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Natural Gas Engineering

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Gas Well Testing (GWT)

C
O
O
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G Dr Pankaj Tiwari
IIT

IIT Guwahati
1
Petroleum Production System

Assumptions:

S
-Single phase flow in the reservoir
-Compressible isothermal fluid flow

C
-Homogeneous and isotopic reservoir system

O
-Constant permeability
- Fully radial flow only

O
- Laminar (Viscous flow)

_M
- Constant Pay-zone

•q is the gas production rate in Mscf/d,


•k is the effective permeability to gas in md,

G
q=
𝑘ℎ[𝑚 𝑝ҧ −𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )]
•h is the thickness of pay zone in ft,
•m(p) is the real gas pseudopressure in psi2/cp at the reservoir
pressure p in psi,
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0.472𝑟𝑒 •m(pwf) is the real gas pseudopressure in psi2/cp at pressure pwf,
1424𝑇 ln 𝑟𝑤
+𝑠+𝐷𝑞
•T is the reservoir temperature in R,
•re is the radius of drainage area in ft,
•rw is wellbore radius in ft,
•s is skin factor, and
•D is the non-Darcy coefficient in d/Mscf.

2
Pseudo Steady State: IPR
Pressure approximation Pseudo pressure Pressure square
Approximation
P > 3000 Psia 2000 <P < 3000Psia P < 2000 Psia
𝑘ℎ[𝑚 𝑝ҧ −𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )] 2 2
ҧ 𝑤𝑓 ]
𝑘ℎ[𝑝−𝑝 𝑘ℎ[𝑝 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓 ]
Analytical Expression q= q=

S
141.2 × 103 𝐵𝑔 𝜇[ln
0.472𝑟𝑒 0.472𝑟𝑒 q= 0.472𝑟𝑒
Assumptions 𝑟𝑤
+𝑠+𝐷𝑞] 1424𝑇 ln 𝑟𝑤
+𝑠+𝐷𝑞 1424𝑇 𝜇 𝑧 [ln +𝑠+𝐷𝑞]
𝑟𝑤

C
Quadratic (LIT) Approach 𝑝ҧ − (𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) = 𝐴1𝑞 + 𝐵 1𝑞 2 𝑚 𝑝ҧ − 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) = 𝐴2𝑞 + 𝐵2𝑞 2 𝑝ҧ 2 − (𝑝𝑤𝑓 )2 = 𝐴3𝑞 + 𝐵3𝑞 2

O
0.472𝑟𝑒 0.472𝑟𝑒
141.2 × 103 𝐵𝑔 𝜇[ln
0.472𝑟𝑒
+𝑠] 1424𝑇 ln +𝑠 1424𝑇 𝜇 𝑧 [ln +𝑠]
𝑟𝑤 𝑟𝑤
A1 =
𝑟𝑤 A2 = A3 =
𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ

O
𝑘ℎ
1424𝑇 1424 𝑇𝜇 𝑧
141.2 × 103 𝐵𝑔 𝜇 B2 = 𝐷 B3 = 𝐷
B1 = 𝐷 𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ
𝑘ℎ

_M
2
2 )
−𝐴3+ 𝐴32 −4𝐵3 (𝑝 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓
−𝐴2+ 𝐴22 −4𝐵2 (𝑚 𝑝ҧ −𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )
−𝐴1+ 𝐴12 −4𝐵1 𝑝ҧ −(𝑝𝑤𝑓 q=
q= q= 2𝐵2
2𝐵3
2𝐵1

q =𝐶1[ 𝑝ҧ − (𝑝𝑤𝑓 )]𝑛1


G
Backpressure Approach
q =𝐶2[𝑚 𝑝ҧ − 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )]𝑛2 q =𝐶3 𝑝ҧ 2 − (𝑝𝑤𝑓 2]𝑛3
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0.472𝑟𝑒
141.2 × 103 𝐵𝑔 𝜇[ln +𝑠] 0.472𝑟𝑒 1424 𝜇 𝑧 [ln
0.472𝑟𝑒
+𝑠]
𝑟𝑤 1424𝑇 ln +𝑠 𝑟𝑤
c1 = c2 =
𝑟𝑤
c3 =
𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ
𝑘ℎ

Ai & Ci --- Laminar flow coefficient + skin effect


IPR – Emperical Model- Future performance
Bi and ni--- Turbulent flow coefficient
 Production rate as a nonlinear function of pressure drawdown ( reservoir pressure minus bottom hole pressure)- Coefficient can be determined from Gas well testing
 The skin factor and non-Darcy coefficient can be estimated on the basis of pressure transient analysis
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3
Future Inflow Performance Relationship
 Example

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C
Reservoir Pressure

O
O
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G Mishra and Caudle (1956)-
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Single point set data

Viscosity (µ ) and Compressibility factor (z) should be corrected to new pressure


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4
Inflow Performance Relationship

S
C
O
O
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Transient IPR: Infinite Acting Radial Flow
162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘 ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log − 3.2275 𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑠 ≈ 1200
ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
G 𝑘ℎ 𝑘
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Pseudo Steady State IPR: Boundary dominating Radial Flow
ҧ 𝑤𝑓 ]
𝑘ℎ[𝑝−𝑝
q= 0.472𝑟𝑒
141.2 × 103 𝐵𝑔 𝜇[ln 𝑟𝑤
+𝑠+𝐷𝑞]

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5
Inflow Performance Relationship

Pseudo Steady State IPR: Boundary dominating Radial Flow

S
C
O
O
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Transient IPR: Infinite Acting Radial Flow

G
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6
Gas Well Testing
 A useful tool in to analyze the performance & forecast the productivity of gas wells.
 static reservoir pressure

S
 flow potential of gas reservoirs

C
 rate vs pressure depletion

O
 to estimate well/formation properties including permeability, porosity, payzone, skin factor or damage

O
 The results and information gathered during the testing are often used:

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 by regulatory bodies in setting maximum gas withdrawal rates.
 for estimation of gas reserves, and projecting gas well deliveries,

G
 in the preparation of field development program,
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 in the design of gathering & pipeline facilities, processing plant etc.

 Pressure Transient Test The skin factor and non-Darcy coefficient can be estimated on the basis of pressure transient analysis

 Deliverability Test Characterize and determine the flow potential of gas wells
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7
Gas Well Testing

 Pressure Transient Test- Creating a pressure disturbance in the reservoir

S
 reservoir rock and formation properties- permeability, porosity, and average reservoir pressure etc.
 reservoir heterogeneities- faults, natural fractures etc.

C
Single Well Tests:

O
• Drawdown Test

O
Buildup Test
162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘 • Pressure Fall Off Tests
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log − 3.2275 + 0.87𝑆′

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𝑘ℎ ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
• Infectivity Tests
Multi Well Tests:
 Deliverability Test

G
 measure the deliverability of gas wells- production potential.
• Interference & Pulse Tests
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 Construct IPR curve
 Conventional Deliverability Test
ҧ 𝑤𝑓 ]
𝑘ℎ[𝑝−𝑝
q= 0.472𝑟
 Isochronal Test
141.2 × 103 𝐵𝑔 𝜇[ln 𝑟 𝑒 +𝑠+𝐷𝑞]
𝑤  Modified Isochronal Test
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Drawdown Test

 Requirement: the well is shut-in prior to the flow test.

 Conducted by producing a well at a known and constant rate

S
Flowing period
Flow Rate  Measure flowing bottom hole pressure as a function of time

C
Shut-in
period

O
0
162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log − 3.2275 + 0.87𝑆′

O
Time, t
0 𝑘ℎ ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

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Pr

 average reservoir permeability including skin factor


Bottom-hole
pressure
G  outer limits of the reservoir and drainage area;
 degree of damage - vicinity of the wellbore
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0 Time,t  pore volume
 reservoir inhomogeneities
Idealised Drawdown Test- the effect of wellbore storage is not considered
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162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log − 3.2275 + 0.87𝑆′
𝑘ℎ ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

S
Flowing period
Flow Rate

C
Shut-in
period

O
0

O
Time, t
0

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Pr

G
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0 Time,t

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10
Pressure Buildup Test
One of the principal objectives of this analysis is to determine the static reservoir pressure

 stabilize a producing well at some fixed rate,

S
Flowing period  shutting in the well - the flowing bottom hole pressure builds up
Flow Rate

C
 measure pwf as a function of time
Shut-in period

O
0

O
Horner’s equation 1951 0 162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 𝑝𝑖 − log 𝑡 + log − 3.2275 + 0.87𝑆′
𝑘ℎ ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2

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• static reservoir pressure

G • effective reservoir permeability in the drainage area


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• extent of permeability damage around the wellbore
0 Time,t • presence of faults and the distance to the faults
• any interference between producing wells

Idealised Buildup Test- the effect of wellbore storage is not considered


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Wellbore Storage or Afterflow

 Production rate is controlled at surface not at the sand face

S
C
O
O
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G
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 Fluid Expansion
 Changing Liquid Level

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Pressure Fall-Off & Injectivity Tests
Pressure Fall-Off & Injectivity Tests- These tests are conducted on injection wells

S
 Pressure Fall-Off

C
Similar to a pressure-buildup test

O
Following stabilization at known injection rate, the well is shut in

O
Measure Pwf as a function of time

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 Injectivity Test
Analogous to pressure –drawdown testing

G
Inject into a well at a measured rate
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Measure Pwf as it increases with time

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Gas Well Test
 Multiwell Tests

 Produce from or to inject into one well, the active well, and to observe the

S
pressure response in one or more offset wells, or observation wells.

C
 These tests can determine the presence or lack of communications between

O
two points in the reservoir.

O
Interference and Pulse tests

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 Interference testing- the active well is produced at a measured, constant rate throughout the test. Other wells
in the field must be shut in so that any observed pressure response can be attributed to the active well only.

G
 Pulse testing- the active well produces and then is shut in, returned to production, and shut in again. This
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production/shut-in sequence produces a pressure response in the observation wells that usually can be
interpreted unambiguously even when other wells in the field continue to produce.

From these data, we can estimate both permeability and porosity in the drainage area of the wells.
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Deliverability Tests

 Designed primarily to measure the deliverability of gas wells


 Measure the ability of the well to flow against various back pressure

S
 Evaluate well’s production potential under specific conditions of reservoir and Pwf.

C
 Productivity indicator -Absolute Open Flow (AOF) potential.

O
 Generate a reservoir inflow performance relationship (IPR) or gas back pressure curve.

O
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q =𝐶[𝑚 𝑝ҧ − 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )]𝑛

G
 Several deliverability testing methods have been developed for gas wells
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 Flow-After-Flow or Conventional Back Pressure Test
 Isochronal Test
 Modified Isochronal Test

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Conventional Backpressure Test

Backpressure tests

S
- Flow-after-flow Test, or a multipoint test

C
- Well flow at a selected constant rate until pressure stabilizes, i.e., pseudo-steady-state

O
- The stabilized rate and pressure are recorded

O
- The rate is then changed and the well flows until the pressure stabilizes again at the new rate

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- The process is repeated for a total of three, four, or five rates.

G
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Conventional Backpressure Test
-based on the well-known Monograph 7 (Rawlins and Schellhardt, 1936)
Flow-after-flow test
-result of a large number of empirical observations.
𝑞4

S
𝑞3

C
𝑞2  Normal Sequence

O
q  Reverse Sequence
𝑞1
Stabilization time

O
ф𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2
𝑡𝑝𝑠𝑠 ≈ 1200

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𝑘
Time(t)
𝒑𝒓
𝑝𝑤𝑓1
G 𝑝𝑤𝑓2
IIT
𝑝𝑤𝑓3
𝑃
𝑝𝑤𝑓4

Time(t)
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17
Conventional Backpressure Test
Example:
A flow-after-flow test was performed on a gas well located in a low-pressure reservoir.
If test data are available, determine the values of n and C for the deliverability equation & AOF.

S
Flow rate for Pwf = X psia?.

C
Log

O
Stabilized
deliverability

O
Zero pressure

_M
Pressure related to q =𝐶[𝑚 𝑝ҧ − 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )] 𝑛
particular back pressure Potential at
2
𝛥𝑝 particular back
pressure q =𝐶 𝑝ҧ 2 − (𝑝𝑤𝑓 2]𝑛
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎2
G
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1
AOF
Slope =
𝑛

Gas flow rate, mmscfd Log


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Conventional Backpressure Test

S
 Once a well has been tested

C
 IPR curve construction

O
 Future Inflow performance relation
 Viscosity and z factor - changes as reservoir pressure change

O
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G
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Conventional Backpressure Test
 Future IPR
 Viscosity and z factor - changes as reservoir pressure change

S
C
O
O
Reservoir Pressure

_M
G
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Isochronal Testing of Gas Well

The isochronal test consists of

S
- closing in the well until a stabilized or very nearly stabilized pressure PR is reached
- the well is flowed at different rates for a set period of time t,

C
- the flowing bottom-hole pressure pwf at time t being recorded.

O
- One test with extended flow period.

O
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G
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Isochronal Testing of Gas Well

The isochronal test consists of


𝑞4 - closing in the well until a stabilized or very
Extended flow

S
nearly stabilized pressure PR is reached
𝑞3 rate - the well is flowed at different rates for a set

C
Flow 𝑞2
𝑞1 period of time t,
rate

O
- the flowing bottom-hole pressure pwf at time t

Time(t) being recorded.

O
- One test with extended flow period.
𝑃𝑟

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Pressure 𝑝𝑤𝑓1 𝑝𝑤𝑓2
𝑝𝑤𝑓3
𝑝𝑤𝑓4
𝑝𝑤𝑓5

G
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Time(t)

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Isochronal Testing of Gas Well
Plot of ∆p2 vs qsc - Isochronal test
1000

S
Stabilized deliverability curve

C
2
𝑝𝑅2 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓
Average reservoir
pressure

O
100

O
𝑝𝑅2 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓
2

𝑞4

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Transient deliverability
curve
𝑞2 𝑞3 2 2
10 𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓

𝑞1 Absolute open flow

Slope =
1
𝑛 G potential (AOF)
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1

10 100 1000 10000 100000


𝑞

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Modified Isochronal Testing

 The modified isochronal tests is

S
C
- similar to the isochronal test.

O
- the lengthy shut-in periods not required for pressure to stabilize

O
- does not yield a true isochronal curve but closely approximates the true curve.

_M
- uses approximations.-Isochronal tests are modeled exactly; modified isochronal tests are not.

- widely because it save time and money and proved to be excellent approximations to true isochronal tests.

G
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Modified Isochronal Testing

S
𝑞4

C
Extended flow
𝑞3 rate

O
Flow 𝑞2
rate 𝑞1

O
Time(t)

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𝑃𝑟

Pressure 𝑝𝑤𝑓1
G 𝑝𝑤𝑓2
𝑝𝑤𝑓3
𝑝𝑤𝑓4
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𝑝𝑤𝑓5

Time(t)
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Modified Isochronal Testing

Log
Stabilized

S
deliverability curve

C
2
𝑝𝑅2 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓
Average
 x 106 , psia2

O
reservoir
Transient
pressure
deliverability

O
curve
𝑞4

_M
 pwf
2

2 2
𝑝𝑤𝑠 − 𝑝𝑤𝑓
𝑞2
𝑞𝑠𝑐 𝑞3
ws
2
p

𝑞1
Slope =
1
𝑛 G AOF
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Log
flow rate𝑞𝑠𝑐 , mmscfd

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Deliverability Tests

 Deliverability test

S
 Flow-After-Flow or Conventional Back Pressure Test – High permeability formation

C
 Isochronal Test- Low permeability formation

O
 Modified Isochronal Test- Tight permeability formation

O
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 Conventional backpressure has limitations -tight formations;

 Isochronal & modified isochronal tests - to shorten the test times

G
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