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Documenti di Cultura
1) 59
Noora Shrestha
Assistant Professor
ABSTRACT
A largely rural country, with only 18% of the population living in urban areas, Nepal is urbanizing rapidly
with urban population growth rates of up to 7%. With a population growth rate of about 4% per year, the
municipalities of Kathmandu Valley are facing the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and
modernization on a metropolitan scale. The average rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is
341.63 gm per capita per day in five municipalities (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur)
of Kathmandu Valley. The increasing and unmanageable waste volume is a major concern for all the
municipalities. In Kathmandu Valley most of the MSW is land-filled, leading to a significant pressure on
the environment. The truth is very little is recycled. In this paper, the basic indicators of MSW are analyzed:
generation per capita per day, total waste generation, and waste generation from household, commercial
and institutional activities etc. The municipalities of Kathmandu valley are focusing on sweeping the street,
collecting and transferring the waste to the landfill rather than minimizing the waste. The important
priorities to consider MSW as a strategic resource are: reduction of waste at source, re-use, compost, recycle
and recovery which will minimize the disposal volume and increase the life of landfill.
KEY WORDS: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), waste generation, resource, recycling
generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) Kathmandu has the highest population of
and to propose the emerging opportunities for 10,03,285, followed by Lalitpur (2,26,728),
MSW as a strategic resource for reducing and Thimi (84,142), Bhaktapur (83,658) and
managing the waste in the Kathmandu valley. Kirtipur has the lowest population of 67,171.
The research design used is descriptive The average per capita solid waste generation
research to explain different factors related to is 317gm/capita/day in Nepal. Figure 2.2
solid waste generation and its management. shows that there is increasing trend of solid
Out of 191 municipalities declared in Nepal in waste generation (mt/day) in five
2014, five sample municipalities—Bhaktapur, municipalities of Kathmandu valley.
Kathmandu, Kirtipur, Lalitpur and
MadhyapurThimi of Kathmandu valley have
been chosen for the study on the basis of
convenience.
expenditures, household size but also the commercial wastes in five municipalities of the
modern life style of people living in the Kathmandu valley.
Kathmandu valley.
found in Bhaktapur municipality as it has its Out of 2-23% of the available solid waste
own composting plant and the people of management budget, these municipalities
Bhaktapur and Thimi use waste for making spent around 90% of the budget in cleaning
bio fertilizer that can be used in their own streets, collecting and transporting solid waste
agricultural land. to the landfill site whereas the remaining 10%
of the budget was allocated to other waste
management activities.
(Source: swmtsc.gov.np)
In the year 2012/13 Kathmandu MPC spent Figure 2.11 Total Municipal Budget & solid
23.32% of budget for solid waste management waste Management Budget in Fiscal year
out of the total municipality budget of Rs. 1900 2012/13
million. Bhaktapur Municipality had allocated 3. DISCUSSION
13.95% of budget out of the total budget of
Rs.385 million. Lalitpur had Rs.558.69 million From the study and data analysis it is found
of total budgets but only 5.59% was allocated that there is an increasing trend of waste
to solid waste management in the year 2012. In generation rate in the Kathmandu valley. The
other municipalities fewer amounts were average per capita municipal solid waste
allocated to solid waste management generation is 464.61gm/capita/day in
compared to these municipalities [9]. Kathmandu MPC, 371.82, 345.4, 273.44 and
252.9 gm/capita/day in Lalitpur, Bhaktapur,
Thimi and Kirtipur respectively [9].
Wealthier household generates more solid waste and increasing the life of the landfill
waste than the low income household. site.
waste often requires collection but relatively Although most of Kathmandu valley’s waste
little or no processing. Less energy is used in can be recycled and municipality’s policy is to
the collecting, cleaning and re-filling of a maximize recycling, very little of Kathmandu
material than is needed in recycling it. If te valley’s waste is actually recycled. Out of
waste materials are sent for recycling, there 466.14 tons per day waste generation, about
are also the additional costs of collecting, 5% of waste is believed to be recycled in
transporting and cleaning. It is suggested to Kathmandu [5]. The waste materials send for
use durable products rather than ‘use and recycling from Kathmandu valley are PET
throw products’. plastic bottles, glass, aluminium cans, metal,
textiles, newspaper, magazines, books,
Composting
cardboard, CDs, batteries, disposable plates &
The organic waste generated in municipalities cups, compact fluorescent bulbs (CFL),
of Kathmandu valley is higher than other electronic equipment, etc. The recycling rate is
categories. Composting at the household level particularly low for materials whose market
is an an important method for managing value is low. This includes organic waste,
organic waste, which is normally the largest some types of plastics and different coloured
portion of household waste i.e. 40-60% in broken glasses. If more focus is given on
municipalities of the Kathmandu Valley. recycling in the Kathmandu valley it will help
Waste minimization and managing of waste to make the city clean, reduce waste, save
close to the source are the two most important energy, be good for economy, reduce
tools for reducing cost and improving environmental pollution, ease garbage in
efficiency of waste management systems. landfills, create new market demand for
Composting reduces the environmental recycled materials and create job for people to
impacts of waste and the produced compost is manage waste, etc. [7].
essential for improving soil fertility and
Recovery
structure.
Where further recycling is not feasible, it may
Production of compost at home will encourage
be possible to produce energy from the waste
the use of organic farming, reduce the need for
material and feed it back into the economy.
chemical fertilizers, reducing the cost of solid
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion
waste management and reduce haphazard
of non-recyclable waste materials into useable
waste disposal and its related environmental
heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of
impacts. Separation of organic waste and
processes, including combustion, gasification,
composting at the household level ensures
anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas (LFG)
that the remaining waste is clean and easier to
recovery.
recycle.
Municipal solid waste generated from
RecCycling
municipalities holds immense potential for
Increased scarcity of natural resources and the generating energy at a time when the country
consequent rise in commodity prices have is undergoing a huge energy crisis. Demand
influenced the demand for recycled products for energy is increasing daily in Nepal, and the
in the Kathmandu valley. The resource value huge energy deficit has forced us to think of
of waste has become an important driver in alternative sources of energy, and energy from
municipalities today and provides a livelihood waste seems to show great promise.
for the urban poor. Recycling is the recovery
In rural part of the municipalities of
of useful materials, such as paper, glass,
Kathmandu Valley, there is a practice of
plastic, and metals, from the trash to use to
installation of bio-gas plant which produces
make new products, reducing the amount of
enough energy for household cooking. Every
raw materials needed.
bio- gas plant can save 1.25 trees each year
from being copped down for fuel. Bio-gas not population growth, urbanization, expenditure
only replaces wood for fuel, it can also help level and household size are not the only
reduce carbon emissions [1]. indicators of waste generation, they are critical
ones. The municipalities of Kathmandu Valley
While MSW conversion to energy results in
accounts for around seventy percentage of the
new emissions, the conversion of that new
total municipal solid waste generated per day
material into heat, gas, or liquid allows that
from the existing municipalities in the country.
resource to be consumed again as a feedstock
The significant rise in municipal solid wastes
for energy conversion. MSW left to decompose
inside Kathmandu valley has not only
in landfills also produces methane gas, a
contributed to environmental and social
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) more than twenty
challenges such as river pollution, lack of
times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2).
landfill site and deplorable local environment,
Disposal of Waste but has also caused huge economic loss to the
Land disposal is an essential part of every government authorities due to their inability
municipality solid waste management system. to properly manage solid wastes.
Some materials may be inappropriate to re- Municipal solid waste is a particularly
use, recycle or recover for energy and instead challenging feedstock to work with due to its
require treatment to stabilize them and heterogeneity and variation in composition
minimize their environmental or health across municipalities. Composed of paper,
impacts. plastics, organics, metal, glass, textiles and
According to Solid Waste Management and other carbon-rich material, the generation of
Resource Mobilization Center, 40 to 50 percent municipal solid waste can be successfully
of the Valley’s garbage goes to Sisdole, and minimized by applying measures like
most of it enters the dump unsegregated. The reduction at the source, reuse, composting,
rest ends up on the streets and rivers. Without recycle and recovery of energy as it is an ideal
a mechanism to segregate waste at source, renewable energy resource and it is generated
most of the organic, recyclable wastes at near areas of high demand for energy. The
present end up in landfills. The only form of major challenges of solid waste management
segregation is done by scavengers who collect in municipalities are lack of data and
plastics and other resalable materials from the awareness, appropriate solid waste
site [9]. With increasing per capita waste management technologies, and shortage of
production, the current mechanism of qualified human resource in policy making
collecting and dumping is not going to work and implementation sector.
for long. The only functioning landfill at This study contributes towards the factors that
Sisdole is almost full, and the long-term are responsible for municipal solid waste
disposal site in nearby Banchare Danda has generation in municipalities of Kathmandu
not been completed even a decade after it was valley and focusing on municipal solid waste
started which may bring a waste disposal as a strategic resource that can be reuse,
problem to municipalities of the Kathmandu compost, recycle, and recover energy which
valley. would be the better option to reduce the
4. CONCLUSION AND disposal and landfill load. This paper will be
RECOMMENDATION helpful for municipalities and researchers to
step forward to value municipal solid wasteas
The municipal solid waste (MSW) opportunity
a strategic resource.
is substantial across all municipalities in
Nepal. A truly democratized resource, all For Kathmandu valley, calculating the amount
societies generate waste, and in turn, must of waste generated and other data analysis is
devise strategies for managing it. Although challenging because some of the
5. REFERENCES