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RES3DMOD ver. 2.

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RES3DMODx64 ver. 3.04

for Windows XP/Vista/7/8

3-D resistivity & IP forward modeling


using the finite-difference and finite-element methods

(Wenner, dipole-dipole, pole-pole, pole-dipole, Schlumberger,


rectangular)

by

M.H.LOKE
Geotomo Software,
115 Cangkat Minden Jalan 5,
Minden Heights, 11700 Gelugor,
Penang,
MALAYSIA
email : geotomo@gmail.com
Internet : www.geotomosoft.com

June 2014

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Notice of Copyright
RES3DMOD is copyrighted by (C) Geotomo Software, 2000-2014. All rights reserved. No part
of this document may be reproduced without written permission of Geotomo Software.

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Table of contents

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
2 Computer System Requirements ............................................................................................. 1
3 Theory...................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Program files............................................................................................................................ 3
5 Data file options and model data format ................................................................................. 3
6 Edit and display functions ....................................................................................................... 5
7 Modifying the program settings .............................................................................................. 7
8 Calculating the potential values ............................................................................................... 9
Appendix A : Complex IP model calculations ............................................................................. 13

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List of Figures

Figure 1 The arrangement of the electrodes in a 3D resistivity imaging survey. .......................... 1


Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a 3-D mesh................................................................................... 2
Figure 3 An example 3-D model that shows the location of the electrodes. .................................. 2

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1 Introduction
This is a Windows based 3-D resistivity and IP modeling program This program calculates the
apparent resistivity values for a survey carried out with a rectangular grid of electrodes (Figure
1) using the finite-difference (Dey and Morrison 1979) or the finite-element (Silvester and
Ferrari 1990) method. RES3DMODx64 is a 64-bit program that can only be used with a 64-bit
version of Windows. Note a USB dongle supplied with the RES3DINV program must be
attached to the computer in order to use the program. RES3DMOD is a 32-bit program that does
not require a dongle but it does not have some of the options available in RES3DMODx64. This
manual is written for the RES3DMODx64 program, so some of the options described might not
be available in the RES3DMOD program.

Figure 1 The arrangement of the electrodes in a 3D resistivity imaging survey.


The maximum survey grid size the program can handle depends on the amount of RAM
available. RES3DMOD can handle a survey grid with up to 2500 electrodes (with the finite-
difference modelling method) if the computer has at least 1 GB RAM. The RES3DMODx64
program can handle a model with more than 12000 electrodes on a computer with 64GB RAM.

2 Computer System Requirements


The RES3DMOD program requires the Windows XP/Vista/7/8 operating system. It must have at
least 1 GB RAM. The hard-disk should have at least 8 Gigabytes of free space that the program
might need for temporary files. You should use Windows in the 1280x1024 (preferably higher)
graphics mode to edit the models on the screen, a sufficiently high resolution graphics mode
must be used. RES3DMODx64 is a 64-bit version of the program that must be used on a
computer with a 64-bit version of Win XP/Vista/7. It is expected the computer will have at least
4 GB RAM and a dual-core CPU.

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3 Theory
This program uses the finite-difference method. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the
arrangement of the nodes in a 3-D mesh. In practice, the RES3DMOD program uses many more
nodes, with 2 nodes between adjacent electrodes and 10 buffer nodes at the sides of the mesh.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a 3-D mesh.


To use this program, the user must supply the resistivity value of each cell in the 3-D mesh using
an input text file. The relationship between the location of the electrodes and the cells in the 3D
mesh is shown in Figure 3. The data format for the input required is described in the next section.

Note that there are 2 cells between adjacent electrodes, and the thickness of each layer increases
with depth. The resistivities of the cells at the sides and bottom of the central region of model
bounded by the grid of electrodes are automatically extended to the sides and bottom of the
finite-difference mesh used. If the model has IP values, the IP value for each cell is arranged in a
similar manner. The RES3DMODX64 program has an option to use 4 cells between adjacent
electrodes that can give more accurate results. An option to use the finite-element method is also
available. However, it is significantly than the finite-difference method.

Figure 3 An example 3-D model that shows the location of the electrodes.

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4 Program files
The RES3DMOD package comes in a single compressed installation file SETUP.EXE. It is a
Windows based installation program that will install the program files. In Windows, click Start,
and then Settings followed by Control Panel, and then Add/Remove Programs. Then use Browse
to navigate to the folder where the SETUP.EXE program is located. The RES3DMODx64
package should have the following files in Table 1.

Table 1. List of files installed with RES3DMODx64 program.


BLOCK8.MOD Example input model file with a small 8 by 8 survey grid.
BLOCK11.MOD Example input resistivity model file for a 11 by 11 survey grid.
BLOCK11X.MOD The above model with the calculated potential values. You can read this
file to display the apparent resistivity pseudosections without the need to
calculate them.
BLOCK17.MOD Example input resistivity model file for a 17 by 17 survey grid.
MODELIP.MOD Example input model with both resistivity and IP. An 11 by 11 survey
grid is used.
BLOCK10F.MOD A model with remote electrodes.
BLOCK11x12_n4.mod Model with 4 nodes between adjacent electrodes
BLOCK14x12_2m.mod Another model with 4 nodes.
BLOCK14x12_2m_arrays.txt Example text file with general arrays.
RES3DMODx64.EXE Color configuration file
COLOUR.COL Color configuration file
RES3DMOD.INI Configuration file for RES3DMOD
RES3DMOD.IN2 Alternative configuration file for RES3DMOD

5 Data file options and model data format


After starting the program, you can test it by choosing the File option. On selecting the file
option, the following menu will be displayed.

Read model data – This option enables you to read in a data file containing the model
parameters. As an initial test, select the example file BLOCKS8.MOD. The program uses a
finite-difference mesh with an x- or y-spacing that is half the unit electrode spacing. You
basically need to specify the resistivity of the sub-blocks within the area covered by the grid of
electrodes. As an example of the data format, the contents of the BLOCKS8.MOD file are shown
in Table 1 with a description of the input parameters. This survey grid in this example has 8
electrodes in the x-direction, thus there are (8-1)*2=14 model blocks between the first and last
electrode. Similarly for the y-direction. Try reading this file using the ‘File’ option as described
above, and then click the 'Calculate' option to calculate the apparent resistivity values. Since this

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model has a rather small electrode survey grid, choose the Pole-pole array if you wish to display
the apparent resistivity values.

Table 2. Example resistivity model format.


BLOCKS8.MOD file Comments
2 BLOCKS Title
8,8 Number of electrodes in x and y directions, i.e. survey grid size
1.0,1.0 Electrode spacing in x,y directions
3 Number of model resistivity values
1.0,10.0,100 The model resistivity values
7 Number of layers in model
LEVEL 1 Following is data for layer 1
11111111111111 Resistivity of blocks in layer 1, note 2 blocks per electrode
11111111111111 spacing.
11111111111111 0 stands for first resistivity value, i.e. 1.0
11111111111111 1 stands for second resistivity value, i.e. 10.0
11222222221111 2 stands for resistivity first resistivity value, i.e. 100
11222222221111
11111111111111
11111111111111
11111111111111
11111111111111
11111111111111
11111111111111
11111111111111 Last row of values for Layer 1
LEVEL 2 Model data for layer 2
11111111111111 First row of values for Layer 2
... Similar format for rest
11111111111111 Last row of values for Layer 2
...
... Repeat data for all layers
...
LEVEL 7 Last layer
11111111111111
... Similar format for rest
11111111111111 Last row of values for Layer 7
1 "1" here to indicate user defined depths for the model
0.30 Depth to base of 1st layer
0.40 Depth to base of 2nd layer
0.90
1.60
2.40
3.50
5.00 Depth to base of last layer
0,0,0,0,0 A few zeros to end the file

Save results in RES3DINV format – After calculating the potential values, you can save the
apparent resistivity values into the format used by the RES3DINV inversion program.

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Save results in XYZ format – This option saves the calculated apparent resistivity values in a
XYZ format.
Save results in RES3DMOD format – After calculating the potential values, you can save the
model parameters, as well as the calculated potential values into the format used by this program.
This saves you some time in calculating the potential values in future for the same model. This is
particularly useful if the model has a very large grid.
Save results in RES2DINV format – This saves the apparent resistivity values in a selected line
in the format used by the RES2DINV inversion program.

The file MODELIP.MOD is an example model file with IP values as well. The IP models values
are listed after the resistivity model values. Part of the MODELIP.MOD file is shown in Table 2
with comments.

Table 3. Example I.P. model format.


MODELIP.MOD file Comments
… Initial part with resistivity model
… Electrode spacing in x,y directions
11111111111111111111 Last 2 lines of the model resistivity
11111111111111111111 model values
IP Model Values This line to show IP values are present
3 Number of IP model values
0.10,0.00,0.20 The IP model values
LEVEL 1 Following is IP codes for layer 1
11111111111111111111 IP of blocks in layer 1
11111111111111111111 The format is the same as that
11111111111111111111 used for the model resistivity values.
11111111111111111111 The number of layers must be the same
11112222221111111111 as that used for the resistivity model.

… Rest of file
...

This model shows interesting “anomaly inversion” effects in both the apparent resistivity and
apparent IP values. Note that the model IP values are given as V/V values, and not mV/V values.
If you use chargeability values of greater than or equals to 1, the program will assume that they
are given in the mV/V unit, and it will divide the values by 1000 to convert them into V/V
values.

6 Edit and display functions


These are a number of functions that enable you to edit the model and to display the apparent
resistivity values. On selecting this option on the main menu bar, the following list of options
will be displayed.

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Edit resistivity model – This option will display the input model in grid form (Figure 3). By
using the mouse, you can change the resistivity values of the cells. Click ‘Help’ in the Edit
Model Mode to see the mouse and keys to use.

Display apparent resistivity – This option enables you to display the apparent resistivity values
in the form of vertical or horizontal pseudosections. The following dialog box will be displayed
when you select this option.

In this option, you can select the array type, the measurement direction of the apparent resistivity
values to be displayed, the choice of horizontal or vertical pseudosections, and the apparent
resistivity or IP values.

Reverse colour scheme - Normally the program uses a colour scheme where blue is used for the
low resistivity and red for the high resistivity values. This option allows user to reverse the
colour scheme so that blue is used for the high resistivity values and red for the low resistivity
values.

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Save contour values – This option saves the values used to draw the contours in the pseudo and
model sections into a file. This is useful when you want to use the same contour values in
different displays.

Default colour scheme - This will reset the colour scheme used for colouring the sections to a
default system used by the program.

Customise colour scheme - This enables the user to change the colours used for the sections.

Read customised colour scheme - You can change the colour scheme to a set of customise
colours that was earlier saved in a disk file.

Use Text Editor - When you select this option, the text editor (by default NOTEPAD) will start
up. To return to the RES2DINV program, you must first exit from the text editor program.

7 Modifying the program settings


You can change the setting used by the program by selecting the ‘Modify Parameters’ option on
the main menu bar. When you select this option, the following menu list will be displayed.

Type of I.P. model –You can select the perturbation method or the complex resistivity method
to calculate apparent I.P. values. Please refer to Appendix A for more details.

Geometric factor – This option is only relevant for the pole-pole and pole-dipole arrays where
the location(s) of the remote electrode(s) are given in the model file. In this case, you can choose
to use the geometric factor for the ideal pole-pole or pole-dipole array, or the true geometric
factor by taking into consideration the locations of the remote electrodes, when calculating the
apparent resistivity values.

Finite element – When you select this option, the following dialog box is displayed. Firstly, you
can choose to use either the finite-difference or finite-element method to calculate the apparent
resistivity values. By default, the program uses the finite-difference method that is much faster.
In RES3DMODx64, this option allows you to choose the numerical routines that can accessed up

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to 8 GB or 128 GB memory. The routines limited to 8 GB memory are slightly faster, but the
128 GB routines can handle larger model grids.

Sort electrodes – This option will bring up the following dialog box. It selects internal routines
in the program that can reduce the calculation time but requires slightly more memory.

Optimize CPU usage – This will bring up the following dialog box that allows the user to select
the option to make use of the CPU SSE registers, multiple cores and cache memory. The SSE
registers are special registers in the CPU that allows up to 4 calculations to be carried out at the
same time. Practically all modern CPUs have 2 to 8 cores. The program will automatically detect
the number of CPU cores when it starts up, and the default option is to use the multiple-cores
support to reduce the calculation time. The cache memory is a small memory unit set within the
CPU itself. It speeds up access to frequently used information that is location within the cache.

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Read and save configuration file – The program stores some settings, such as the folder
location of model files, it uses in a text file res3dmod.ini.

8 Calculating the potential values


Selecting the ‘Calculate’ option on the main menu bar will show the following options.

Calculate potential values - This starts the calculation of the potential values will take a few
seconds to tens of minutes depending on the speed of your computer processor and the grid size
of your model. For each electrode position, the program calculates the potential at all other
electrodes due to a current electrode at that position. Thus once the potential values have been

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calculated, the apparent resistivity due to any array can be determined without the need to
recalculate the potential values. You only need to recalculate the potential values if you change
the resistivity of the cells in the model.

Calculate apparent resistivity for general arrays – This allows the user to calculate the
apparent resistivity values for non-standard arrays that are not in the list of conventional arrays
supported by the program. The program reads in the positions of the electrodes from a text file. It
is assumed that the coordinates of the electrodes in the text files correspond to the electrode
positions in the model file read in before you read in the text file. As an example, the
BLOCK14x12_2m_arrays.txt file contains array configurations to be used with the
BLOCK14x12_2m.mod file is shown in Table 4.

Calculate 3D sensitivity value for an array – This option calculates the sensitivity values for
an array, and saves the values in a format that can be used by the Surfer program to plot the
sections. You can select one of the conventional arrays, or enter the coordinates of the array.

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Table 4. Example text file with general array configurations

BLOCK14x12_2m_arrays.txt file Comments


General arrays in 3D Title
Number of arrays Header
12 Number of arrays in this file
Unit electrode spacing Header
2.0 Electrode spacing, must be the same as mod file
Coordinates of electrodes (xc1, yc1,zc1, Header
xc2,yc2, zc2, xp1,yp1, zp1,xp2,yp2, zp2)
array 1 Header for 1st array
2,0,0 C1 electrode x,y,z coordinates
0,0,0 C2 electrode x,y,z coordinates
4,0,0 P1 electrode x,y,z coordinates
6,0,0 P1 electrode x,y,z coordinates
array 2 Header for 2nd array
2,0,0 C1 electrode coordinates for 2nd array
0,0,0 C2 electrode coordinates for 2nd array
6,0,0 P1 electrode coordinates for 2nd array
8,0,0 P2 electrode coordinates for 2nd array
array 3 Start of array 3
.. Same format for other arrays
..
..
..
array 11 Pole-dipole Pole-dipole array example
0,4,0 C1 electrode location
1000,4,0 C2 electrode, note location is outside model grid
12,4,0 P1 electrode location
24,4,0 P2 electrode location
array 12 Pole-pole Pole-pole array example, last array
10,12,0 C1 electrode location
1000,4,0 C2 electrode, note location is outside model grid
12,14,0 P1 electrode location
2000,14,0 P2 electrode, note location is outside grid
Starting and ending x-location to The following lines are used to complete the file format.
calculate sensitivity values, spacing
-1.0,12.0,0.025 They are not used in the calculations.
Starting and ending y-location to
calculate sensitivity values, spacing
-1.0,12.0,0.025
Starting and ending z-location to
calculate sensitivity values, spacing
0.02,8.0,0.025
Material resistivity (ohm.m)
1
Maximum current (Amp)
1.0
Minimum potential (mV)
0.1

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9 Print
This saves the current screen as a BMP file.

10 Info
This calls up the Help file and display information about the program.

References
Dey, A. and Morrison, H.F., 1979. Resistivity modelling for arbitrary shaped two-dimensional
structures. Geophysical Prospecting, 27, 1020-1036.
Kenma, A., Binley, A., Ramirez, A. and Daily, W., 2000. Complex resistivity tomography for
environmental applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 77, 11-18.
Oldenburg D.W and Li Y. 1994. Inversion of induced polarization data. Geophysics, 59, 1327-
1341.
Silvester P.P. and Ferrari R.L., 1990. Finite elements for electrical engineers (2nd. ed.) .
Cambridge University Press.

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Appendix A : Complex IP model calculations
This option is only available in the RES3DMODx64 program. Selecting the 'Modify Parameters
- Type of IP model' menu option will bring up the following dialog box.

There are generally two methods to calculate IP effects, the perturbation method and the
complex resistivity method. The first approach considers the IP model as a small perturbation of
the base resistivity model (Oldenburg and Li 1994). Consider a base model that has a
conductivity DC that is measured by a normal resistivity survey. The effect of the chargeability
m is to decrease the effectively conductivity to IP = (1 - m) DC. The apparent IP is then
calculated by two forward models using the original and perturbed conductivities, such as
ma = [ (IP ) -  (DC ) ] /  (DC)
where  is the calculated potential.

The second approach for IP model calculation is to treat the conductivity as a complex quantity
with real and imaginary components (Kenma et al. 2000). The complex conductivity is given by
 = DC – i mDC
The DC conductivity DC forms real part, while mDC forms the imaginary part. A complex
potential is then calculated for this complex model.
 = r + i i
The complex potential has two components, r and i. The apparent resistivity value is calculated
by using the amplitude of the complex potential, A = (r + i ) . The apparent chargeability is
2 2 0.5

calculated using the ratio of the imaginary component to the amplitude, ma = i /A.

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