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Bangladesh and Global Economy

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cÖ_gZ: cÖPwjZ Dbœqb aviYv PP©v Kivi gva¨‡g Kvw•LZ A_©‰bwZK gyw³ jvf Av‡`Š m¤¢e wKbv?

wØZxqZ: †gŠwjK mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q wK?

Z…ZxqZ: hw` †gŠwjK mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e †m mgm¨v¸‡jv wbim‡bi Rb¨
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GB BDwb‡U cvuP (5) wU cvV Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q -

cvV- 1 evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vejx|

cvV- 2 A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡|

cvV- 3 ev‡RU|

cvV- 4 wgkª I gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ|

cvV- 5 wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-133
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cvV - 1 evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vejx

Basic Economic Problems in Bangladesh

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evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cðv`c` Ae¯’v‡bi HwZnvwmK I eZ©gvb KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cðv`c` Ae¯’v‡bi KviY

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we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv
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Kvw•LZ A_©‰bwZK gyw³ AR©b Ges GKwU ¯^wbf©i A_©bxwZ M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| Gi
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mgq m‡›`‡ni AeKvk _v‡K|
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wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-134

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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g~ja‡bi Afv‡e miKv‡ii c‡¶ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©m~Px MÖnY ev ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
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nq bv| ZvQvov ivóªxq cyuwR e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î wewfbœ Ae¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ evwl©K Dbœqb
Kg©m~Pxi wewfbœ LvZIqvix eivÏ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~Pxi wewfbœ LvZIqvix eivÏ 1996-97 (AsKmg~n †KvwU UvKvq)
• K…wl-748.70
• cjøx Dbœqb I cÖwZôvb-974.63
• eb¨v wbqš¿Y I cvwbm¤ú` -1021.31
• wkí - 185.07
• we`y¨r -1308.15
• cwienb-2440.15
• RbmsL¨v I cwievi cwiKíbv-391.95
• †Zj, M¨vm I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`- 479.52
• ˆeÁvwbK I KvwiMix M‡elYv -60.02

wbæ gv_vwcQy Avq

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Gai‡bi wb¤œ m‡qi nvi A_©‰bwZK MwZkxjZv Avbq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qv‡Mi †hvMvb w`‡Z
cv‡i bv|
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¶z`ª Af¨š—ixY evRvi wbf©i GKwU †`k|
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K…wlLvZ GL‡bv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| hw`I RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wli Ae`vb cÖwZ eQi Kg‡Q
ZeyI K…wlLv‡Zi mdjZv cieZ©x‡Z wkí Lv‡Zi weKvk‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡e| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ K…wlLv‡Zi weKvk Av‡iv cÖ‡qvRb G Kvi‡Y †h, Rb‡Mvwôi me©e„nr Ask GL‡bv K…wlLv‡Z
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†fŠMwjK Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k cÖwZ eQi eb¨v, Liv, R‡jv”QvmRwbZ cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi
wkKvi nq| wbqwgZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZi mgm¨v m„wó K‡i‡Q| `y‡h©vM
RwbZ ¶q¶wZi d‡j GKw`‡K gvbe m¤ú‡`i e¨vcK NvUwZ ˆZix nq| Ab¨w`‡K ¶wZMª¯—‡`i
cyYe©vm‡bi Rb¨ cÖPzi cwigvY bM` A_© e¨q nq|Dc‡iv³ mgm¨v¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv wKQy welq
D‡j- L Kiv hvq †h¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z mgm¨v ˆZix Ki‡Q| †hgb: Lv`¨ NvUwZ, wbæ
wk¶v nvi, `ªe¨g~‡j¨i DaŸ©MwZ, `ªyZ RbmsL¨v e„w×, ag©xq I mvgvwRK Abykvmb|
mgm¨v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq
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Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
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wb‡`k©K wPwýZ Kiv nq: R‡b¥i mgq cÖZ¨vwkZ Avqy, ¯^v¶iZv ev Ávbeyw× Ges Mo Avq|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z MwZkxjZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j Dfq †¶‡Î †Rviv‡jv c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv
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D‡`¨v³viv Drmvn nvivq Ges RvZxq ¯^v_©evnx Dbœqb nq bv| ZvB A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi GKwU eo
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ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv ˆZix nq|
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evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv ˆZix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v DËi‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQy Dcvq D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv, †hgb- K…wl I
wkí Lv‡Zi weKvk, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi, `ªyZ wk¶v we¯Ívi, †hvMv‡hvM I cwienY
e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ|
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evsjv‡`‡ki kªgkw³ AwaKvskB K…wlLv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| MªvgxY RbM‡Yi Av‡qi cÖavb K…wl|
G‡`‡k K…wl e¨e¯’v GL‡bv AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z Pvlvev‡mi cwie‡Z© cÖ_vMZ c×wZi Dci
wbf©ikxj| A_P RbmsL¨vi Pvc cÖPÛfv‡e e„w×i Kvi‡Y K…wl Drcv`b e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvIqv

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-136

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov K…wlLvZ kw³kvjx bv n‡j wkíLv‡Zi Dbœqb Am¤¢e| G me Kvi‡Y hvwš¿K
c×wZ‡Z Pvlvevm, f‚wg e¨e¯’v ms¯‹vi Ges DbœZ DcKiY e¨env‡ii Dcvq wbwðZI K‡i
K…wlLv‡Zi AvaywbKxKiY Kiv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb|
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†emiKvwi Dfq ch©v‡qB `ªyZ c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
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n‡Z n‡e|

mviK_v: my`xN© Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb, ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i e¨_©Zv, cyuwR Ges D‡`¨v³v msKU, cyuwR
cvPvi I ivóªxq cyuwRi Ace¨envi BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZKfv‡e cðvrc` Ae¯’v‡b
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`ªyZ G c`‡¶c¸‡jv MÖnY K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K `ªyZ Dbœq‡bi c‡_ wb‡q hvIqv `iKvi| Gi d‡j G
†`‡ki gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK gyw³I Avm‡e|

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cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. weªwUk Ges cvwK¯Ívbx Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi wK Ae¯’v nq ?
K) e¨vcK mg„w× Av‡m|
L) RbM‡Yi gv_v wcQy Mo Avq e„w× cvq;
M) kvmKiv G A‡ji Dbœq‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i ;
N) c~e© evsjv †_‡K hZ †ekx m¤ú` jyÉb Kiv nq|

2. evsjv‡`‡k we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©iZvi Kvi‡Y wK n‡”Q?

K) wbf©iZvi cwigvY µgvMZ Kg‡Q;
L) A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivw¤^Z n‡”Q;
M) A_©bxwZ µgvMZ we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©i n‡q co‡Q;
N) A_©‰bwZK gyw³ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q|

3 evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq KZ?

K) DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni mgvb;
L) AZ¨šÍ D”P;
M) †Kvb wnmve †bB;
N) AZ¨š— wbæ|

4. g~jab NvUwZ _vKvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k-

K) miKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©m~Px MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv;
L) RbMY iv‡óªi NvUwZ cyiY K‡i;
M) A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv ˆZix n‡”Q;
N) ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv †Kb üªvm Kiv cÖ‡qvRb ?
2. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi ¸iæZ¡ wK?

iPbvgyjK cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv: 1.N, 2.M, 3.N, 4.K

mnvqK MÖš’
1. Gg.Gg. AvKvk, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb; HwZnvwmK cwi‡cÖw¶Z I m¤¢vebvÕ (1991)

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-138

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ cvV - 2

Importance of Economic Planning

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi cÖvmw½uKZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv
eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z ivóªmg~‡ni †KvbwUB m¤ú‡`i w`K †_‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq, g~jZ: †Kvb iv‡óªi
c‡¶B mKj w`K †_‡K ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© nIqv m¤¢eI bq| `wi`ª iv󪸇jvi †¶‡Î G K_v Av‡iv
†ekx fv‡e mZ¨| A_P G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB ¯^íZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ AwaKZi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| GgZve¯’vq A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv MÖnY GKvšÍ Avewk¨K|
A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ej‡Z mvaviYZ: Ggb GKwU c×wZ AbymiY Kiv eySvq hvi gva¨‡g †Kvb
GKwU †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i h_v_© e¨envi NU‡e Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× cv‡e|
A_©bxwZwe` wW‡Kbmb (Dickenson) Gi g‡Z, A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv n‡”Q GKwU mywbw`ó
KZ©„c‡¶i m‡PZb wm×vš— hv mvgwMÖK fv‡e A_© e¨e¯’v‡K e¨vcKfv‡e Rwic Kivi gva¨‡g †Kvb
`ªe¨ wK cwigv‡Y Drcvw`Z n‡e Ges ew›UZ n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© wb‡`k©bv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| evieviv DUb
(Barbara Wooton)’i aviYv AbymiY K‡i ejv hvq, miKvix KZ…©c‡¶i Øviv mywPwšÍZ Ges
mywe‡ewPZ A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡vejxi wbev©PbB A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv| wewfbœ w`K ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
Gi K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ Kiv nj|
cÖ_gZ: cwiKíbv n‡e mywbw`©ó j¶¨wfwËK, m‡PZb Ges ¯^Z:ù‚Z©|
wØZxqZ: A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv cÖYqb, mgš^q Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó KZ©„c¶
cwiKíbv n‡e
_vK‡e| mywbw`©ó j¶¨
Z…ZxqZ: A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i †hŠw³K e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡e| wfwËK, m‡PZb
Ges ¯^Z:ù‚Z©|
A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡
A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G Kvi‡YB †h, G n‡”Q Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hvi gva¨‡g mxwgZ
m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii d‡j A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i †¶‡Î MwZkxjZv Av‡m Ges AwaKZi
Kj¨vYgyLx c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq| A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj:
• A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z iv‡óª we`¨gvb ˆelg¨ n«vm cvIqvi cwie‡Z© e„w× †c‡Z h_v_© A_©‰bwZK
_v‡K| d‡j Aw¯’wZkxjZv ˆZix nq| gvby‡li g‡a¨ ˆel‡g¨i †eva hZ †ekx cÖej n‡Z _v‡K cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g
wek„s Ljv Ges msNvZ ZZ e„w× cvq| ivóªxq m¤ú‡`i c~Y©
• myôz A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡j Drcv`‡Ki ¯^v_© wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges GK‡PwUqv e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv
hvq|
gybvdv Rgv nIqvi cÖeYZv ˆZix n‡Z cv‡i bv|
• h_v_© A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K
cwiKíbvnxb A_©bxwZ‡Z m¤ú‡`i AcPq Ges Ace¨envi N‡U|
• `wi`ª iv󪸇jv‡Z we`¨gvb cuywR msKU A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv Øviv †gvKv‡ejv m¤¢e nq|
• `wi`ª iv󪸇jvi g~jab I `¶Zvi Afve _v‡K| GKB mv‡_ Af¨š—ixY evRvi `ye©j _vKvi
Kvi‡Y cÖvqk:B Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î Kvw•LZ MwZ mÂvi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| h_vh_ A_©‰bwZK
cwiKíbv ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡j c~‡e©v³ mgm¨v¸‡jv eûjvs‡k †gvKv‡ejv Kiv hvq|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-139
 GmGmGBPGj

evsjv‡`k Ges A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi cÖvmw½KZv

evsjv‡`k Z…Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU †`k| cÖvq Qvcvbœ nvRvi eM©gvBj AvqZ‡bi g‡a¨ ev‡iv †KvwU
gvby‡li evm| RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K G nvi we‡k¦ m‡e©v”P| RbmsL¨vi A‡a©‡Ki †ekx
`vwi`ª¨ mxgvi bx‡P emevm K‡i| wk¶vi nvi, ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi gvb, cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv,
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i‡q‡Q cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMRwbZ e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ hv K…wlwbf©i evsjv‡`‡ki dmj Drcv`b‡K
e¨vcKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i| cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi Afv‡e K…wl wKsev wkíLv‡Zi †KvbwUB
Zvrch©c~Y© fv‡e weKwkZ n‡Z cvi‡Q bv| G mg¯— nZvkv e¨ÄK cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, `ybx©wZMÖ¯Í cÖkvmb Ges ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wbf©i A_©bxwZ| GgZve¯’vq
evsjv‡`k ivóª‡K evsjv‡`k ivóª‡K hw` Dbœq‡bi Kvw•LZ j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡ZB nq, Zvn‡j GKwU myôy-mywPwšÍZ mylg
hw` Dbœq‡bi A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv Riæwi| wb‡æ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi cÖvmw½uKZv
Kvw•LZ j¶¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
AR©b Ki‡ZB nq, RvZxq m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi Kiv e¨ZxZ †Kvb iv‡óªi c‡¶B DbœZ nIqv Am¤¢e| evsjv‡`‡k
Zvn‡j GKwU myôz- A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv myôz fv‡e ”P©v bv nIqvi d‡j RvZxq m¤ú‡`i h‡_”Q e¨envi NU‡Z †`Lv
mywPwš—Z mylg
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A_©‰bwZK
cwiKíbv MÖnY ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
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bx‡Pi w`‡K| AwaKvsk RbMY e¨vcK `vwi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨ RxebaviY Ki‡Q| RbKj¨vYgyLx
A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× Ges Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv
ivL‡Z m¶g n‡e-G Avkv Kiv Ab¨vq bq|
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi b¨vq evsjv‡`kI g~jab msK‡U RR©wiZ| cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi
Afv‡e RvZxq wKsev AvÂwjKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AwaKvsk cÖKíB miKv‡ii c‡¶ ev¯—evqb Kiv
m¤¢e nq bv| myôy A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi gva¨‡g we`¨gvb g~jab msKU †gvKv‡ejv
Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Av‡qi †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ cÖwZwbqZB e„w× cv‡”Q| GKw`‡K ¯^í msL¨K
‡jv‡Ki AZ¨waK m¤ú` e„w× Ab¨w`‡K e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx µgvMZ AwaKZi `vwi‡`ª¨i wkKvi
n‡”Q| GKwU ivóª e¨e¯’vq Ggb Ae¯’v `xN©¯’vqx n‡Z _vK‡j Aw¯’wZkxjZv Ges msNvZ m„wói
m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq mKj ¯Í‡ii Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v_© i¶vKvix A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv MÖnY
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ `xN©w`b hver µgvMZ we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©i n‡q c‡o‡Q| miKvix Ges
†emiKvix Dfq ch©v‡qi Dbœqb cÖwµqvB GKvšÍfv‡e we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©i| Gai‡bi wbf©ikxj
A_©bxwZi c‡¶ †Kvb µ‡gB Dbœqb cÖwµqv ev¯—evqb wKsev `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb m¤¢e bq| Avevi
Avgv‡`i A_©bxwZ‡Z wbf©ikxjZvi gvÎv hZ e„w× cv‡”Q we‡`kx mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY ZZ K‡g
Avm‡Q| mywPwš—Z Ges my`~i cÖmvix A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv hw` MÖnY Kiv bv nq Zvn‡j GKwesk
kZvãx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ wech©¯Í n‡q covi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki mylg A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU myôy RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶vKvix A_©‰bwZK
cwiKíbvi Avek¨K| †h cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g K…wl I wkí Lv‡Zi Dbœqb Avm‡e| †`kxq Drcvw`Z
c‡Y¨i evRvi wbwðZ n‡e Ges we‡`‡ki evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivi gZ gvb Ges `vg m¤úbœ cY¨
ˆZix Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

mviK_v: †Kvb ivóªB m¤ú‡`i w`K ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© bq weavq cwiKíbvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
†Kvb AvaywbK ivóªB cwiKíbvnxb Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb cÖavb Kvg¨ welq e‡j
`wi`ª iv󪸇jv‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Dci AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z nq| KviY A_©‰bwZK
cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g, mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi K‡i cÖe„w×i †¶‡Î MwZkxjZv AvbqY Ges
Kj¨vYgyLx c`‡¶c MÖnY m¤¢e nq| A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv bv _vK‡j iv‡óª ˆelg¨ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K
Ges Aw¯’wZkxjZv ˆZwi nq|

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-140

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ej‡Z eySvq-
K) we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i h‡_”QQ e¨envi;
L) mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i †hŠw³K e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× wbwðZ Kiv;
M) we‡`kx mvnvh¨ e¨env‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q cov;
N) †Kvb wbw`ó© KZ…©c‡¶i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi †Póv Kiv|

2. myôz A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z-

K) Dbœqb cÖwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z nq;
L) ivóªxq m¤ú‡`i c~Y© e¨envi m¤¢e nq bv;
M) `wi`ª ivóª mg~‡ni Dbœq‡b MwZ Av‡m;
N) `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b m¤¢e nq|

3. A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi d‡j-

K) iv‡óªi we`¨gvb ˆelg¨ n«vm Kiv m¤¢e;
L) RbM‡Yi cÖwZ iv‡óªi †Kvb `vwqZ¡ _v‡K bv;
M) `wi`ª iv󪸇jvi gyja‡bi Afve cÖKU n‡q D‡V;
N) mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i Ace¨envi N‡U|

4 evsjv‡`‡k GKwU mylg A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j-

K) RvZxq m¤ú‡`i myôy e¨envi m¤¢e n‡e;
L) iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i Aw¯’wZkxj cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e NU‡e;
M) we‡`kx mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv e„w× cv‡e;
N) evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wemwR©Z n‡e|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. A_©‡bwZK cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjvt 1.L, 2.L, 3.K, 4.K|

mnvqK MÖš’
1. wegj ivq, ÔA_©weÁvb I cwiKíbvi iƒc‡iLvÕ (KwjKvZv);19988

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-141
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV-3 ev‡RU
Budget

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

ev‡RU wK Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ev‡R‡Ui cÖKvi†f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv Ges ev‡R‡Ui g‡a¨ m¤úK© D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ev‡RU
aviYv Kiv nq, 1733 mvj †_‡K A_©bxwZ kv‡¯¿ ev‡RU kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| †m eQiB
ZrKvjxb weªwUk A_©gš¿x KgÝ mfvq me© cÖ_g ev‡RU c×wZi †MvovcËb K‡ib| divmx kã
ÔBougette’ †_‡K Ôev‡RUÔ kãwUi DrcwË| Gi evsjv A_© `uvovq Ô_‡jÕ| c~‡e©v³ A_©gš¿x
A_©msµvš— KvMR cÎ GKwU e¨vM ev _‡j fwZ© K‡i Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U Dcw¯’Z
n‡Zb| †m †_‡KB ev‡RU kãwU e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` wewfbœ fv‡e ev‡RU‡K
msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Aa¨vcK †UBji (Taylor) Gi g‡Z ev‡RU n‡”Q miKv‡ii wek`
Avw_©K cwiKíbv (Master financial plan of a goverment)| Ab¨w`‡K Aa¨vcK Rb.
eZ©gvb Kv‡j Gd.wWD (John F. Due) Gi e¨vL¨v g‡Z, ev‡RU ej‡Z eySvq Ggb GKwU Avw_©K cwiKíbv hv
RbM‡bi cÖwZ wbw`© ó mg‡qi Rb¨ M„nxZ (A budget is a financial plan for a specified period of
miKv‡ii time )| miKv‡ii †hme bxwZgvjv, D‡Ïk¨ Ges AMÖvwaKvi _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡gB
`vqe×Zv, ¯^”QZv wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq| ZvQvovI ev‡R‡Ui Øviv, Gmg¯Í Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Ges Revew`wnZvi LiP I Dcv`v‡bi wnmve cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges G‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv I ev¯Íevq‡bi Dcvqmg~n eY©bv
†eva‡K GKwU Kiv nq| GKw`‡K ev‡R‡Ui j¶¨ _v‡K mgqg‡Zv I `¶Zvi mv‡_ M„nxZ Kvh©µgmg~‡ni
DËg ev‡R‡Ui ev¯Íevqb, Ab¨w`‡K GKwU wbw`©ó A_© eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbw`©ó wnmve Ges Kvh©µg ev‡R‡U AšÍfy©³
Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© _v‡K| GKB mv‡_ fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ A‡bK Bw½Z, c~e©vfvm Ges m¤¢vebvi wb‡`k©I ev‡R‡U mshy³
wnmv‡e Mb¨ Kiv Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K RvZxq A_©bxwZi fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLv Ges m¤ú` weZi‡Y cÖfve LvUv‡bvi
nq| †¶‡ÎI ev‡RU f‚wgKv iv‡L| eZ©gvbKv‡j RbM‡Yi cÖwZ miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv, ¯^”QZv Ges
Revew`wnZvi †eva‡K GKwU DËg ev‡R‡Ui Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
ev‡R‡Ui cÖKvi‡f`
ivR¯^ ev‡RU I Dbœqb ev‡RU: Avq e¨‡qi cÖK…wZi `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K we‡ePbv K‡i †h †Kvb
ev‡RU‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- K) ivR¯^ ev‡RU L) gyjab ev Dbœqb ev‡RU| †h ev‡R‡U
miKvix ˆ`bw›`b ev PjwZ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve D‡j- L Kiv nq ZvB ivR¯^ ev‡RU| Avq Lv‡Z
D‡j- L _v‡K- miKv‡ii m¤¢ve¨ Av‡qi cwigvY Ges Av‡qi LvZ mg~n| Ab¨w`‡K e¨q Lv‡Z
miKv‡ii m¤¢ve¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY Ges e¨‡qi LvZ mg~n D‡jøL Kiv nq| cÖZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶ Ki
Ges wewfbœ iKg ïé Av‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g ivR¯^ ev‡R‡Ui Avq msMÖn Kiv nq| †hgb- AvqKi,
Avg`vwb Ki, weµq Ki, g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki, m¤úwË Ki, ÷¨v¤ú, cÖ‡gv` Ki cÖf…wZ| ivR¯^
Lv‡Zi GB e¨q †emvgwiK cÖkvmb, cÖwZi¶v, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v cÖf…wZ Lv‡Z e¨q
Kiv nq|
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ev Dbœqb ev‡RU| cÖwZwU miKvi‡KB evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~Px cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ -Gi m¤¢ve¨
e¨‡qi cwigvY avh© Kiv nq| Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© wKfv‡e msM„nxZ
n‡e Dbœqb ev‡R†Ui †m msµvšÍ wb‡`k©bv _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Mixe iv‡óª Af¨šÍixY I
ˆe‡`wkK Dfq DrmB Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui A_© ms¯’v‡b e¨eüZ nq| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui A_©
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †ekxi fvM †¶‡ÎB ˆe‡`wkK FY Ges mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxj|

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-142

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mylg ev‡RU I Amg ev‡RU: Avq e¨‡qi mgZvi `„wó†Kvb †_‡K we‡ePbv K‡i ev‡RU‡K
wbæwjwLZ QK Abyhvqx fvM Kiv hvq

ev‡RU

mylg Amg

DØ„Ë NvUwZ

• hw` †Kvb ev‡R‡U wbw`©ó A_© eQ‡i m¤¢ve¨ Avq Ges e¨‡qi cwigvY mgvb nq Z‡e †m
ev‡RU‡K mylg ev‡RU ejv nq|
• hw` †Kvb ev‡R‡U wbw`©ó A_© eQ‡i m¤¢ve¨ Avq Ges e¨‡qi cwigv‡Y mgZv bv _v‡K, Z‡e
†m ev‡RU‡K Amg ev‡RU ejv nq|
Amg ev‡R‡Ui †¶‡Î
• m¤¢ve¨ Av‡qi cwigvY hw` e¨‡qi cwigvY A‡c¶v †ekx nq, Z‡e †m ev‡RU ÔDØ„Ë ev‡RU|Õ
• m¤¢ve¨ e¨‡qi cwigvY hw` Av‡qi cwigvY A‡c¶v †ekx nq, n‡j †m ev‡RU - ÔNvUwZ
ev‡RUÕ|
miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv Ges ev‡RU
mv¤cÖwZK mgqKv‡j miKvix Kg©m~Px Ges Kvh©µ‡g `vqe×Zvi †eva KZUv ¯úó, †mB wbix‡L evsjv‡`‡ki gZ
GKwU miKvi KZUv MYZvwš¿K Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwZwU miKvi‡KB evrmwiK Avq e¨‡qi Mixe iv‡óª
wnmve cÖ`vb Ges ivóªxq A_©bxwZi cwiPvjbv I w`K wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ ev‡RU †ck Ki‡Z nq| A_© Af¨šÍixb I
wK fv‡e msM„nxZ n‡e Ges msM„nxZ A_© wKfv‡e e¨q Kiv n‡e †m msµvšÍ wb‡`k©bv - cÖwZwU ˆe‡`wkK Dfq
ev‡R‡UB Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| G mg¯Í wb‡`k©bv¸‡jv †_‡K miKvi RbM‡Yi cÖwZ KZUv `vqe× †mB DrmB Dbœqb
msµvš— aviYv cvIqv hvq| RbM‡Yi A_© RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y e¨q KivB n‡”Q `vqe×Zv wbwðZ ev‡R‡Ui A_©
Kivi Ab¨Zg kZ©| ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡g ivR¯^ Avq e„w×i cÖ‡Póv, mvgvwRK Lv‡Zi weKv‡k ms¯’v‡b e¨eüZ
m„Rbkxj D‡`¨vM, wk¶vLvZ weKv‡ki †Póv wKsev cÖ‡qvRbxq LvZ mg~‡n fZy©wK cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g nq|
Ae¯’vi DbœwZ NUv‡bvi D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g `vqe×Zv cÖgvb Kiv m¤¢e| Ab¨w`‡K Abyrcv`bkxj
Ges mvaviY RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© cwicš’x Lv‡Z e¨q eivÏ Kiv n‡j Zv RbM‡Yi cÖwZ miKv‡ii
`vqe×Zv cÖgvY K‡i bv| MYZvwš¿K miKvi ej‡Z eySv‡bv nq †h miKvi RbMY Øviv wbev©wPZ
Ges mve©¶wYKfv‡e RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| ev‡RU Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi ïay
evrmwiK Avq e¨‡qi wnmve Zz‡j a‡i bv, GKB mv‡_ A_©bxwZ msµvšÍ miKvix wPšÍv fvebvI RbM‡bi A_©
cÖKvwkZ nq| G Rb¨B wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨q eivÏ hvPvB K‡i eySv hvq miKvi †Kvb LvZ‡K KZUv RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y
¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| c~e©eZ©x eQ‡ii mv‡_ wbw`©ó A_© eQ‡i wewfbœLv‡Z eivÏK…Z e¨‡qi n«vm e„w× e¨q KivB n‡”Q
ch©‡e¶Y K‡iI miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| ev‡RU GKwU iv‡óªi `vqe×Zv wbwðZ
A_©‰bwZK cÖwZ”Qwe| miKvi iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ wK Ki‡Qb Ges wKfv‡e Ki‡Qb Zvi aviYv Kivi Ab¨Zg
ev‡R‡Ui gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq| G Rb¨B RbM‡Yi cÖwZ miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡j kZ©|
evrmwiK ev‡RU‡KI RbM‡Yi ¯^v_©vbyKz‡j ˆZix Ki‡Z nq|
mviK_v : miKv‡ii †h me bxwZgvjv, D‡Ïk¨ Ges AMÖvwaKvi _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K ev‡R‡Ui
gva¨‡gB wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq Ges G R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq LiP I Dcv`v‡bi wnmve
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GKwU DËg ev‡R‡Ui c~e©kZ© n‡jv RbM‡Yi cÖwZ miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv, ¯^”QZv
Ges Revew`wnZvi †eva| ev‡R‡U RbM‡Yi A_© RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y e¨q Kivi ga¨w`‡q miKv‡ii
`vqe×Zv cÖgvwYZ nq| miKvi RbM‡Yi R‡b¨ wK Ki‡Q Ges wKfv‡e Ki‡Q evrmwiK ev‡RU
†_‡K Zvi aviYv cvIqv hvq| RbgyLx ev‡RU ˆZwi K‡i miKv‡ii MYZvwš¿K gvbwmKZv Ges
`vqe×Zv cÖgvY Kiv hvq|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-143
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cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| Aa¨vcK Rb .Gd.wWD-i gZvbymv‡i ev‡RU ej‡Z eySvq-
K) †Kvb wbw`ó© A_© eQ‡ii Rb¨ wnmve wenxb A‡_©i e¨e¯’v Kiv;
L) GK eQ‡i we‡`k †_‡K cÖvß A‡_©i wnmve cÖ`vb Kiv;
M) RbM‡Yi Dci AwaK cwigv‡Y Ki avh© Kiv;
N) Ggb GKwU Avw_©K cwiKíbv hv wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ M„nxZ|

2| eZ©gvb Kv‡j DËg ev‡R‡Ui Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e MY¨ nq-

K) miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv, ¯^”QZv Ges Revew`wnZvi †eva;
L) RbMY‡K miKvix Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© AewnZ bv Kiv;
M) RxebhvÎv e¨q e„w× Kiv;
N) wbe©vP‡b Rq wbwðZ Kiv|

3| `vqe×Zv wbwðZ Kivi Ab¨Zg kZ©-

K) RbM‡Yi A_© RbM‡Yi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv;
L) mKj `~ive¯’vi Rb¨ RbMY‡K `vqx Kiv;
M) RbMY‡K miKv‡ii eva¨ K‡i †Zvjv;
N) RbMY Ges miKv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb m¤úK© bv _vKv|

4| MYZvwš¿K miKvi ej‡Z eySv‡bv nq-

K) MYZ‡š¿i bv‡g †h miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq;
L) gywó‡gq e¨w³i ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ miKvi;
M) ¶gZv `LjKvix miKvi;
N) RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ Ges mve©¶wYKfv‡e RbKj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ miKvi|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| ivR¯^ ev‡RU Ges Dbœqb ev‡RU ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
2| miKv‡ii `vqe×Zv wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ev‡R‡Ui mv‡_ miKv‡ii `vqe×Zvi m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv : 1.N, 2.K, 3.K, 4.N|

mnvqK MÖš’
Azizur Rahrnan Khan, The Economy of Bangladesh, London,: Macmillan, 1972

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-144

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wgkª I gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ cvV-4

Mixed and Free Market Economy

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

wgkª A_©bxwZi msÁv Ges G A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi msÁv Ges ˆewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`†k Abym„Z gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wgkª A_©bxwZ
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e `yÕwU gZv`k© c„w_ex‡Z me©vwaK cÖPwjZ-cyuwRev` Ges mgvRZš¿|
`xN©w`b hver wewfbœ ivóªmg~‡ni AwfÁZv †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e
cyuwRev` A_ev mgvRZš¿ Df‡qi †KvbwUB GKKfv‡e †kªôZ¡ `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Dfq e¨e¯’vi
g‡a¨B ¸iæZi AmvgÄm¨ cwijw¶Z nq| ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq Ges ivóªxq wb‡`©kbvq A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv c„w_exi AwaKvsk mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªB mdj nq wb| 90Ôi `k‡K mgvRZvwš¿K
iv󪸇jvi cZ‡bi KviY wnmv‡e RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK `y`©kv‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K
cywRuev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv e¨e¯’vq ïaygvÎ gybvdvjv‡fi cÖeYZvi d‡j mvaviY
RbM‡Yi Rxeb hvc‡bi mgm¨v evo‡Z _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq cÖK…Z Dbœqb ev¯ÍevwqZ nq bv|
cyuwRev`x Ges mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’vi `ye©jZv¸‡jv †_‡K gy³ nevi Rb¨ †h A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvix
D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk ‡emiKvix D‡`¨vM‡KI mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`qv nq Zv‡KB wgkª †h A_©bxwZ‡Z
miKvix D‡`¨v‡Mi
A_©bxwZ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| eZ©gvbKv‡j eû iv‡óªB we‡klZ: Dbœqbkxj iv󪸇jv `ªyZ cvkvcvwk
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wgkª A_©bxwZ e¨e¯’v AbymiY K‡i| G‡Z hw`I cwiKíbvmg~n miKvix D‡`¨v‡MB ‡emiKvix
cÖYxZ nq Z‡e e¨w³MZ Ges ivóªxqLvZ G‡K Ac‡ii mnvqK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| D‡`¨vM‡KI
wgkª A_©bxwZ‡Z, Drcv`‡bi †h me †¶‡Î AwaK g‚jab I `xN© mgq cÖ‡qvRb Ges gybvdvi nvi mwµqfv‡e
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM
Kg _v‡K †m me †¶‡Î ivóªxq ev miKvix D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K †h me Lv‡Z ¯^í †`qv nq Zv‡KB
gyjab I ¯^í mgq cÖ‡qvRb Ges AwaK gybvdvi Avkv Kiv nq- †m ¸‡jvi †¶‡Î †emiKvix wgkª A_©bxwZ bv‡g
D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ Dchy³ wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| AwfwnZ Kiv
hvq|
wgkª A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨
• ivóªxq Ges e¨w³MZ Lv‡Zi mnve¯’vb;
• gybvdv Ges †mev cÖ`vb-Dfq e¨e¯’vi ¯^xK…wZ;
gy³ evRvi
• g~j¨ e¨e¯’vi n«vm-e„wׇZ miKv‡ii f~wgKv; A_©bxwZ n‡”Q
• †fvMKvixi ¯^vaxbZv| †mB A_©bxwZ
e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b
e¨w³ gvwjKvbv
gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ Ges e¨w³
gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ Ges D`vi MYZvwš¿K cyuwRev`x mgvR e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ A½v½ux m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| ¯^vZš¿¨ev`‡K
¯^xKvi Kiv nq|
gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ n‡”Q †mB A_©bxwZ †hLv‡b e¨w³ gvwjKvbv Ges e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ev`‡K ¯^xKvi
Kiv nq| gy³ evRv‡ii aviYv GKw`‡b M‡o D‡V wb| wewfbœ `vk©wbK Ges A_©bxwZwe‡`i wPšÍv
fvebvi ga¨ w`‡qB GB aviYv cwicywó jvf K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- `vk©wbK Rbj‡Ki
e¨w³MZ m¤úwË welqK ZË¡, mgvR weÁvbx nvievU© †¯úbmv‡ii e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿ev` `k©b, MYZš¿x
Rb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji A_©bxwZ †¶‡Î e¨w³i fzwgKvB cÖavb kxl©K `k©b Ges GW¨vg w¯§‡_i Aeva
evwYR¨ (Laissez faire) bxwZ|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-145
 GmGmGBPGj

gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi aviYvq, g‡b Kiv nq- mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª bq eis gy³ gvbylB
AwaK Dchy³| evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wRwb‡li g~j¨, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Ges e¨w³i DcvR©b
wba©vwiZ nq Ggbfv‡e hv‡Z e¨w³ we‡k‡li GKK f‚wgKv Ges ivóªxq wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv eis evRvi
e¨e¯’vB g~j f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Pvwn`v Ges †hvMvb G `ywU kw³i gva¨‡g evRvi cÖfvweZ nq|
gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³i Dc‡hvM ev mš‘wó‡K m‡e©v”P ¸i“Z¡ †`qv nq| 1980Õi `kK
†_‡K g~jZ: wek¦e¨vsK Ges AvB.Gg.Gd.-Gi D‡`¨v‡M Z…Zxq wek¦Ry‡o Aeva evRvi A_©bxwZ
cÖwZôvi welqwU ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i | 90Õi `k†K mgvRZvwš¿K gZv`‡k©i cZb Z_v ivóª wbqwš¿Z
1980Õi `kK A_©bxwZi e¨_©Zvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z K‡qKwU mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª e¨ZxZ mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx gy³ evRvi
†_‡K g~jZ:
wek¦e¨vsK Ges A_©bxwZi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q|
AvB.Gg.Gd.-Gi gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨
D‡`¨v‡M Z…Zxq
wek¦Ry‡o Aeva • †jb-‡`‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv I evRvi Gi ¸iæZ¡;
evRvi A_©bxwZ
cÖwZôvi welqwU • e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi ¯^xK…wZ;
¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i | • gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ e¨w³¯^v_© wbf©i weavq G A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi DrcwË nq Ges
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j me©wb¤œ `‡i `ªe¨ I †mevi Drcv`‡b wbðqZv Av‡m;
• †fv³vi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wbwðZ nq| Zviv wb‡R‡`i cQ›` †gvZv‡eK `ªe¨ mvgMÖx µq Ki‡Z
cv‡i;
• gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi d‡j Avg`vbx e¨q Ges ißvbx Avq e„w× cvq;
• fyZz©wK, Ki-†iqvZ BZ¨vw` bv _vKvi d‡j iv‡óªi A_©-mvkªq nq|
evsjv‡`k Ges gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ
1980Õi `kK †_‡K wek¦e¨vsK Ges AvB. Gg.Gd. Z…Zxq we‡k¦i 76 wU †`‡k KvVv‡gv cyb©web¨vm
A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib ms¯‹vi Kg©myPx Pvjy K‡i| GB Kg©m~Pxi AvIZvq G me †`k‡K Aeva evRvigyLx ms¯‹vi Kg©m~Px
gy³evRvi ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ 1980 †_‡K 1991 mgqKv‡j 4100 †KvwU Wjv‡ii 258wU Fb cÖ`vb Kiv
A_©bxwZi bv‡g nq| evsjv‡`kI GB Kg©m~Pxi Aš—fy©³| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x Kv‡j cÖ_g miKv‡ii mg‡q
evsjv‡`‡ki cyuwR cwiKwíZ A_©bxwZi AvIZvq A_©‰bwZK ivóª cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| cieZ©x miKvi¸‡jv ivóªxq
†`‡ki evB‡i P‡j
hv‡”Q, G‡`‡k Lv‡Zi cwie‡Z© †emiKvix LvZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i Ges †emiKvix LvZ‡K weKwkZ Kivi
we‡`kx c‡Y¨i Kvh©µg MªnY Kiv nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq cieZ©x‡Z gy³evRvi gZv`k©‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
evRv‡i cwiYZ A_©bxwZ cwiPvjbvq cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡Z _v‡K| GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki e„nr ivR‰bwZK kw³¸‡jvI
n‡”Q| evRvi A_©bxwZi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Q| 90Ôi `k‡K mgvRZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’vi cZbI evRvi
A_©bxwZ †Kw›`ªK e¨e¯’v MÖnY‡K kw³kvjx mg_©b †hvMvq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †h me Kvi‡Y gy³
evRvi A_©bxwZ PP©v Kiv n‡”Q Zvi KviY¸‡jv wbæiƒc:
• gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi d‡j ivóªxq Lv‡Zi µgvMZ †jvKmvb eÜ n‡e;
• KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹vi mva‡bi d‡j cÖkvm‡b ¯^”QZv I MwZkxjZv Avm‡e Ges miKv‡ii e¨q
Kg‡e;
• cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y c‡Y¨i e¨q Kg‡e;
• cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y c‡Y¨i gvb evo‡e Ges kªwgK‡`i `¶Zv e„w× cv‡e;
• †LvjvevRvi A_©bxwZ AbymiY Kivi d‡j ißvbxgyLx wewfbœ wkí ¯’vwcZ nIqvi d‡j
ˆe‡`wkK Avq e„w× Ki‡e n‡e;
• A`¶ Ges A‡hvM¨ iæMœ wkí¸‡jvi `vq`vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e bv| e¨w³gvwjKvbvq
†Q‡o †`qv n‡j gvwjK c¶ e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_©B Gme wkímg~n‡K cybiæ¾xweZ Ki‡e|

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-146

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi c‡¶ wewfbœ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jI wewfbœ M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q
evsjv‡`kmn Z…Zxq we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡kB gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ PPv©i Øviv ‡Zgb Dbœqb mvwaZ
nqwb| wewkó A_©bxwZwe` †ingvb †mvenvb GK M‡elYvq cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb, gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi
Øviv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i iv󪸇jv‡Z mvgwMÖKfv‡e ¯’vqx wewb‡qvM Ges ißvbx cÖe„w× AwR©Z nq wb Ges
gy`ªvùxwZ †iva Kiv hvq wb| GQvovI A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi bv‡g evsjv‡`‡ki
cyuwR †`‡ki evB‡i P‡j hv‡”Q, G‡`‡k we‡`kx c‡Y¨i evRv†i cwiYZ n‡”Q|

mviK_v: e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv Ges e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ev`‡K Aej¤^b K‡i gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi aviYv
M‡o D‡V‡Q| G A_©bxwZ‡Z ivóª bq evRviB g~j PvwjKv kw³ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| evRv‡ii MwZ
cÖK…wZ wba©vwiZ nq Pvwn`v Ges †hvMvb G `yÕwU kw³ Øviv| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi AwaKvsk †`‡ki gZ
evsjv‡`‡kI evRvi A_©bxwZi PP©v Pj‡Q| a‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q Gi d‡j ivóªxq Lv‡Zi †jvKmvb eÜ
n‡e, c‡Y¨i gvb I kªwg‡Ki `¶Zv evo‡e| ißvbxgyLx wkí ¯’vcbv n‡e Ges ˆe‡`wkK Avq
evo‡e| wKš‘, `y:LRbK n‡jI mZ¨ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Ab¨ A‡bK †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡kI evRvi
A_©bxwZi †Zgb †Kvb mydj AwR©Z nq wb|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-147
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z g‡b Kiv nq-
K) A_©bxwZ‡Z ivóªxq wbqš¿Y m‡ev©Ëg;
L) e¨w³i Dc‡hvM ev mš—ywó cÖvavb¨ †`Iqvi welq bq;
M) e¨w³gvwjKvbv Ges e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev` AcKvix;
N) mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª bq eis gvbylB AwaK Dchy³

2| gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨-

K) †fv³vi mve©‡fŠgZ¡;
L) e¨w³i †¯^”QvPvwiZv;
M) A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡;
N) iv‡óªi †¯^”QvvPvwiZv|

3. gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi d‡j-

K) c‡Y¨i gvb evo‡e Ges kªwgK‡`i `¶Zv e„w× cv‡e;
L) evsjv‡`k cuvP eQ‡ii g‡a¨ DbœZ iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡e;
M) ivóªxq Lv‡Z e¨q evo‡Z _vK‡e;
N) A_©bxwZ‡Z ivóªxq n¯Í‡¶c evo‡e|

4. †ingvb †mvevnv‡bi g‡Z, gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ Øviv-

K) Z…Zxq we‡k¦i e¨vcK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡q‡Q;
L) abx iv󪸇jv FYMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o‡Q;
M) A_©‰bwZK ¯’vqx wewb‡qvM Ges ißvbx cÖe„w× AwR©Z nq wb;
N) evsjv‡`‡k mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv n‡q‡Q|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. wgkª A_©bxwZ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

iPbvgyjK cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡ki gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv: 1.N, 2.K, 3.K, 4.M

mnvqK MÖš’
1. nvmbvZ Kexi K‡j- vj (m¤úvw`Z)Ô evRvi A_©bxwZÕ XvKv, (1997)

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-148

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cvV-5

Global Economic System

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 

¯œvqy hy× Kvjxb wek¦ e¨e¯’v I ¯œvqy hy‡×i mgvwßi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

eZ©gvb we‡k¦i A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

øvqy hy×Kvjxb wek¦e¨e¯’v

Aóv`k kZ‡K BD‡iv‡c hš¿wecøe msMwVZ nq| Gi d‡j AvaywbK wkí evwYR¨wfwËK A_©bxwZ
Z_v abZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi hvÎv ïiæ nq| HwZnvwmKfv‡e AbymÜvb Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖ_g c‡e©
Bsj¨vÛ, d«vÝ, nj¨vÛ I †ejwRqvg, wØZxq c‡e© Av‡gwiKv, Rvg©vbx, KvbvWv Ges Z…Zxq c‡e©
Rvcvb I K‡qKwU Gkxq †`‡k abZ‡š¿i weKvk N‡U| G me †`k¸‡jv Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb Ges
AbybœZ †`‡k cyuwR wewb‡qvM I AbyK~j evwYR¨ fvimvg¨ eRvq †i‡L wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vi µgvMZ
DbœwZ NUvq| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i d‡j BD‡iv‡ci A_©bxwZ weaŸ¯Í n‡q c‡o| Aciw`‡K hy× Kv‡j
wbivc` Ae¯’v‡bi d‡j e¨vcK Drcv`b e„w× Ges evwYR¨ m¤cÖmviY Øviv Av‡gwiKv abZvwš¿K
we‡k¦i cÖavb kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq|
Ab¨w`‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i †bZ…Z¡ jvf
K‡i| we‡klZ: †Rv‡md ÷¨vwj‡bi mg‡q wbqwš¿Z A_©bxwZ e¨e¯’vi mvdj¨RbK cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi A_©bxwZ weKwkZ nq| Av‡gwiKvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb abZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi
wecix‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb cÖfvweZ mgvRZvwš¿K ejq M‡o D‡V| mvgwiK - A_©‰bwZK -
ivR‰bwZK mKj †¶‡ÎB gZv`wk©K Ø›Ø cÖej n‡Z _vK‡j ¯œvqy hy‡×i m~Pbv nq| mgMÖ we‡k¦i
mvgwiK -
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†RvU wbi‡c¶ iv󪸇jv c‡iv¶fv‡e n‡jI †Kvb GK c¶ mswk- ó n‡Z eva¨ nq| GB wek¦ ivR‰bwZK mKj
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D‡ËRK ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ Ges ؇›Øi d‡j mvgwiK e¨q e„w× cvq| b¨v‡Uv (NATO) Ges Ø›Ø cÖej n‡Z
Iqvik (WARSAW)Õi gZ mvgwiK †RvU MwVZ nq| GgZve¯’vq kvwšÍwcÖq wek¦evmxi g‡a¨ _vK‡j øvqy hy‡×i
cvigvYweK aŸsm h‡Ái d‡j gvbe mf¨Zv jyß n‡e, Ggb AvksKv ˆZix nq| Avwki `kK m~Pbv nq|
ch©š— øvq~ hy‡×i D‡ËRbv Pj‡Z _v‡K|
øvqyhy× mgvwß
wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x mg‡q ¯œvqyhy‡×i d‡j mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx †h AvZ¼RbK cwiw¯’wZ ˆZix nq,
80 `k‡Ki †kl w`‡K G‡m Zv n«vm cvq| wgLvBj Me©v‡Pf 1985 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi
¶gZvq AwawôZ nevi ci ÔMøvmbóÕ Ges Ô†c‡i¯—vBKvÕ Kg©myPx MÖnY K‡ib| Gi d‡j
†mvwf‡qZ mgv‡R e¨vcK cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| Kgy¨wbó cvwU©i GK‡PwUqv ¶gZv PP©v Le© n‡Z
_v‡K| cvwU©i wfZ‡i Ges evB‡i mgv‡jvPbvi cwi‡ek ˆZix nq| †mB mv‡_ ewn©we‡k¦i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gvÎvI evo‡Z _v‡K| Gm‡ei djkÖywZ‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbmn mgMÖ c~e© BD‡iv‡c
Kgy¨wbRg we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K| K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ G A‡ji iv󪸇jv‡Z
mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi cZb N‡U| mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi Av‡MB Me©v‡P‡fi M„nxZ A¯¿ n«vm Pzw³ mn
wewfbœ Kg©m~Pxi d‡j cwðgv abZvwš¿K we‡k¦i mv‡_ ˆeix m¤úK© n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K Ges
¯œvqyhy‡×i ZxeªZv n«vm cvq| 1991 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b mgvRZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’vi cZ‡bi
mv‡_ ¯œvqy-hy× hy‡MiI AvbyôvwbK Aemvb N‡U| ¯œvqy-hy× Aemvb Z_v ivwóªK mgvRZš¿ cZ‡bi
K‡qKwU KviY wbæiƒc:

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Kgy¨wbó cvwU©i ¶gZv

RbM‡Yi AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi cwie‡Z© kªwgK †kªYxi †`vnvB w`‡q Kgy¨wbó cvw©Ui GK‡PwUqv ¶gZv
PP©v RbMY‡K we¶zä K‡i †Zv‡j| Gi d‡j Ríbv cwieZ©b‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq|
A_©‰bwZK `ye©jZv
A_©‰bwZK KviYI G e¨vcv‡i wekvj f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| lv‡Ui `kK †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡bi cÖe„w×i nvi axi n‡Z _v‡K Ges mˇii `k‡K G‡m Zv cÖvq ¯’wei n‡q hvq| mvgwiK
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wecyj Pvc c‡o Ges RbM‡Yi Rxeb hvÎvi gvb µgvMZ
bx‡P bvg‡Z _v‡K| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`vi †hvMvbI mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ mgm¨vRbK
n‡q D‡V|
abZvwš¿K we‡k¦i f~wgKv
1917 mv‡j ivwkqvq ej‡kwfK wecø‡ei ci †_‡KB abZvwš¿K iv󪸇jv mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi
Rb¨ wewfbœ cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K| G Rb¨ mKj ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK ivR‰bwZK- Z_v
mvgwiK Pvcm„wó‡Z Zviv m‡Pó wQj| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi c‡¶ G Pvc †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e nq
wb| Gme Kvi‡Y mgvRZvwš¿K †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Lye `ªyZ †f‡½ c‡o| G Qvov RbMYI G
cwieZ©b‡K ¯^vM Rvwb‡qwQj|
wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v
c~e© BD‡ivc Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi d‡j øvqyhy‡×i Aemvb N‡U Ges wek¦
A_©bxwZi cÖK…wZ †gŠwjK fv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq| `xN©Kvj hver we`¨gvb mgvRZvwš¿K Ges
abZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK web¨vm †f‡½ hvq| Gi cwie‡Z© wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z ïaygvÎ abZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v
cÖwZwôZ nq| G‡K Aeva evRvi A_©bxwZ e¨e¯’v ejv nq| eZ©gvb wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi
K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
AvÂwjK evwYR¨
abZvwš¿K ivóª
mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ø›Ø mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi cZ‡bi ci †_‡K wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z AvÂwjK evwYR¨ e¨e¯’v µgvMZ
mgvRZvwš¿K A_© kw³kvjx n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ A‡ji cÖwZ‡ekx iv󪸇jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ evwY‡R¨i cwigvY
e¨e¯’vi cZ‡bi D‡j- L†hvM¨ nv‡i evov‡bvi Rb¨ †RvU MV‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| D`vniY ¯^iƒc, BD‡ivcxq
d‡j abZvwš¿K m¤cÖ`v‡qi ÔgvmwUªKU Pzw³Õ, DËi Av‡gwiKvi wZbwU †`k Av‡gwiKv,KvbvWv, †gw·‡Kvi MwVZ
ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨
A_©‰bwZK we‡iva ÔbvdUvÕ (NAFTA) [North American Free Trade Agreement] Ges c~e© Gwkqvi
kw³kvjx n‡”Q| ÔAvwmqvbÕ (ASEAN) Ôi K_v D‡j- L Kiv hvq| AvÂwjK evRvi kw³kvjx Kivi gva¨‡g wbR¯^
c~‡e© mgvRZš¿ A_©bxwZ kw³kvjx Kivi aviYv †_‡KB AvÂwjK evwYR¨‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ ‡`qv n‡”Q|
we‡ivwaZvi d‡j
abZvwš¿K eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbxi cÖvavb¨
iv󪸇jvi eZ©gvb wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv µgvMZ cÖvavb¨ AR©b Ki‡Q|e¨vcK
A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© wewb‡qvM ¶gZv _vKvi d‡j eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv RvZxq A_©bxwZ cÖfvweZ Kivi ¶gZv
GKm~‡Î euvav
AR©b K†i‡Q| miKv‡ii M„nxZ wewfbœ bxwZ wb‡R‡`i AbyK‚‡j wb‡q Avm‡Z m¶g n‡”Q|
wQ‡jv|
we‡klZt, `wi`ª iv󪸇jv‡Z eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbxi µgea©gvb cÖfve RvZxq mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYvi
DciI cÖfve †dj‡Q|
abZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡ni Ø›Ø
mgvRZvwš¿K A_© e¨e¯’vi cZ‡bi d‡j abZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK we‡iva kw³kvjx
n‡”Q| c~‡e© mgvRZš¿ we‡ivwaZvi d‡j abZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvi A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© GKm~‡Î euvav
wQ‡jv| eZ©gv‡b GB msnwZ wecbœ n‡q‡Q| c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi
cÖ‡qvR‡b cuywR wewb‡qvM I evRvi `L‡ji Ø›Ø †e‡o D‡V‡Q| D`vniY ¯^iƒc Av‡gwiKv I

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Rvcv‡bi g‡a¨ Zxeª evwYwR¨K gZwe‡iv‡ai D‡jøL Kiv hvq| G Ae¯’v‡K ÔA_©‰bwZK VvÛv hy×Õ
Ôbv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡”Q|
• abZvwš¿K evwYR¨ hy‡×i - K‡qKwU D`vniY wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
• Rvcv‡bi mv‡_ Av‡gwiKvi evwl©K evwYR¨ NvUwZi cwigvY 5 nvRvi 9 kZ †KvwU 30 jvL
gvwK©b Wjvi;(1993mvj)
• BD‡iv‡ci g‡a¨ Rvg©vbxi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v me‡P‡q kw³kvjx| Rvg©vbxi wR.wW.wc i cwigvY
d«vÝ I weª‡U‡bi mw¤§wjZ wR.wW.wc.i cÖvq mgvb (1988 mvj)
• BBwm‡Z hy³iv‡óªi wewb‡qvM †_‡K hy³iv‡óª BBwmÔi wewb‡qvM 3000 †KvwU Wjvi †ekx,
(1992mvj) GgZve¯’vq †`Lv hv‡PQ †h, bZzb A_©‰bwZK wek¦e¨e¯’vq GKw`‡K DbœZ
abZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø e„w× cv‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, DbœZ ebvg AbybœZ abZvwš¿K
iv󪸇jvi A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡g AbybœZ we‡k¦i ¯^v_© iw¶Z n‡”Q bv|
• BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb I BD‡iv : 1957 mv‡j †ivg Pzw³ Abymv‡i 1958 mv‡j BD‡ivcxqvb
Kwgkb MwVZ nq| ZviB avivevwnKZvq 1995 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi
(Avš—fy©³ †`k¸‡jvi) cvi¯úwiK ¯^v‡_© D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i ïé n«v‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i
Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i R‡b¨ myjf I mvaviY evRvi m„wó Ges evwYwR¨K D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi j‡¶¨
B.BD MwVZ nq Ges Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 15| 1999 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi †_‡K
m`m¨fz³ 11wU †`‡k GKK gy`ªv ÔBD‡ivÕ Pvjy n‡q‡Q| B.BD Ges ÔBD‡ivÕ wek¦e¨vcx
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve ivL‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡”Q| fwel¨‡Z wek¦
ivRbxwZ‡ZI B.BDÕi e¨vcK f‚wgKv _vK‡e|

mviK_v: wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci cyuwRev` Ges mgvRZvwš¿K gZv`‡k©i jovB‡q gvwK©b hy³ivóª I
mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K †K›`ª K‡i wek¦ wØavwef³ n‡q c‡o Ges cieZx©‡Z ¯œvqy hy‡×i
m~Pbv nq| beŸyBÕi `k‡K ivwóªK mgvRZ‡š¿i cZb n‡j ¯œvqyhy‡×i mgvwß N‡U| †m mv‡_ bZzb
ai‡bi wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi Avwef©ve nq| AvÂwjK evwYR¨, eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbxi cÖvavb¨,
abZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡ni Ø›Ø, BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡k GKK gy`ªvi cÖPjb BZ¨vw` G A_© e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨|

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cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1. ¯œvq~ hy‡× wee`gvb c¶ wQj-
K) abZš¿ Ges mgvRZš¿;
L) †gŠjev` Ges abZš¿;
M) mvgwiKZš¿ Ges GKbvqKZš¿;
N) mvgšÍZš¿ Ges cuywRev`|

2. ivwkqvq ej‡kwfK wecøe m¤úbœ nq-

K) 1919;
L) 1950;
M) 1917;
N) 1885;
3. bvdUv (NAFTA) MVb K‡i‡Q|

K) evsjv‡`k,fviZ, cvwK¯’vb;
L) Rvg©vbx, d«vÝ,Bsj¨vÛ;
M) gvjØxc, f‚Uvb, †bcvj;
N) Av‡gwiKv, KvbvWv, †gw·‡Kv|

4. BD‡iv‡ci g‡a¨ me‡P‡q kw³kvjx A_©bxwZ

K) Rvg©vb;
L) MÖxm;
M) Bsj¨vÛ;
N) d«vÝ|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| A_©‰bwZK VvÛvhy× wK?
2| abZvwš¿K evwYR¨hy‡×i K‡qKwU D`vniY w`b|

iPbvgyjK cÖkœ
1. eZ©gvb wek¦ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ¯œvqy hy×Kvjxb wek¦e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| Gi mgvwß nq wKfv‡e?

DËigvjv: 1.K, 2.M, 3.N, 4.K|

mnvqK MÖš’
1. †gv: Ave`yj nvwjg I †di‡`Šm †nv‡mb Ôøvqy-hy‡×vËi AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZÕ (1995)
2. Avby gynv¤§` Ôµvwš—Kv‡ji wek¦ A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb mvgªvR¨Õ (1992)

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