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ISO 9196:1992
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Indian Standard
LIQUID FLOW MEASUREMENT IN OPEN
CHANNELS — FLOW MEASUREMENTS
UNDER ICE CONDITIONS
@ BIS 2003
Ju/y 2003
Price Group 5
Fluid Flow Measurement Sectional Committee, WRD 01
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard which is identical with ISO 9196 : 1992 ‘Liquid flow measurement in open
channels — Flow measurements under ice conditions’ issued by the International Organization for
Standardization ( ISO ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendations of
the Fluid Flow Measurement Sectional Committee and approval of the Water Resources Division
Council.
In the adopted standard, certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards.
Attention is especially drawn to the following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma ( , ) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice
is to use a point ( . ) as the decimal marker.
CROSS REFERENCES
In this adopted standard, the following International Standards have been referred. Read in their respective
places, the following Indian Standards:
1s0 555-1 : 1973 Liquid flow IS 9163 ( Part 1 ) : 1973 Dilution Technically equivalent
measurement in open channels — methods for measurement of steady
Dilution methods for measurement flow : Part 1 Constant-rate injection
of steady flow — Part 1 : Constant- method
rate injection method
ISO 748 : 1979 Liquid flow IS 1192:1981 Velocity area methods Technically equivalent
measurement in open channels — for measurement of flow of water in
Velocity-area methods open channels ( first revision)
ISO 772 : 1988 Liquid flow Is 1191 : 2003 Hydrometric Technically equivalent
measurement in open channels — determinations — Vocabulary and (Over95percentidentical
Vocabulary and symbols symbols ( second revision ) with ISO 772 : 1996
‘Hydrometric determina-
tions — Vocabulary and
symbok’)
1s0 1100-2 : 1982 Liquid flow IS 15119 ( Part 2 ) :2002 Measure- Identical ( with /S0 1100-
measurement in open channels — ment of liquid flow in open 2: 1998)
Part 2: Determination of the stage- channels : Part 2 Determination of
discharge relation the stage-discharge relation
ISO 1438-1 : 1980 Water flow IS 9108 : 1979 Liquid flow Technically equivalent
measurement in open channels measurement in open channels using
using weirs and Venturi flumes — thin-plate weirs
Part 1 : Thin-plate weirs
/ndian standard
LIQUID FLOW MEASUREMENT IN OPEN
CHANNELS — FLOW MEASUREMENTS
UNDER ICE CONDITIONS
1
IS 15358:2003
ISO 9196:1992
4.1 Velocity-area method water period, are unsuitable for the measurement
of discharge owing to the multiplicity of channels,
The principle of this method is described in ISO 748. may be suitable under winter conditions since the
For channels in which a surface layer of ice exists, shallower channels may become blocked by slush
the cross-sectional area of water flowing is taken as or ice, leaving the main channel unblocked and
the area bounded by the bed line (or wetted per- tlowing,
imeter) and the lower edge of the ice cover or slush.
When flow is between layers of ice, the cross- 4,1.2 Frequency of water discharge measurements
sectional area also includes the area bounded by
the lower ice layer and the lower surface of the ice The frequency of water discharge measurements
cover or slush. during the winter period shall be such as to ensure
a reliable estimation of the discharge. If conditions
4,1.1 Selection of site of stable ice cover exist, methods of hydraulic in-
terpolation of winter flow may be used. However,
under difficult conditions (such as those of unstable
Discharge measurements under ice conditions are
ice cover and incomplete freezing) measurements
usually conducted at the same sites used for open
shall be taken as frequently as possible, since in this
channel measurements. The site may be unsuitable
case the discharge is computed by the interpolation
UU3CI VCILIU II= II
of the observed discharges. The time at which the
daily discharge measurement shall be made shall
a) more than 25 0/0 of the cross-section is filled with
be determined from experimental data to ensure
slush, which is distributed unevenly over the
that a discharge measurement as close as possible
cross-section;
to the daily mean value, in rivers with considerable
daily variations in discharge, is obtained.
b) dead zones occupy more than 10 Y. of the
cross-section;
4.1.3 Measurements of ice cover thickness
c) there are large areas with very low stream vel-
ocities (less than 0,3 m/s) which cannot be The ice cover thickness shall be measured using
measured using current meters; ice-measuring sticks which are lowered into holes
drilled by hand or using mechanical drills. A zero
d) it is located in the backwater zone downstream reading may also be obtained.
of an ice gorge or ice jam;
4.1,4 Measurements of slush depth
e) there is a large open water area that remains
unfrozen throughout the winter (but see 4.1.7); For small depths of slush, measurements may be
made using an ice-measuring stick. The slush depth
9 it is liable to ice up owing to the freezing of water is indicated by a change in the resistance to clock-
flowing through cracks on the surface of the ice wise and anticlockwise rotation of the stick during its
cover indicating a possible breakup of the ice. rise, i.e. the resistance to rotation increases when
the slush layer is reached. For thicker depths of
During the open water period, i.e. the period when
slush, measurements may be made in a similar
there is no ice cover, sites additional to those
manner using a special rod with a stop plate or a
normally used for water discharge measurements
perforated disc attached to its end. In addition, cur-
should be selected and marked on the banks. After
rent meters are frequently used for slush depth
the ice cover at the river reach selected for
measurements. The current meter is lowered below
measurements has stabilized, a preliminary survey
the slush layers and is then gradually lifted until a
shall be made to select a longitudinal profile with a
zero reading is obtained. it should be borne in mind,
length equal to several widths and an appropriate
however, that the actual slush depth may be some-
number of holes shall be drilled along the profile to
what smaller than that obtained by measurement,
determine the occurence of slush and its distri-
because a zero reading will also be obtained when
bution. In channels in which slush is found to be
the flow velocity decreases to 0,03 m/s to 0,04 m/s.
present, and when it is impossible to select another
measurement reach, the measurement site shall be
located at the centre of a uniform river reach. 4,1.5 Determination of the effective depth
Following the preliminary choice of the site, four or In an ice-covered channel, the effective depth is
five holes shall be drilled across the river at equal computed by subtracting the distance between the
distances to determine whether a regular velocity water surface and the bottom of the ice layer or
distribution exists and to establish the slu,sh and ice slush from the total depth. The total water depth in
thickness over the cross-section. Sites in,. which the channel is measured using a rod or a cable-
slush divides the river Into separate streams shall suspended sounding weight which is lowered using
be avoided. Braided channels which, in the open a winch; the latter method is similar to the depth
2
IS 15358:2003
ISO 9196:1992
measurements made from a boat under open chan- contain substantially equal proportions of the
nel conditions. total water discharge.
4.1.6 Flow velocity measurements b) The location of the vertical shall be such as to
reflect the flow structure and the cross-section
4.1.6.1 Use of current meters under winter of the river bottom in the best possible way.
conditions
c) The distance between each vertical shall exceed
Flow velocity measurements are carried out using the propeller diameter of the current meter;
current meters which are lowered into holes drilled therefore, in very small rivers (brooks) there may
in the ice cover. Special equipment has been devel- be a small number of verticals.
oped (e.g. the arm-rotating installation, see tigure 1)
The profile of the bottom at the gauging station shall
to enable a current meter to be lowered vertically
be determined and the location of the verticals shall
into a hole and then for it to be rotated into a hori-
be selected prior to the formation of ice cover. When
zontal position. When a sufficiently deep and wide
this is not feasible, approximately 20 holes shall be
hole is available, a standard current meter with a
drilled along the cross-section at equal distances.
suspended weight or a current meter on a rod may
(From hydrometric practice it has been found that
be lowered directly in a horizontal position. The
20 is the minimum number of holes required to re-
current meter can be lowered using a suspension
produce the channel profile with sufficient accuracy.)
rod, a hand-operated cable (for small depths) or ca-
Additional holes shall then be drilled to ensure suf-
ble suspension equipment (for depths exceeding
ficient accuracy of discharge measurements. The
3 m to 4 m). During velocity measurements, the de-
location of the edges of the channel cross-section
vice by which the current meter is held shall be lo-
shall be determined after all other necessary holes
cated near the upstream side of the hole and shall
have been drilled, since it is easy to blunt the tip of
be held rigidly at the. upper edge of the hole to avoid
the drill during this procedure.
the influence of vertical stage pulsation.
To prevent the current meter from freezing up when 4.1.6.3 Velocity measurements on a vertical
it is carried between one measurement site and an-
other, it may be placed in a bucket containing Owing to roughness of the lower surface of the ice
heated water, or in a hot-air chamber. In measure- sheet, the vertical velocity curve for the winter pe-
ment sites with shallow water depth, when the cur- riod differs from that under open-channel conditions,
rent meter is lowered on a rod without a tailpiece, At the lower surface of the ice cover, the velocity
care shall be taken to ensure the correct position of distribution is very similar to that found in a pipe.
the current meter with regard to direction of flow at The degree of reduction in velocity varies with the
the site. In measurement sites where slush is pres- roughness of the lower surface of the ice.
\
ent, vane current meters may be used in preference
If depth permits, the distance from the current meter
to cup-type meters which are liable to become
axis to the river bed and that from the current meter
blocked by slush ice.
axis to the lower ice surface should be no less than
Before the current meter is lowered, it is advisable twice the diameter of the vane propeller.
to clean a passage in the slush by means of a steel
Proceeding from the above criterion, the one-point
or wooden pole with discs or by using an elliptical
method can be applied where the effective depth is
(round-shaped) weight suspended on a cable.
about 0,30 m to 1,0 m; in this case, the current meter
is located at 0,5 times the effective depth. To com-
4.1.6.2 Selection of verticals for velocity
pute the mean velocity, a coefficient of 0,88 to 0,90
measurements
shall be applied (see ISO 748).
The principles governing the location of velocity When the effective depth is equal to or exceeds
verticals under ice conditions are similar to those 1,0 m, the two-point method is preferable (at 0,2, 0,6
governing the location of velocity verticals under and 0,8 times the effective depth). For greater effec-
open channel conditions. These principles are as tive depths, velocities may be measured at three
follows. points (at 0,15, 0,5 and 0,85 times the effective
depth). However, to ensure a high accuracy of w~r
a) The minimum number of velocity verticals shall discharge measurements, current velocities should
be 20, to ensure sufficient accuracy in velocity be measured at six points, i.e. at 0,2, 0,4,0,6 and 0,8
interpolation with respect to the channel width. times the effective depth, and at the lower surface
Sections between successive verticals shall of the ice and the bottom of the river.
3’
IS 15358:2003
ISO 9196: 1992
4.1.6.4 Computation of mean velocity onavetilcal The flow velocities above the ice shall be measured
using procedures similar to those for ice-free chan-
When the two-point or three-point method is used, nel discharge measurements.
the mean velocity on a vertical shall be computed
as the arithmetic mean of the measured values. For If the channel freezes to the bottom in winter and is
six-point measurements, the following equation (see filled with ice and snow, it is advisable to make, be-
ISO 748) shall be used to compute the mean velocity fore the start of the spring flood, a ditch in the snow
on a vertical: 0,5 m to 1,0 m wide and no less than 20 m long to
contain the first stream of water.
; = O,l(v~UfiaC~+ 2vo,z + 2vo,d+ 2v0,Li + 2}’0,6 + ‘M)
If water flows over the ice surface as well as below, 4.2 Representative vertical method
the discharges above and below the ice cover shall
be obtained separately. The discharge below the ice 4.2.1 Principle of the method
cover shall be determined before water appears
above the ice using the method described in 4.1,6. There is a close relationship between the mean flow
The cross-sectional area of the water flowing below velocity in the cross-section and the flow velocity at
the ice is determined using the data obtained in the a given vertical. The discharge Q may thus be ob-
preliminary measurements. However, the distance tained from the values of flow velocity measured at
between the water surface and the upper surface of a representative vertical in a cross-section using the
the submerged ice shall be measured. following equation:
4
IS 15358:2003
ISO 9196: 1992
6
IS 15358:2003
ISO 9196:1992
k
) suspendedr~
Rodholder
\
current meter
m/
zz:-=u==’=< _.—
—./ ---, —————
* —‘i–L .—. ——
—-— ~“-+::n-!!..+ —— ————
_— \%-. b——— l-_l___— ——— — —
_—— ——
Figure I – A current meter with arm-rotating facility
8
IS 15358:2003
ISO 9196:1992
I w%’
11
Key
1 Instrumenthousa
2 Waterlevelrecorder
3 Table
4 Reinforced-concrete
wall
5 Steal pipe
6 Float
7 Connectingpipe
6 Insulationpacking
9
( Continued from second cover)
ISO 3846 : 1989 Liquid flow Is 14974 : 2001 Liquid flow Identical
measurement in open channels by measurement in open channels by
weirs and flumes — Rectangular weirs and flumes — Rectangular
broad-crested weirs broad-crested weirs
ISO 3847 : 1977 Liquid flow IS 6330:1971 Recommendation for Technically equivalent
measurement in open channels by liquid flow measurement in open
weirs and flumes — End-depth channels by weirs and flumes — End
method for estimation of flow in depth method for estimation of flow
rectangular channels with a free in rectangular channels with a free
overfall overfall ( approximate method )
1s0 4359 : 1983 Liquid flow IS 14869 : 2000 Liquid flow Identical
measurement in open channels — measurement in open channels —
Rectangular, trapezoidal and Rectangular, trapezoidal and
U-shaped flumes U-shaped flumes
ISO 4360 : 1984 Liquid flow IS 14673 : 1999 Liquid flow Technically equivalent
measurement in open channels measurement in open channels by
by weirs and flumes — Triangular weirs and flumes — Triangular
profile weirs profile weirs
1s0 4377 : 1990 Liquid flow IS 13083 : 1991 Liquid flow Identical
measurement in open channels — measurement in open channels —
Flat-V-weirs Flat-V-weirs
For the equipment to be used in the measurement of discharge under ice conditions, a reference may
be made to lSO/TR 11328:1994 ‘Measurement of liquid flow in open channels — Equipment for the
measurement of discharge under ice conditions’.
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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
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the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
shou Id ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments ot edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. WRD I ( 346).