F17061

 APPROVAL FORM

The project report entitled USAGE OF CERAMIC WASTE AS PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT-STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
submitted by Hajar al hadidi 15f14000, Khalid al kalbani 15f14336 and Raya al saadi
17f17061, is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for diploma in
Hardware and Networking.

Supervisor
Kiran Kumar Poloju
Department of Civil Engineering
Date: 13/1/2019
____________________

Examiner
Department of Civil Engineering
Date
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our group desires to express Dr. Kiran Kumar Poloju most sincere appreciation and
thanks to everyone who helps him for his encouragement and advice through the course
of this study and for his help in the preparation and writing of this report. Thanks go to
the faculty member of Department of Civil Engineering and to the Head, Faculty of
Department for supplying the source of information for this work. Thanks, are also due
to supervisor for reading and checking the format of this report.

i
 Abstract
Recycling and the use of construction waste and demolition is one of the most important
objectives of the Arab world, where the waste of ceramics from waste is widespread
and is considered one of the most important waste that can be reused. The objective of
this study was to study the compressive properties of its laboratory-produced concrete,
which were added to different percentages of ceramic substrate. Where the waste was
obtained from the construction sites and then grinded in the milling companies to obtain
a soft material such as cement. We conducted preliminary experiments to characterize
the ceramic powder and its suitability such as fine cement.
In this research study ceramic waste powder is used as replacement to cement in
concrete in an addition order like 0%,10%,20%,30% by weight of cement in concrete
for 30M grade. Concrete mixtures were tested and compared in terms of compressive
strength of concrete for 7 days and 14 days using size 150mmx150mm cubes. As a
result, compressive strength up to 10% replacement of ceramic waste was good and can
used in the construction work but for concrete mix design 20% and 30% replacement
of ceramic waste is not suitable for construction work.

ii
 Table Content

content
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ i
Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii
Table Content ............................................................................................................ iii
List of Figure .............................................................................................................. v
List of Table .............................................................................................................. vi
Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................... 1
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the project.....................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement ..............................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives of the project.......................................................................................2
1.4 Study significance ................................................................................................2
1.5 Project structure ..................................................................................................3
Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................... 4
2 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................4
2.2 Background .........................................................................................................4
2.3 Ceramic Industry..................................................................................................6
2.4 Properties of Ceramics .........................................................................................7
2.5 Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in Concrete ..............................................................8
2.6 Experiments applied to ceramic waste in concrete ..................................................9
Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................. 21
3 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Material uses and properties............................................................................... 21
3.1.1 Cement ...................................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Aggregates ................................................................................................. 22
3.1.3 Ceramic Wastes ......................................................................................... 24
3.2 Ratio Water to Cement (W/C): ......................................................................... 25
3.3 Mix design ....................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Laboratory Test ............................................................................................... 27

iii
 3.4.1 Compressive Strength Test ......................................................................... 27
Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................. 29
4 Result and Discussion ............................................................................................. 29
4.1 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 32
Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................. 34
5 Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................... 34
6 References ............................................................................................................. 35
7 Appendices ............................................................................................................ 37

iv
 List of Figure

Figure 1: Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Mix1, 2, 3 ....................... 13

Figure 2: OPC ............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3: fine aggragate ........................................................................................... 242
Figure 4: coarse aggragate .......................................................................................... 24
Figure 5: Ceramic Powder ........................................................................................ 244
Figure 6: Compressive Strength machaine ................................................................. 28
Figure 7: Compressive Strength Result ...................................................................... 31
Figure 8: Ceramic Waste in Building Construction.................................................... 37
Figure 9: Preparation of material and tolls for mixing the required work .................. 37

v
 List of Table

Table 1: Physical Properties of Ceramic Summary ...................................................... 7

Table 2: Test Result for cement ................................................................................. 10
Table 3: Chemical properties of ceramic waste .......................................................... 10
Table 4: Property of Coarse Aggregates ..................................................................... 10
Table 5: Property of Fine Aggregates ......................................................................... 11
Table 6: Various Concrete Mixes ............................................................................... 11
Table 7: Compressive strength Result ........................................................................ 12
Table 8: Compressive Strength Result ........................................................................ 17
Table 9: Compressive strength of cube(150x150x150) for m25 mix at 7, 28 days” .. 18
Table 10: Compressive Strength Test on Cube For 7,14 and 28 days ........................ 19
Table 11: The number of specimens and their serial number (x-x)…........................26
Table 12: Average Compressive Strength of Concrete replacement ……………..…31

vi
 Chapter 1
1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the project

In the present time, the world is facing the problems of removing building waste
and finding solutions to remove or reuse it. In the process of manufacturing, many waste
of construction, demolition and solid waste is estimated at around 30% worldwide.
Solid waste management is one of the most important environmental concerns in the
world. The use of such waste has been directed at the construction industry, for example
in the concrete industry, which will lead to waste disposal and stop the use of natural
building materials to conserve natural resources. In the process of concrete after she
worked test compressive strength and tensile strength while ensuring their suitability in
the process of construction and whether the new components of the concrete will
improve the behavior of concrete? This study will also explain the extent of the
possibility of reducing the economic cost in the manufacture of concrete, since the
cement is a basic component of the concrete and is somewhat expensive.

1.2 Problem Statement

The ceramic waste is considered one of the most dangerous environmental and health
contaminants, as it is formed by 54% of the building materials from the manufacturing
and demolition process, since it does not have clear and precise disposal, but is thrown
randomly causing air and water pollution over time. Permanent ceramic residues are
considered harsh and resistant to the strength of biological, chemical and physical
analysis. As some industries for ceramics are disposed of by turning them into a powder
and throwing them in any hole close to their place. However, the possibility of recycling
ceramic waste and its use as an alternative to cement will also improve the behaviour
of the concrete through the tests that will be addressed. Also, ceramic waste can be used
in concrete to improve the strength and other durability factor.

1
1.3 Objectives of the project

The main purpose of this study is to usage of ceramic waste as partial replacement of
cement to check the strength properties of the concrete and compare it with the normal
concrete in different percentage 0%-10%-20%-30% by using compression strength test.
Also, to reducing the cost of the cement production by using the wastes of ceramic,
protect the environment of by reduce the amount of ceramics waste accumulated in the
place of the burial, and ensure that the replacement of cement instead of ceramics.

1.4 Study significance

The concrete industry consumes a large amount of natural raw materials. This has an
impact on the environment, energy consumption and resources, and with the urban
development and demolition of the mines and the old buildings, it results in the
accumulation and production of a large quantity of waste representing the old concrete,
the largest part in addition to minerals, wood,
As a result, we have two problems: lack of raw materials used in the concrete industry,
recycling and use of construction waste resulting from construction or demolition.
Through this study, we will show the importance of recycled construction waste in the
manufacture of concrete to reduce the use of natural resources and reduce energy
consumption and thermal emission.
This study important to encouraging stakeholders and stakeholders to take practical
steps in identifying and measuring the environmental impacts related to waste disposal,
using a modern methodology to identify methods of treatment, and offering the best
solutions for the recycling and use of waste.

2
1.5 Project structure

Chapter Content

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 3 Methodology

Chapter 4 Result and Discussion

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation

3
 Chapter 2

2 Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
This chapter includes previous studies of literature related to study of the use of ceramic
waste in the manufacture of concrete and check the behavior of concrete by using
different test. These studies help us to identify the expected results of this project and
identify how to exploit the remnants of construction in the development of concrete.
Different literary references will be addressed to different countries to obtain
information that will help us in our study and compare them with our findings.

2.2 Background

(Mahmoud 2018) The process of introducing solid waste materials into conventional
concrete manufacturing has many advantages, including maintaining the healthy
environment in terms of recycle building waste, reducing the negative impact of cement
production, and preserving natural materials. This waste also has a beneficial effect in
improving concrete behavior and improving its properties. Most ceramic waste
produced from ceramic tile polishing is disposed of by placing it in landfills, causing
serious environmental problems and pollution. This waste also has a beneficial effect
in improving concrete behavior and improving its properties. The basic component of
ceramic waste is the element of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide, which makes it a
good material in the manufacture of normal concrete and concrete self-compression, so
that ceramic waste is used as a substitute for partial cement at different rates, namely
10% ,20% ,30% ,40% in the normal concrete mix and 28%,57% In concrete mixing
concrete compressibility. The new characteristics, resistance properties and durability
of the various materials showed that ceramic waste could be used as an alternative to
the partial cement. This improvement in concrete behavior was found in the best
replacement of the concrete mixtures which depend on the degree of concrete strength
for the mixture of 25 MPa. 10-30% while it was 20-30% for a 50 MPa mixture. As for
the concrete mixture, it is possible to use the replacement level of 28%, whereas for the
characteristics of the fresh and the durability, both the 28% and 57%.

4
Through this research, some of the experiments discussed will be presented to identify
the characteristics of the ceramic waste and display their results and analysis.

Willetta, A study was conducted on the characteristics of cement matrix modified with
ceramic wastes by adding ceramic, 10%, 15% and 20% of the cement mass with mortar
and the test of stability. The test of deflation was also carried out. The resistance test
was performed for different days (2,7,14,28,56).

(Hawary 2018) The researcher Mohammed Tareq Al-Hawari said in his research on the
use of ceramic waste in the concrete industry as an alternative to aggregates and cement
at the German University in Cairo "due to the new developments in the construction
process and the introduction of new types of materials on traditional methods to
increase the hardness and strength of concrete and improve the behavior and
characteristics of concrete. "Most of the natural materials found in the local
environment are known as concrete material, which is used in building materials, so it
was designed to mix concrete by adding a different percentage of ceramic waste
according to American specifications." The researcher tested it to ascertain the quality
of the concrete. Landing - Strong pressure - Tensile strength - bending force. through
the experiments, the results were compared with the regular concrete, where it was
concluded that the aggregate, sand or cement could be replaced by different
percentages. Where the researcher explained that the reason for the use of ceramic
waste in the manufacture of concrete because of the increase in the proportion of
production, which is estimated about 30% in the world. This waste is wasted and is not
used as it confirms that this waste must be used because it revolution must be invested
and recycled in the field Special construction in the manufacture of concrete. Al-Hawari
explained that the introduction of ceramic waste in the construction industry has many
benefits in which the reduction of the economic cost in the construction process also
has benefits in the disposal of waste and activating the commercial side through the
local production of raw materials as the transfer of filaments from the burden of the
state to the source of profit either benefit from On the other hand, the use of waste
preserves the clean environment free from the construction waste that causes water and
air pollution.

5
2.3 Ceramic Industry

(Jane 2016) The ceramic consists of at least two or more elements, and is also composed
of organic elements, non-metallic minerals, ionic bonds, and a thermal source. This is
a complex and difficult matter. First, the raw materials are prepared in this stage. The
clay mixture is made up of silicate water silks, the Feldsparat, and the metal produced
by the chemical analysis process for granite, limestone and silicate sand. The milling
process is done all the materials in large mills, resulting in a mixture called aloe, which
has density, viscosity and precipitation in specific quantities. Then, the resulting
material was then pumped into a conical body containing a high temperature air current
of more than 500 degrees Celsius, which would dry the moisture of the material and
reach its moisture between 4-6%. After that, The process of formation begins where the
powder produced from the mixture is placed in molds of various shapes by casting and
pressing. Then, Then start drying and burning, where the drying of the seal and burn
them using special dryers and then colouring and decorating the molds using a special
coating for molds and printing forms using the special laser printer. The molds are then
put to the final burn in the oven temperature is appropriate for 24 minutes and then try
the pieces to ensure the quality and make sure that they are free of manufacturing
defects and in the final process of packaging.

There are two types of ceramic are the traditional ceramic, the type that has a clay ratio
between 20-100%, while the second type is ceramic engineering, which has been
developed by the weakness of the traditional ceramics and among these defects hide
cracks and pores.

The advantages of ceramics, many of which are the first material in large quantities and
it is high resistance to weather factors and not affected by the sun and water and dust
and it has the ability to resist chemicals, making it suitable for all purposes. The ceramic
is also characterized by low coefficient of friction and low density and resistance to
corrosion is inexpensive and available in abundance.

6
2.4 Properties of Ceramics
The improvement of new clay materials is taking care of the developing demand in
mechanical and research facility applications. Coors clay parts are harder, lighter, and
more impervious to warmth, erosion, and wear than steel partners. Coors earthenware
shows brilliant dimensional solidness and can be made to meet exact resistances. Its
quality and temperature obstruction, joined with high resistivity and dielectric quality,
make it an alluring option. Concoction Porcelain has superb warm stun obstruction. The
synthetic porcelain used to make the items included has a combination purpose of
1670°C and a softening purpose of 1400°C.

High-Alumina Ceramicware made of 99.8%-unadulterated aluminium oxide, is every

now and again chosen by metallurgists and scientific experts. It is valuable for
applications requiring high-temperature investigation with sans contaminant results.
This very unmanageable labware is intended for use in decreasing and oxidizing
climates. It tends to be utilized with stubborn metals, for example, molybdenum,
platinum, rhodium, tungsten, tantalum and iridium. It is idle in hydrogen and
carbonaceous environments and offers high protection from alkalise and different
transitions at low temperatures.

Table 1: Physical Properties of Ceramic Summary

Physical Properties* Chemical-porcelain High-alumina

1400°C (2560°F ) unglazed
Maximum use temp (no load) 1750°C (3182°F)
1150°C (2100°F) glazed
3.56 x 10-6 from 20 to 200°C
Thermal-expansion coefficient gradually increasing to 8.0 x 10-6/°C from 25 to1000°C
4.69 x 10-6 at 1000°C
Thermal shock resistance Good Fair
Compressive strength — >300,000 psi
Density (g/cc) 2.5 (typical) 3.9 (typical)
Rockwell 45N 57.5 79
Hardness
Mohs — 9
Gas permeability 0 0
Water absorption 0 0
Maximum heating/cooling rate 200°C (392°F)/hour 150°C (302°F)/hour
Acid Good except HF High except HF
Corrosion Alkali Good High
resistance Metals Fair to good High except Na, Li
Atmospheric — OK oxidizing, reducing
(coleparmer, 2018)

7
2.5 Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in Concrete

Usage Ceramic waste should be possible in various ways, this area alludes to the use of
earthenware squanders as incomplete substitution of totals. In 2005, Brito et al.
considered the appropriateness of artistic waste as a conceivable substitute for ordinary
coarse totals in the generation of non-structural solid relics and discovered that the fired
waste totals can possibly be utilized as a substitution of regular coarse totals however
in components where the essential prerequisite is elasticity and protection from scraped
area and not compressive quality. Additionally, Senthamarai and Manharanalso
checked the reasonableness of clay squander as substitution of pounded stone total and
discovered that the usefulness of fired waste coarse total made cement is great and that
the quality attributes are practically identical to that of the traditional cement.

Correia et al. (2005) studied the durability of cement made by incomplete substitution
of earthenware squanders and discovered that the mechanical properties as far as
compressive and elasticity were appropriate anyway because of high water retention
possible forceful ecological specialists, for example, injurious salts may enter
effortlessly into the solid, which isn't prohibitive in non-strengthened cement.

(Raval 2013) In the second part here ceramic wastes are considered as a substitution of
bond in cement. In 2010, Torgal and Jalali analyzed the attainability of utilizing clay
squanders in cement and their outcomes demonstrate that solid with 20% bond
substitution despite the fact that has a minor quality misfortune yet have expanded
sturdiness execution, while when concrete blends with earthenware totals indicate
preferable outcomes over the control solid blends concerning compressive quality, fine
water retention, oxygen penetrability and chlorine dispersion consequently prompting
more tough solid structures, anyway in 2013 Raval et al. likewise played out the nearly
a similar examination and their outcomes demonstrate that the utilization of artistic
stone work rubble as dynamic expansion supplies bond with positive attributes as major
mechanical quality and the financial preferences. Reuse of this sort of waste has points
of interest financial and ecological, decrease in the quantity of common spaces utilized
as reject dumps. In a roundabout way, all the above adds to a superior personal

8
satisfaction for subjects and to present the idea of manageability in the development
division.

2015 Daniyal and Ahmad likewise researched the impact of addition of pulverized
waste artistic tiles as a supplanting for characteristic coarse totals with 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and half of substitution and broke down that the ideal estimation of waste fired tile
to be utilized inside the solid blend with a water/bond proportion of 0.5was about 30%.
The compressive and flexural quality of ideal cement was discovered 5.43% and 32.2%
higher than reference concrete individually. Their discoveries uncover that utilizing
waste clay tile prompts upgrading the properties of cement.

Lastly the other uses of ceramic wastes in the construction industry are being taken up.
Rajamannan et al. in 2013investigated the effect of addition of ceramic waste to clay
materials and concluded from chemical, mineralogical and morphological analyses,
that water absorption and compressive strength tests show that ceramic waste can be
added to the clay material with no detrimental effect on the properties of the sintered
fire-clay products. The test results say ceramic waste could be utilized as filler in clay
blocks, along these lines improving the likelihood of its reuse in a sheltered and feasible
way. (Rajamannan et al. in 2013)

2.6 Experiments applied to ceramic waste in concrete

Several previous studies have been conducted to test the concrete mixture added to the
ceramic waste and compared to the regular concrete mixture. Hardik Patel, Dr. N.K.
Arora and Shraddha R.Vaniya they do research study ceramic waste powder from
ceramic wall tiles industry is used as replacement to cement in concrete in an
incremental order like 0%, 10%.20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% by weight of cement
in concrete for M 25 grade.

( Hardik P el al 2016)

 Cement: They used in this study the cement type Ordinary Portland Cement of
53 grades conforming to IS: 8112 is be use. Physical property of cement is as
per table 2.

9
 Table 2: Test Result for cement

Initial setting time 180min

Final setting time 240 min
Compressive 3 days 37 N/mm2
7 days 48 N/mm2
strength
28 days 59 N/mm2

 Ceramic Waste: ceramic material is hard, unbending. It is evaluated that 15 to 30%

waste are created of aggregate crude material utilized, and although a part of this waste
might be used nearby, for example, for uncovering pit refill. Chemical properties of
ceramic waste are as per table 3:

Table 3: Chemical properties of ceramic waste

CONTENTS w/w %
SiO2 55.24
CaO 28.70
Al2O3 13.25
(Source: MET-CHEM LABORATORIES, VADODARA)

 Coarse Aggregate: The divisions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are utilized as coarse total.
The Coarse Aggregates from crushed Basalt rock, complying with IS: 383 is being
use. The Flakiness and Elongation Index were kept up well beneath 15%.

Table 4: Property of Coarse Aggregates

Property Coarse aggregates

Specific Gravity 2.74
Water Absorption 1.45%
Moisture Content Nil

10
  Fine Aggregate: Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 microns are termed as fine
aggregate. The river sand is used in combination as fine aggregate conforming to the
requirements of IS: 383.

Table 5: Property of Fine Aggregates

Property Fine aggregates

Specific Gravity 2.64
Water Absorption 1.0%
Moisture Content Nil

The mix proportion for M 25 is and W/C ratio of 0.46 was casted for three mix (1),(2)
and (3). Slump test was tested when the concrete in fresh concrete. The cubes, beams
and cylinders were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength. These tested
were carried out at age of 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.

1) Coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are as per designed mix in all three mixes

2) CMT – Cement

3) CWP – Ceramic Waste Powder

4) Mix1, Mix2, Mix3 are of same water-cement ratio 0.46

Table 6: Various Concrete Mixes

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3

0%CWP+100%CMT 0%CWP+100%CMT+1%NA2SiO3 0%CWP+100%CMT+2%NA2SiO3
10%CWP+90%CMT 10%CWP+90%CMT1%NA2SiO3 10%CWP+90%CMT+2%NA2SiO3
20%CWP+80%CMT 20%CWP+80%CMT1%NA2SiO3 20%CWP+80%CMT+2%NA2SiO3
30%CWP+70%CMT 30%CWP+70%CMT1%NA2SiO3 30%CWP+70%CMT+2%NA2SiO3
40%CWP+60%CMT 40%CWP+60%CMT1%NA2SiO3 40%CWP+60%CMT+2%NA2SiO3
50%CWP+50%CMT 50%CWP+50%CMT1%NA2SiO3 50%CWP+50%CMT+2%NA2SiO3
60%CWP+40%CMT 60%CWP+40%CMT1%NA2SiO3 60%CWP+40%CMT+2%NA2SiO3

11
 Effect on hardened Properties of Concrete
1. Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes: Compressive strength is the most
well-known test led on hardened concrete. It is simple and easy to perform and halfway
on the grounds that a considerable lot of the alluring properties of cement are
subjectively identified with its compressive strength. Compression test Use of Ceramic
Waste Powder in Cement Concrete: cubes, cylinder and prisms. Take required amounts
of material and blended it by hand or by machine blending. Cement ought to be filled
in shape in three equivalent layers. Each layer ought to be compacted for multiple times
with a 16mm dia. pole. After solidified the examples are taken out and relieved in
perfect, new water. Restoring is done until the required long stretches of testing. The
test ought to be completed quickly upon the expulsion of example from water restoring
and after that discovering the compressive strength by compressive machine.
Compressive strength=maximum load/area =P/A.

Table 7: Compressive strength Result

Compressive strength Compressive strength Compressive strength

Mix
(Mix 1) 28 day (Mix 2) 28 day (Mix 3) 28 day
0% 37.61 38.13 38.53
10% 35.57 36.49 35.70
20% 31.59 34.18 34.80
30% 29.23 32.07 33.44
40% 27.61 30.47 31.15
50% 25.43 27.68 28.35
60% 22.67 23.19 21.78

12
 Compressive Strength result
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 (28day)

Figure 1: Comparative Study of Compressive Strength of Mix1, 2, 3

The results of this study according to the values and tables shown above show that as
the proportion of ceramic waste in concrete increased, the compressive strength of the
concrete also decreases. The higher the sodium silicate values in the water in different
percentages of cement, the less compressive strength is compared with the conventional
concrete.

(Poul O, and Julius M 2016) Through the study of special research researchers Poul O,
and Julius M the study summary is there is growing attention to the use of waste
materials such as ceramics as alternative building materials. While a wide range of other
ceramic items, such as sanitary ware and electrical insulators, has been investigated,
many results are not available on ceramic walls and floor tiles. Thus, the present study
focuses on the mechanical description of the walls of concrete ceramic and stacked
tiles. Ceramic waste from construction and demolition waste was separated from other
debris and crushed with a metal hammer. The ceramic tiles were sifted to smooth and
rough rubble in accordance with the standards. Other materials used were gravel, sand,
cement, and drinking water. The freshness of concrete was analyzed by idle test, and
150 mm concrete cubes and 100 mm x 200 mm cylinders were poured into the
laboratory. After 24 hours of casting, the concrete samples were smashed and treated
by immersion in the water tank to a temperature of 22 ° C. The compressive strength
points were identified and the divisions of reinforced concrete samples were increased
after treatment for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The results showed that both the compressive

13
strength and the tensile strength of the tensile strength increased significantly with the
age of treatment compared to the conventional concrete. The results of this study are in
the mechanical characterization of the Ceramic Ceramics Ceramics (CWA), in their
experience to verify their suitability. The workability of CWA concrete was comparable
with concrete concrete ranging from medium to high capacity. This was for the
combination of CCA-100 (coarse coarse aggregate with 100% coarse ceramic)
exception. In general, the mechanical performance of concrete CWA was better than
concrete concrete performance. The maximum pressure resistance and tensile strength
were achieved by replacing 100% of natural aggregates with CCA and fine aggregate
(CFA). The mechanical properties of CWA concrete have been improved with an
increase in the ratio of replacement of natural aggregates.

It was concluded that within the limited range of experiments carried out in this study,
CWA concrete as an alternative to a fraction of natural aggregate can be considered an
appropriate substitute for ordinary concrete. In fact, where strength, is more convenient
than traditional concrete.

(Hiliroshi el al 2014) Thera are another study is done by( Hiliroshi, H and Fumio,Y)
from Construction and Building Material Book.This paper presents the results of
experimental investigation on compressive strength and resistance to chloride ion
penetration of mortars made of ceramic waste, such as fine aggregates. The ceramic
waste of electrical insulators supplied by the Japan Electric Power Corporation was
crushed and grinded to produce smoother mortar slabs. Ceramic powder is discharged
as a by-product. The effects of mixing with ceramic powder in mortar shells have also
been investigated. Mortar pressure tests are conducted on 7, 28 and 91 days. In addition,
the resistance of chloride ion penetration to mortar was determined by two methods: N
0.1 silver nitrate solution and fluorescent X-ray spectrometer. The pressure resistance
of a mortar made of ceramic waste is increased and the chloride ion penetration
resistance is significantly higher than that of the river sand. It was also confirmed that
the partial drainage of the cement through ceramic powder up to 20% by weight is
effective regarding compressive strength and chlorine ion penetration resistance.

14
 (Jayeshkumar P, 2013)

From article name (Ceramic waste effective replacement of cement for establishing
sustainable concrete) was done by Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda. He say in has study .The
residue of ceramics is one of the most studied areas where the ceramic residue powder
is applied by precipitation and then it is disposed of in a manner that leads to pollution
of the environment in addition to the formation of dust in the summer, which leads to
damage to public health. Therefore, the use of ceramic waste powder in various
industrial sectors and especially in the construction of the building for the benefit of the
environment, where the study in this research was the replacement of cement (OPC) by
ceramic waste in different range 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50% by weight of M-20 grade
concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of the
material for 7, 14, 28 day. The result of this study is that the compressive strength up
to 30% replaces the cement with the ceramic waste. The objective of the study is to
study the behavior of the concrete during the replacement Residues in different
proportions in concrete. From this study they obtained The Compressive Strength of
M20 grade Concrete increases when the replacement of Cement with Ceramic Powder
up to 30% replaces by weight of Cement and further replacement of Cement with
Ceramic Powder decreases the Compressive Strength.

(Ambikesh el al 2018) From ceramic waste in concrete -Areview article was done by
two Researcher Ambikesh Singh and Vikas Srivastava. They said in the study "The use
of hazardous waste in concrete will lead to a green environment. The so-called concrete
is called permanent concrete, which can also be called green concrete. Secondary goods
and waste are rapidly being released, so that proper disposal, recycling and reuse are
necessary to protect the environment, reduce dependence on natural materials, reduce
carbon dioxide, and make merit and the economy palpable. The need for permanent
concrete has become enormous in relation to academic bodies and industries. Ceramic
manufacturing in India has grown to nearly 750 million meters 2 version [1]. During the
industrial process and the attrition of many ceramic brake residues and resulting waste
per year. Ceramic, glass, mud and mud ceramics containing toxic metal materials such
as antimony, vanadium, cadmium, copper, cobalt, lead, manganese, chromium, selenium

15
and barium. Ceramic waste is mostly used to land waste, which makes the adjacent land
non-reflective and contaminating groundwater. The aim of this research is to study and
estimate the effects of recycled ceramics as a soft, wood and ceramic cell as an alternative
to traditional materials on the properties of concrete and cement matrix. In this study ,
the influence of the exchange of traditional materials on ceramic properties was studied
on the properties of concrete such as operation, compressive strength, bending force,
coefficient of attenuation, split tensile strength, adhesive strength in depth. The result of
this investigation, even the use of recycled ceramic aggregates and ceramic vapors as a
partial replacement of the materials of the assembly and the traditional link, is
undoubtedly permissible. The studied specifications of recycled ceramic concrete
showed non-negative and negative responses to a barrier with respect to the exchange
rate, which is suitable for use in practice. The capacity of modern concrete is reduced
when the replacement ratio increases. The strength of compression, tensile strength and
flexural strength decreases when the rate of exchange increases. In conclusion, water
absorption is high in ceramic aggregates due to high porosity which also reduces the
operability, so the pre-preparation process is required. 40% of the amount of natural sand
with recycled ceramic rubble does not significantly affect the properties of concrete. The
drainage of 25% of the amount of natural coarse aggregate with recycled coarse
aggregate does not significantly affect the properties of concrete. The exchange of
ceramic vapors with bonding materials added with ceramic financial penalty of up to
10% does not significantly affect the concrete. The use of ceramic waste in concrete as
binder, coarse and smooth aggregates can be beneficial without simply affecting the
mechanical properties of the concrete.

(Mohd M, Kamarudin H, 2006) In this Article name ' Concrete Ceramic waste Slab'
which is done by Mohd Mustafa Al bakri Abdullah, Kamarudin Hussin, Che Mohd
Ruzaidi and others. Their study summary is the comparison between the strength of the
coarse aggregates and the ceramic residue residues where the sources of ceramic waste
were obtained from the industrial in Malaysia. Where ceramics industries go to produce
as waste, which are not subject to recycling. The experiment was conducted to
determine the suitability of the possible replacement of the traditional crushed stone
ceramic industry. The experiment was conducted to determine the strength of the
concrete with the coarse aggregate of the ceramic waste to compare it with the
traditional properties of the concrete. The compressive strength of the concrete with the

16
coarse aggregates of ceramics was 100% - indicating that it is like the traditional
concrete. From the table blow is shown the result of the experiment. Where we observe
through readings that the readings are close in terms of strength.

Table 8: Compressive Strength Result

Mix Conventional Concrete Compressive Strength (Mpa

M1 11.59
M2 27.33
M3 30.34
Mix Concrete Ceramic waste Slab
M4 15.64
M5 23.51
M6 30.16

(Faizan el al 2017)

"Analysis of mix design of concrete using ceramic waste" from this article which done
by Faizan Dhrolwala, Kaushik Kanani and Divyesh Patel. This research includes an
empirical study on the properties of ceramic waste containing concrete. The
manufacture of ceramics inevitably produces waste, regardless of the improvements
made in industrialization. In ceramic manufacturing, about 15% -30% of the version
goes as waste. These wastes are problematic in today's society, It needs an appropriate
form of management to investigate permanent development. In that school education
(OPC) Cement was exchanged through ceramic residue powder based on this range at
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and gravel. It was replaced by total ceramic waste based on
this range in 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight for M-25 concrete grade. The stress
test was performed on solid concrete blocks in the wake of 7- and 28-days Water. The
results show that concrete with a partial cement swap with ceramic powder and
ceramics apart from this having a simple loss of intensity has an overstatement of
durability. In the current paper the examination does not look like a specification
Ceramic aggregates are applied to verify the dependency of the same normal
aggregates. In either case, permanent A fee has been made to reduce the number of
concretes. Returning the use of that type of waste has benefits in the investment
direction environmental and reducing the range of natural areas used as garbage dumps.

17
Indirectly, all earlier participates in the revision of the quality of life of citizens and the
introduction of the concept of sustainability in the health sector. From the table blow is
shown the result of the experiment.

Table 9: Compressive strength of cube(150x150x150) for m25 mix at 7, 28 days”

Concrete Mix Average Compressive Strength [N/mm2 ]

design 7 day (N/mm2) 28 day (N/mm2)
A0 17.37 25.88
A1 16.67 25.77
A2 16.87 25.32
A3 16.63 24.89
A4 16.66 2459
A5 16.75 25.08

From this paper experimental study on partial replacement of cement with ceramic tile
powder in concrete. Which is done by Agil.R and Kumar.A the summery for this paper
is say "For concrete is a material used on a large scale in world-wide construction and
cement, a key component of concrete being expensive and available for nothing,
conducting research or experiments to study changes in the strength specifications of
concrete through partial or full cement swaps by cheaper or materials available locally.
The ceramic waste powder is diluted by dilution and then eliminated environmental
filth, in addition to the formation of dust in the summer and the threat of both agriculture
and public health for this, the benefit of ceramic waste powder in non-similar industrial
sectors especially construction, Agriculture, glass and paper industries will help protect
the environment. Through the search for cement ceramic powder residue was swapped
based on this in the 10% range of 15%, 20% by weight of the M30 degree. concrete
mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength and
tensile strength bending strength of conventional concrete. These examinations were
conducted to assess mechanical specifications for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days. This
research is concerned with experimental research on the strength of concrete the
optimum ratio for partial replacement through cement swap is 10%, 15%, 20%, of
ceramic waste to invoke all that opinion, the object of the examination is to study the

18
performance of concrete during the ceramic exchange the residues are of similar
proportions in the concrete.

Table 10: Compressive Strength Test on Cube For 7,14 and 28 days

Mix COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

7 day(N/mm2) 14 day(N/mm2) 28 day(N/mm2)
0 24.95 28.27 35.22
10 25.12 29.15 36.68
15 26.19 31.21 38.68
20 23.24 26.42 33.58

(M.Swaroopa 2016) "A Study on Ceramic Waste Powder" which was done by Dr.M.
Swaroopa Rani. This article say that "the ceramic industry produces waste regardless
of the improvements in the manufacturing process, as about 30% -15% of the
production goes as waste as these wastes are an environmental problem in our current
society. During this research, different percentages of ceramic waste were replaced in
concrete and tested for different days 7 days, 28 days, 56 days and the results according
to the table shown below. Ceramic powder is replaced 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and
50% as cement for determining the compressive strength at 56 days. Percentage
replacement of ceramic powder v/s compressive strength at 56 days has been plotted
below. Effect of replacing ceramic powder as a partial replacement of cement for
compressive strength testing the results look down. It was observed that excess
compressive strength of concrete by 10% apply ceramic powder and compressive
strength reduces 10% of drainage table down. Of the results listed below are the
percentages replace ceramic pressure powder the power of the measured amount will
not be acquired early Age, it will be obtained at a lateral age. Results down 10%, 20%,
30%, 40% and 50% ceramic barter powder amount of 7 days down compressive
strength the emulation with 28 days of compressive strength and 28 days the
compressive force will be low for 56 days. Compressive strength for ceramic powder
showed a growing destination like a medicine the stage has been exaggerated to a
slower pozzolanic reaction at an early age. Thus, it is necessary to concrete containing
ceramic powder is lacking for long periods.

19
Percentage COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Replacement 7 day (N/mm2) 28 day (N/mm2) 56 day (N/mm2)
%0 41.92 50.81 51.25
%10 41.62 56.29 50.81
%20 38.81 - 49.77
%30 25.77 40.43 48.73
%40 21.62 39.84 40.18
%50 21.62 30.81 31.55

20
 Chapter 3
3 Methodology

3.1 Material uses and properties

The materials used in this blended experiment are cement, coarse and fine aggregate,
water and ceramic wastes.

3.1.1 Cement

The cement used in the experiment is the OPC that provided by MEC.

Cement is a fine bonding material that hardens and hardens. It has a cohesive and
cohesive material. The presence of water has the ability to connect concrete components
to each other. Cement is used for concrete and mortar, where natural or synthetic
materials are bonded to form strong building materials that resist the normal effects of
the environment. . Cement should not be mixed with concrete. Cement is a dry powder
used in the bonding of the material to the concrete. Cement used in building two types
are cement, non-water, cement and water cement.

The cement industry is relatively simple compared to other industries where the cement
industry depends on the availability of raw materials. Cement industry is considered of
strategic industries.

Figure 2 : OPC

21
3.1.2 Aggregates
Aggregates are one of the most important concrete components. It gives the body to the
concrete and reduces the economic impact and shrinkage. Aggregates are one of the
most important factors for the production of concrete applicable. There is a sample of
aggregates required in the concrete so that the minimum sample contains spaces.
Samples of the valley that exists in the college require a minimum collection of blanks
and the minimum paste of the blanks in the clusters. The lower plants mean less quantity
of water and less cement, which is another means of higher strength, increasing
economy, and increase of the durability and less shrinkage.

i. Fine Aggregate

The fine aggregate is one of the most important elements in concrete. Using river sand
brought us from outside the college. It contained .75 of concrete volume. The amount
of aggregate used between 4.75 mm to 150 mm. The density of the growing
aggregates2650kg/m

Characteristics of Lexus:

 Durability
 Abrasion and skid resistance
 Unit weights and voids
 Grading
 absorption and surface moisture
 particle shape and surface texture

Figure 3: fine aggregate

22
 ii. Coarse Aggregate

The coarse aggregate is very important for the concrete to provide compressive
strength. The aggregate was used from outside the kidney. The shape and shape of
aggregates affect the compressive strength of the concrete. The texture and resonance
shape is not suitable for high pressure strength. Is 1.5 percent of the volume of the
concrete. The amount of particle debris used in the concrete mix design is 22.43. The
severity of coarse aggregates 2650kg/m3

• Durability
• Abrasion and skid resistance
• Unit weights and voids
• Grading
• absorption and surface moisture
• particle shape and surface texture

Figure 4: fine aggregate

23
3.1.3 Ceramic Wastes

Ceramic waste is not an essential element in the concrete. We brought the ceramic
waste from any construction and grinded it in the lighthouse. In this study, the mixture
of concrete that replaces ceramic waste was prepared by 0%, 10% and 20% of the
cement aggregates with the normal concrete mixture. The density of ceramic waste was
determined as 860kg /m3, the Figure.1 Shows a sample of ceramic waste in powder
situation.

Ceramic has the following Properties:

• Low electrical
• Good durability
• Low toxicity
• Low cost

Figure 5: Ceramic Powder

24
3.2 Ratio Water to Cement (W/C):

The ratio of water to cement is considered to be important for compressive strength and
its operating potential. It is workability to decrease the increase of compressive pressure
in the case of a reduction of the proportion of cement in the water. The workability to
increase concrete and decrease compressive pressure in case of the high percentage of
cement in water. According to the design, the ratio of water cement to the sample is
0.45.

3.3 Mix design

Mix the concrete: Before making any combination, you must determine the relative
values of the concrete components, so you do the calculations and then prepare the
weight of the components. There are many types of concrete admixture it could be a
partial replacement of specific component or they could be used as instead of the
component. In this study, the ceramic used as partial replacement of cement and the
mix design consists the normal concrete and concrete based on ceramic wastes.

The method used for mixing concrete was as following: the components (cement,
aggregates and water) of the concrete were prepared and the weights were taken and
recorded, the mixing machine was cleaned, then cement and aggregates were mixed
together by using the machine. In several times, the ceramic wastes powder was added
to the mixture by 0%,10%,20% and 30%. Then the weighted water was added. The
molds were painted with oil, then they were filled up with the concrete and left for 24
hours.

25
Table 11:The table below shows the number of specimens and their serial number (x-
x):

Test Compression Strength

ceramic 0% 10% 20% 30%
Age

7 days 3 (1-3) 3 (7-9) 3 (13-15) 3 (19-21)

28 days 3 (4-6) 3 (10-12) 3 (16-18) 3 (22-24)

∑ 24 Cubes

#According to grade M30 concrete:

The ratio of mix design = 1:0.75:1.5
1 is OPC
0.75 is fine aggregate
1.5 is coarse aggregate 20mm
Water/Cement ratio (W/C) = 0.45
#Concrete Volume Calculations:
Volume of 24 Beams = 0.153 x6= 0.02025 m3

# Calculate the weight of concrete:

ρ of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
M = ρ.V = 2400 x 0.02025 = 48.6 kg
Waste (25%)= 0.25 x 48.6 = 12.15 kg
M = 48.6 + 12.15 = 60.75 kg

# Calculate the weight of concrete components with 0% of ceramic waste:

Ratio of mix design = 1+ 0.75+1.5= 3.25
1
Cement weight =3.25 𝑥 48.6 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝒈

Ceramic weight = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈

0.75
Fine aggregate weight =3.25 𝑥 48.6 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒈
1.5
Coarse aggregate weight =3.25 𝑥 48.6 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈

26
Water weight = 0.45 x14.95 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝒈

# Calculate the weight of concrete components with 10% of ceramic waste:

Cement weight =14.95 − (14.95 𝑥0.1) = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝒈
Ceramic weight =14.95 − (14.95 𝑥0.9) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈
Fine aggregate weight = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒈
Coarse aggregate weight = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈
Water weight = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝒈
# Calculate the weight of concrete components with 20% of ceramic waste:
Cement weight =14.95 − (14.95 𝑥0.2) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒈
Ceramic weight =14.95 − (14.95 𝑥0.8) = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒈
Fine aggregate weight = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒈
Coarse aggregate weight = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈
Water weight = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝒈

# Calculate the weight of concrete components with 30% of ceramic waste:

Cement weight =14.95 − (14.95 𝑥0.3) = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝒈
Ceramic weight =14.95 − (14.95 𝑥0.7) = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝒈
Fine aggregate weight = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒈
Coarse aggregate weight = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈
Water weight = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝒈

3.4 Laboratory Test

3.4.1 Compressive Strength Test

Compressive strength testing is one of the most important tests in which pressure testing
can determine the quality of the concrete and indicate the extent of concrete resistance
to pressure. The pressure depends on many factors such as concrete and cement

27
strength. The compressive strength of the construction must be 15 MPa (2200 lb / ft) to
30 MPa (4400 lb / inch).

The next procedure was followed in this test:

After concrete completed its specific time of curing, the molds were released by using
air compressor, then the samples were placed in the compression strength machine.
Then the machine was turned on and it started applying pressure force in the cube until
it broken. The maximum reading of applied force was recorded, and the maximum
compression strength was calculated. The machine was cleaned. The process was
repeated for other specimens (for 7, 14 and 28 days) and all results were recorded.

Figure 6: Compressive Strength machaine

28
 Chapter 4
4 Result and Discussion

-The reading taken from the lab experiment is shown in the table

Concrete Cube size 150mmX150mm

age 0% 10 % 20% 30%
(days)
7 ___ 480KN 344KN 320KN
440KN 372KN 240KN
500KN 552KN 292KN
14 748KN 540KN 380KN 346KN
780KN 556KN 356KN 308KN
810KN 548KN 374KN 322KN
28 834KN 650KN
816KN 685KN
854KN 690KN

- Compressive strength σ = F/A

Area of cube = 150 mm ×150 mm
A = 22500 mm2
 Calculations of compressive strength:

 0% of ceramic waste for

# 14 days:
748000
 σ1= = 33.244 N/mm2
22500
780000
 σ1= = 34.66 N/mm2
22500
810000
 σ1= = 36 N/mm2
22500
# 28 days:
833000
 σ1= = 37.02 N/mm2
22500
815000
 σ1= = 36.22 N/mm2
22500
854000
 σ1= = 37.29 N/mm2
22500

29
 10% of ceramic waste for
# 7 days:
480000
 σ1= = 21.33 N/mm2
22500
440000
 σ1= = 19.55 N/mm2
22500
500000
 σ1= = 22.22 N/mm2
22500
# 14 days:
540000
 σ1= = 24 N/mm 2
22500
555000
 σ1= = 24.66 N/mm2
22500
548000
 σ1= = 24.35 N/mm2
22500

# 28 days:
650000
 σ1= = 28.88 N/mm2
22500
685000
 σ1= = 30.44 N/mm2
22500
690000
 σ1= = 30.66 N/mm2
22500

 20% of ceramic waste for

# 7 days:
344000
 σ1= = 15.28 N/mm 2
22500
372000
 σ1= = 16.53 N/mm2
22500
352000
 σ1= = 15.65 N/mm2
22500
# 14 days:
380000
 σ1= = 16.88 N/mm 2
22500
355000
 σ1= = 15.77 N/mm2
22500
374000
 σ1= = 16.62 N/mm2
22500

 30% of ceramic waste for

# 7 days:
320000
 σ1= = 14.22 N/mm 2
22500
240000
 σ1= = 10.66 N/mm2
22500
292000
 σ1= = 12.97 N/mm2
22500
# 14 days:
346000
 σ1= = 15.37 N/mm 2
22500
370000
 σ1= = 13.64 N/mm2
22500

30
 322000
 σ1= = 14.31 N/mm2
22500

-This table provides the values of compressive strength in N/mm2:

Table 12: Average Compressive Strength of Concrete at Various % Replacement

Ceramic Percentage 0% 10% 20% 30%

_____ 21.33 N/mm2 15.28 N/mm2 14.22

7 days N/mm2
_____ 19.55 N/mm2 16.53 N/mm2 10.66
N/mm2
_____ 22.22 15.65 12.97
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
Average N\mm2 _____ 21.03 N/mm2 15.82 N/mm2 12.61 N/mm2
33.244 N/mm2 24 N/mm2 16.88 15.37 N/mm2
14 days N/mm2
Age

34.66 N/mm2 24.66 N/mm2 15.77 N/mm2 13.64 N/mm2

36 N/mm2 24.35 N/mm2 16.62 N/mm2 14.31 N/mm2
Average N\mm2 34.63 N/mm2 24.33 N/mm2 16.42 N/mm2 14.44 N/mm2
37.02 N/mm2 28.88 N/mm2 _____ _____
28 days
36.22 N/mm2 30.44 N/mm2 _____ _____
37.29 N/mm2 30.66 N/mm2 _____ _____
Average N\mm2 36.84 N/mm2 29.99 N/mm2 _____ _____

Compressive Strength
40
30
20
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30%

7d 14d 28d

Figure 7: Compressive Strength Result

31
4.1 Discussion

The compressive strength tests were performed on the compressive test machines. The
test was done on three cube samples size 150mmX150mm for each percentage of the
concrete mixing percentages and the average values recorded above were taken in Table
1. The study was conducted to compare the concrete properties of concrete mixing ratio
1: 0.75: 1.5 with a partial replacement of cement with ceramic wastes by 10%, 20% and
30%. Based on experimental probes that show the compressive strength of the concrete,
Table A shows the average compressibility and make the test for cube after curing
means after remove water in cube and making test for each cube.

Various standard codes recommend concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test.
So, according to BS 1881: Part 116 : 1983 standard the compressive strength for 28day
curing it should be more than 85% resistance broking.

Figure 1 shows compressibility of 7, 14, and 28 days in a different percentage to replace

ceramic waste in concrete. The compressive strength obtained for 0% (normal concrete
design was 34.63 N/mm2 after 14day and this value increase until 36.84 N/mm2 after
28day curing and for this percentage there no test for 7day because the compressive test
machine was not available in the laboratory. In addition, the compressive strength
obtained for 10%,20% and 30% was for 7day and 14 day only and the average result
was approximate. Where the result for 10% was 21.03 N/mm2 after 7day and this result
increase up to 24.33 N/mm2 after 14day. Moreover, the average result for 20% was
obtained for 7day 15.82 N/mm2 but after 14day the value increase up to 16.42 only.
And foe the last percentage 30% was obtained the result for 7day 12.61 N/mm2 but for
14day the value increase until 14.44 N/mm2.

The results showed that the when increase the percentage of replacement of ceramic
waste from 10% to 30% the compressive strength of the concrete become less. As time
and days, we note that the values increase in strength as the value of the compressive
strength of the sample in 7 days at 30% replaced increasing with 14 days curing, as the
greater the number of days the stronger the strength of the concrete. These results are
due to several factors, including the ratio of water in the mixture, the quality of the
materials used in the mixing, and the quantity of the chemical elements in the materials.

32
Finally, the obtained for the higher compressive strength result at 0% was 36.84 N/mm2
After 28day and the lower compressive strength result at 30% was 12.62 N/mm2 after
7day. Also, we can conclude that 10% replacement with ceramic waste powder it gives
good compressive strength at 28 day around 29.99 N/mm2 its same strength for 0%
replacement at 7day So, the sample for 20% and 30% replacement of ceramic waste
was not suitable for construction work because the result was not according to the BS.
And this happen due to different mistake in the mixture time and some mix was done
be hand mixture. Also, there was mistake in the weight of material because the balance
is not accurate. Moreover, the ratio of water was more in the mix that ratio effect for
the strength of concrete.

33
 Chapter 5
5 Conclusion and Recommendation

Finally, we remind you of the most important point of this study. In this research caver
how to dispose of ceramic waste and use it in the manufacture of concrete. The main
purpose of this study which is doing in lab of college is to usage of ceramic waste as
partial replacement of cement to check the strength properties of the concrete by using
compression strength test and compare it with the normal concrete in different
percentage replacement of ceramic waste powder 0%-10%-20%-30% by using concrete
mix design M30 grade. Through the tests applied to the ratios shown above, we find
that the highest compressibility of 0% mixing rate for 28 days followed by 10%
replacement of ceramic waste after 28% where the results were respectively 36.84
N/mm2, 29.99 N/mm2.while the results of 30% and 20% were very low. So, when
increase the amount of ceramic waste in the mixture is of concrete the compressive
strength will decrease, so the mixture is unusable in construction sites.

Our recommendations for using ceramic waste in the manufacture of concrete in

proportion to the replacement of 10% regarding the control of quantity and weights and
mixing well to obtain the correct results because these wastes are a threat to the
environment and must be disposed of in a way that can be used. Also, We encountered
some errors and difficulties in the practical application of the experiment, in terms of
the difficulty of providing materials, especially ceramic waste in the process of grinding
also when mixing the ingredients we encountered difficulty in mixing because the
quantity is large as well as the test time was not available in the time specified for the
test work also there is not enough space to save the cubes in Water, so we could not
achieve the expected results due to inadequate conditions in terms of materials, tools
and space.

34
References

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Available at: https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
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[Accessed 11 Nov. 2018].
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7 Appendices

Figure 8: Ceramic Waste in Building Construction

Figure 9: Preparation of material and tolls for mixing the required work

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