Conditions of 3G Planning

Planning should meet current standards and

demands and also comply with future
requirements.
Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service
needs.
High bit rate services require knowledge of
coverage and capacity enhancements methods.
Real constraints
 Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old
operators.
 Environmental constraints for new operators.
Network planning depends not only on the
coverage but also on load.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 1
 Objectives of the Planning
 Traffic Forecasting:
 To measure the demand on targeted marked so as to allow an
appropriate growth of the Network.
 Coverage:
 To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the
service in the entire service area.
 Capacity:
 To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and
delay.
 Quality:
 Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the
required QoS.
 Costs:
 To enable an economical network implementation when the
service is established and a controlled network expansion during
the life cycle of the network.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 2
 Business Planning
 Marketing is responsible the revenue side and must also
produce a traffic forecast.
 The engineering model must translate the traffic forecast into a
network plan and generate the capex and opex numbers to be
passed to the financial model.
 The financial model takes in information from marketing,
including key metrics, revenue forecast, acquisition costs and
capex, opex from the engineering model.
Marketing
Model

Engineering Model

Finance
Model

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 3
 Financial model
 Capturing all the detail of the customer base dynamics,
the financial model allows the most comprehensive and
rigorous approach to forecasting the cost base and
ultimately a valuation.
 The financial model outputs are those used by decision
makers at board level and the financial community.
 The presentation pack produced by the financial model
provides a complete business case, which takes the
reader from an analysis of the population through to a
range of valuations.
 The valuation of the business case is the ultimate
objective of the suite of models.
8/21/2019 4
The model combines inputs from the marketing and the engineering
models with operating cost assumptions to forecast the financial
statements and free cash flow.
Engineering Model’s Market Forecast Operational Structure,
Network Opex and Model Distribution Channels,
Capex Forecasts Staffing etc.
Customers and Revenue
Forecasts

Business Planning
Model
Network Capex and Opex Forecast Operating Cost Assumptions

Profit Cash
& Loss Flow
Balance
Sheet All figures in Nominal Local Currency

Free Cash Flow in Nominal Local Currency

(Operating Cash Flow less Capital Expenditure)
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 5
 Marketing Model
What kind of Services
do we offer?

How many customers Revenue Forecast

do we have?

How much are they

willing to spend?
Traffic Forecast

What are our tariffs?

Essentially the question is how many customers are there and what
does the mobile operator has to deliver for the money paid by those
customers.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 6
 Cost and Revenue Structure
End User Revenue

Internet
Connectivity
Cost
3G Operator’s
3G Operator’s
Radio
Core Network
Network
Cost
Cost 3G Operator’s
Hosting
Platform
Revenue

End User Third Party Revenue

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 7
 The Diversity of 3G Applications and
Sources of Billing
Customer Category Application Type What is Billed

•Telephony, Internet access, messaging •Voice & data transport

Individual •Information & Entertainment •Content
•Video Services •Service rendered
End User
•Corporate Intranet •Transport, security, application development,
Corporate hosting
•Machine to machine •Transport, closed user group, application
•Direct access •Interconnect
•Visits or responses •Hits, exposure, hosting, transport
Advertiser
•Pushing targeted advertisements •Customer information, transport

•Content placed on portal or in walled •Hosting, content & customer data management,
Content garden, retail outlet transport, secure transaction, billing & collection
Third Party
Provider •Delivery of push content, e.g. share •Transport
price information

E- •Sales transaction •Hosting, billing & collection, secure, payment,

Commerce transport
Vendor •Targeting information at individuals •User profile information, transport
who fulfil certain criteria
•Interconnect •Terminating traffic on operator’s network
Other Operator •Network capacity, e.g. MVNO •Transport, co-location
•Roaming •Transport

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 8
 3G Tariff Dimensions for different
Services Packages
Tariff Dimension

Access Bit Rate Data Free to

Application Example Per Event Content
Bandwidth Guarantee Volume End-User

Web-Browsing, Looking up Highly

Relevant
Intranet Access web-pages Relevant

Time Sensitive Highly

Share prices Relevant
Information Relevant

Streaming Video Highly Highly

Media Telephony Relevant Relevant

E-mail, Highly
Messaging Relevant
telemetry Relevant

Download Highly
File Transfer
software Relevant

Visit virtual Highly

Shopping
shops Relevant

Information / News, Games, Highly

Relevant
Entertainment Gambling Relevant

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 9
 Tariff Plans to Suit Market Segments
and Applications.
Customer Internet & Intranet Access Messaging Content

Internet Café model: pay per
day when you want to use the
service
Mass Low cost walled garden
Market Internet access with limited
Consumer messaging features
Monthly subscription
Pay per message without file
attachment
Bundled number of messages
per month
Free to user: 3rd party pays,
e.g. payment instruction to
bank
Subscription based on
subscription to content
Pay per event
Pay per use for user pulled
content
Free to user: 3rd party pays,
e.g. product information,
bank balance

Monthly subscription Bundled number of messages Same as for mass market

Techy / per month consumers
Small
Business Unlimited messaging without
file attachment

Negotiated annual Negotiated annual Negotiated annual

subscription subscription subscription
Corporate

Negotiated annual •Negotiated Negotiated based on usage

subscriptions per user Revenue sharing
Third Party
Wholesale: Negotiated based
on overall usage
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 10
Pendahuluan
Implementasi suatu jaringan telekomunikasi di suatu wilayah disamping
berhadapan dengan regulasi telekomunikasi, juga akan berhadapan
dengan situasi pasar yang harus dipelajari dengan seksama untuk
mengantisipasi berbagai kemungkinan. Di bawah ini adalah 3 tugas besar
yang harus dikerjakan seorang analis pasar ...
1. Prediksi gross income (pendapatan kasar).
Berbagai upaya dapat dilakukan untuk meneliti gross income,
diantaranya adalah penelitian populasi penduduk, rata-rata
income, tipe-tipe bisnis yang berkembang, dll

2. Pengenalan kompetitor
Penting untuk diketahui situasi kompetitor yang ada, untuk
memastikan adanya peluang. Dalam hal ini bisa dilihat cakupan
dari kompetitor, performansi sistemnya, maupun juga jumlah
pelanggan untuk dibandingkan jumlah pelanggan potensial yang
belum terlayani.

3. Keputusan cakupan geografis

Pertanyaannya adalah : mana daerah geografi yang dicakup
sistem yang diinginkan serta jenis layanan apa yang cocok untuk
daerah tersebut ? Pertanyaan tersebut harus dijawab untuk
kemudian diteruskan pada Bagian Teknik.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 11
Siklus Perencanaan Sistem Cellular

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 12
Apa sesungguhnya peranan seorang engineer ?
Setelah menerima
1. Memulai sketsa perencanaan pada daerah pelayanan,
laporan dari analis tujuannya adalah menghasilkan cakupan service pada daerah
ekonomi yang pelayanan dengan sesedikit mungkin jumlah sel, kapasitas
meneliti kelayakan sebesar mungkin untuk alokasi BW yang diberikan, serta kualitas
ekonomi, tugas sebaik mungkin.
seorang engineer
2. Menentukan jumlah kanal RF yang diperlukan untuk melayani
untuk mewujudkan prediksi trafik pada jam sibuk sampai beberapa tahun ke depan.
jaringan yang andal
dari sisi kapasitas, 3. Studi problem interferensi.
kualitas dengan biaya Cochannel interference, adjacent channel interference, maupun
seefisien mungkin juga kemungkinan terjadinya intermodulasi dari tiap sel.
Selanjutnya mencari cara-cara untuk mengatasi hal itu.

4. Studi mengenai probabilitas blocking pada tiap sel, serta

mencari langkah-langkah untuk meminimisasi hal tersebut

5. Perencanaan teknologi untuk menyerap pelanggan baru.

Jumlah kenaikan pelanggan baru akan tergantung kepada biaya
komunikasi, performansi sistem, serta juga kecenderungan bisnis.
Secara teknik harus dipikirkan upgrading sistem, teknik-teknik
pengembangan kapasitas untuk BW yang terbatas pada layanan
sistem komunikasi bergerak.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 13
Lalu..
Sebelum merencanakan sistem, seorang engineer harus memiliki pengetahuan yang
mendalam mengenai dasar-dasar teknologi selular, yang meliputi struktur sel, channel
asignment, cell splitting, sistem sel overlay, pemrosesan panggilan, konsep propagasi
radio , dan berbagai prinsip lainnya.

Seperti yang sudah dijelaskan dimuka, bahwa langkah pertama desain jaringan
telekomunikasi selalu berdasar tentang estimasi apa yang akan terjadi pada masa
datang terhadap jaringan yang hendak direncanakan. Dalam hal ini prediksi trafik
telekomunikasi merupakan hal penting yang pertamakali akan dilakukan.

Filosofi umum dari desain jaringan telekomunikasi adalah mendapatkan performansi

terbaik dengan minimal cost. Performansi radio meliputi kualitas kanal fisik untuk
kontrol / signalling dan juga kanal fisik suara. Dalam kaitan ini, ukuran dari kualitas
transmisi adalah S/(I+N) atau biasa disebut RF signal to impairement ratio.

Seorang RF enginner harus menganalisis 2 macam kondisi : (1), Pada kondisi yang
terburuk, dan (2), Pada kondisi rata-rata yang dicapai oleh jaringan yang didesain.
Dalam hal ini, kondisi performansi rata-rata akan menunjukkan ukuran persepsi
pelanggan mengenai kualitas yang akhirnya bermuara pada kepuasan pelanggan.
Sedangkan analisis kondisi terburuk adalah untuk mencegah berbagai kasus terburuk
yang mungkin akan terjadi.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 14
Adalah cukup sulit untuk mencapai performansi yang diharapkan
pada lingkungan komunikasi mobile yang sangat kompleks. Karena itu
diharapkan seorang engineer memiliki berbagai pengetahuan untuk
melakukan optimalisasi sistem yang nantinya akan melibatkan
berbagai solusi kompromi dari berbagai kondisi trade off yang nantinya
akan dihadapi. Berbagai metoda optimalisasi jaringan komunikasi
bergerak seluler ini diberikan pada bagian selanjutnya.

Tujuan Perencanaan Jaringan Selular...

• Kapasitas
Goal • Coverage
• Kualitas

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 15
Tujuan dari Perencanaan

Perencanaan jaringan
dimulai dari alokasi
lebar pita frekuensi
yang diberikan
pemerintah kepada
suatu operator seluler.
Alokasi lebar pita
frekuensi inilah yang
digunakan oleh
operator untuk
memberikan layanan
komunikasi dengan
kualitas komunikasi
yang sebaik-baiknya
dan untuk sebanyak-
banyaknya user.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 16
Diagram Alir Perencanaan Sel

START Kapasitas

Analisa kapasitas Prediksi trafik

yang dibutuhkan yang dibutuhkan
Atot = (Erlang) sampai dengan
beberapa tahun END
Kapasitas sistem ke depan Kualitas
dari BW yang (Analisis
dialokasikan statistik
Asel = (Erlang / demand)
sel) Yes
OPTIMASI No
Jumlah sel • Threshold KUALITAS
Atot /Asel = (sel) handover
• Daya Pancar OKE ?
• Noise Figure, dll
Luas AreaPelayanan
LuasSel 
JumlahSel
Analisa Pathloss
LuasSel Analisa Link Budget
Jari Jari Sel 
2,6 Perhitungan Daya
Frequency Planning Coverage
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 17
Traffic Forecasting
 Traffic Forecasting
Penetration & total subscribers
Customers, gross adds, churn
Voice, data and other source of revenues
User growth joint up to maturity of the
network.
As initial works to measure the required
capacity

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 19
 Demographic Anatomy of
Targeted Market (i-th year!)
Total Population 60% With Sufficient Income
100%

70% Old Enough

Addressable Market 42%
to Own
80% Expresses Interest:
Mobile Phone
Potential Demand
33.6% of Population

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 20
Propensity to Adopt Mobile Comm. by Age
example from Western European country: Age is an important
discriminator.
Propensity to Adopt by Age
80%

70% y = -0.0106x + 0.9686

2
R = 0.9333
60%
Potential Adopters

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
17 27 37 47 57 67 77
Age of Potentail Adopters

A Western European country, sample 1,000 interviews 1997

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 21
Correlation between propensity to adopt mobile & income
example lower income country: Income matters.
Propensity to Adopt Cellular by Income
60%

y = 0.0852x + 0.0471
Potential Adopters in Sample

50% 2
R = 0.9818
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
<30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110 >110
Monthly Net Income

A Far Eastern country, sample 1,500 interviews 1996

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 22
 Penetration Growth
60%

 The potential demand

Potential Demand Ceiling
assumptions should be 50%

linked to changing

Penetration of Population
demographic patterns 40%
and changes in income.
 The potential demand 30%

sets a penetration
ceiling, conceptually the 20%

maximum potential
penetration is the level at 10%
which the service life
cycle curve reaches its 0%

2002
2003

2011
2012
2013
1995

1997

1999

2001

2010
1996

1998

2000

2009
2004

2008
2007
2006
2005
upper limit.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 23
 Number of Subsc. (Million)

8/21/2019
20
40
60
80
100
120

0%
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

SISKOMBER-TE.4103
2007
2008
Saturation Level

2009
2010
2011
2012
Growth of Subscribers

2013
24
 240
Traffic Growth
Saturation Level

200
Offered Traffic (kErl)

160

120

80

40

0%
2002

2003
2001
2000

2004

2008

2009

2010
1999

2013
1998

2005

2006

2007
1996

1997

2012
2011
1995

 e.g voice traffic/user = 27 mErl which comprises 80% of total traffic, Data
traffic/user = 10 mErl which is the rest of total traffic. Combined average
generated traffic per user is 23.1 mErl.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 25
The Traffic Data from the Marketing Model
Drives Network Dimensioning.
Because the model is intended to be used in the
business-planning phase, it is essential that a
range of scenarios can be evaluated rapidly.
The impact of varying, for example, different
tariffs can be calculated instantly.
The engineering model can run completely in
the background so that business planners can
run scenarios without recourse to engineering.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 26
 The Engineering Model covers Capex
and Opex for 2G and 3G Networks.
The capex and opex part of the 3G Mobile
Toolkit covers the technical aspects, including
capital and operational expenditures.
The scope of the 3G engineering model
includes dimensioning and costing for the
following elements:
Radio network
Core network & interconnect
Server network

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 27
ENGINEERING
MODEL
 What’s New on 3G
Multiservice environment:
 Highly sophisticated radio interface.
• Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also variable rate.
 Cell coverage and service design for multiple
services:
• different bit rate
• different QoS requirements.
 Various radio link coding/throughput adaptation
schemes.
 Interference averaging mechanisms:
• need for maximum isolation between cells.
 “Best effort” provision of packet data.
 Intralayer handovers
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 29
 What’s New on 3G
Air interface:
Capacity and coverage coupled.
Fast power control.
Planning a soft handover overhead.
Cell dominance and isolation
Vulnerability to external interference

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 30
 What’s New on 3G

2G and 3G:

Co-existence of 2G and 3G sites.
Handover between 2G and 3G systems.
Service continuity between 2G and 3G.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 31
 3G (WCDMA) Radio Network
Planning Process

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 32
 1st. Coverage
 coverage regions;
 area type information:
Dense Urban, Urban, sub-urban, or rural
 propagation conditions:
Indoor, outdoor

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 33
 Radio Link Budgets (WCDMA)
 There are some WCDMA-specific parameters in the link
budget that are not used in a TDMA-based:
 Interference margin:
• it is needed due to the traffic loading of the cell. The more loading is
allowed, the larger is the interference margin needed in the uplink,
and the smaller is the coverage area. Typical values for the
interference margin are 1.0–3.0 dB, corresponding to 20–50% Cell
loading.
 Fast fading margin (power control headroom):
• Some headroom is needed in MS TX power for maintaining
adequate closed loop fast power control to be able to effectively
compensate the fast fading. Typical values for the fast fading margin
are 2.0–5.0 dB for slow-moving MS.
 Soft handover gain:
• Soft handover gives an additional macro diversity gain against fast
fading by reducing the required Eb/No relative to a single radio link.
The soft handover gain is assumed between 2.0 and 3.0 dB
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 34
 RLB: Assumptions for MS and BS

MS

BS

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 35
Example of WCDMA RLB for Voice
Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 36
 Example of WCDMA RLB for Data
Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user
covered by outdoor BS, Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 37
 Cell range calculation

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 38
 RLB: Okumura-Hatta Model

 The propagation model describes the average signal propagation in

an environment, and it converts the maximum allowed propagation
loss in dB on the row u to the maximum cell range in kilometres.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 39
 Maximum and Average Path Loss
in Macro Cells

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 40
 Cell Range
From the RLB above, the cell range R can be
calculated. e.g with the Okumura–Hata
propagation model for an urban macro cell with
base station antenna height of 30 m, mobile
antenna height of 1.5 m and carrier frequency of
1950 MHz:
L = 137.4 + 35.2 log10 (Rkm) …..Urban

L = 129.4 + 35.2 log10 (Rkm) …Sub-Urban

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 41
 Cell Range
From RLB above, MAPL for 12.2 kbps
voice service is 141.9 dB:
Urban: Rcell = 1.34 km
Sub-urban: Rcell = 2.27 km
For 144 kbps data service with MAPL =
133.8 dB:
Urban: Rcell = 0.79 km
Sub-urban: Rcell = 1.33 km

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 42
 2nd. Capacity
 Spectrum availability;
 Subscriber growth forecast;
 Traffic density information to estimate the
amount of supported traffic per base
station site.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 43
 3th. Quality of Service
 Area location probability (coverage
probability);
 Blocking probability;
 End user throughput.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 44
 3G W-CDMA Capacity (1)

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 45
 3G W-CDMA Capacity (2)

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 46
 Uplink Load Factor
Load Factor:

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 47
 Downlink Load Factor

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 48
 Noise Rise Capacity
 The load equation
predicts the amount of
noise rise over thermal
noise due to interference.
 The noise rise is equal to
-10log10(1 – UL).
 The interference margin
on row i in the link budget
must be equal to the
maximum planned noise
rise.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 49
 Example (DL) Load Factor Calculation
1. Assume the required aggregate cell throughput in kbps. Through-
put is equal to the number of users Nx(bit rate R)x(1 - BLER).
2. Calculate load factor DL from Equation above.
3. Calculate average path loss from RLB.
4. Calculate maximum path loss by adding 6 dB.

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 50
 Maximum Path Loss Calculations
for Data Transmission

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 51
 Capacity vs Coverage

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 52
 Base Station Transmission Power
 The minimum required transmission power for each user is
determined by the average attenuation between base station
transmitter and mobile receiver, L, and the mobile receiver sensitivity,
in the absence of multiple access interference (intra- or inter-cell).
Then the effect of noise rise due to interference is added to this
minimum power and the total represents the transmission power
required for a user at an ‘average’ location in the cell. Mathe-
matically, the total base station transmission power can be expressed
by the followingequation:

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 53
 Effect of BS TX Power to DL
Capacity and Coverage

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 54
 Capacity per Subscriber
Capacity depends on AMR rate (voice) and data
rate for the associated Eb/No.
e.g. 5 MHz W-CDMA carrier capacity is 800
kbps/cell or 80 voice channels/cell, Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) carrier capacity is 2000
kbps/cell.
Cell capacity utilisation is 80% during busy
hours;
 Busy hour carries 20 % of daily traffic.
1000 subscribers per site;
3 sectors per site, 2 carrier (i.e 10MHz), Config.
2+2+2
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 55
 Capacity per Subscriber
Uplink:

Equivalent with 1725 minutes/Subc./month

Downlink Packet Access:
 650 MB/Subc./Month
With split 50/50, we get 325 MB + 862
min/subc./month
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 56
 Typical Capacity of W-CDMA
 Capacities per km2 with macro and micro layers in an urban area

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 57
 Iteration of Capacity and Coverage
Calculations

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 58
 Case Study: Planning in Espoo,
Finland
Please refer to:
Hari Holma & Antti Toskala, “WCDMA for
UMTS”, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Son, 2004,
p.210 – 214.
Course Work: Make a resume from that
section! Submit due to the end of Semester
(before UAS).

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 59
 Network Optimisation
 Network optimisation is a process to
improve the overall network quality as
experienced by the mobile subscribers
and to ensure that network resources are
used efficiently. Optimisation includes:
1. Performance measurements.
2. Analysis of the measurement results.
3. Updates in the network configuration and
parameters.
8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 60
 Network Optimisation Process

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 61
 Network Performance
Measurements

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 62
 Network Tuning with Antenna Tilts

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 63
 GSM - WCDMA Co-Planning
 Utilisation of existing base station sites is important in speeding up WCDMA
deployment and in sharing sites and transmission costs with the existing
GSM networks. The feasibility of sharing sites depends on the relative
coverage of the existing network compared to WCDMA. Typical maximum
path losses with existing GSM and with WCDMA:

8/21/2019 SISKOMBER-TE.4103 64
 Co-siting of GSM and WCDMA
 Since the coverage of WCDMA typically is satisfactory when
reusing GSM sites, GSM site reuse is the preferred solution in
practice.
 The co-siting of GSM and WCDMA is taken into account in 3GPP
performance requirements and the interference between the
systems can be avoided.
 Co-sited WCDMA and GSM systems can share the antenna
when a dual band or wideband antenna is used. The antenna
needs to cover both the GSM band and UMTS band. GSM and
WCDMA signals are combined with a diplexer to the common
antenna feeder.
 The shared antenna solution is attractive from the site solution
point of view but it limits the flexibility in optimising the antenna
directions of GSM and WCDMA independently.
 Another co-siting solution is to use separate antennas for the two
networks. That solution gives full flexibility in optimising the
networks separately.
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 Co-siting of GSM and WCDMA

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