Slabs

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

1
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Module 4
• Design of slabs-
– introduction-
– one-way and two-way action of slabs-
– load distribution in a slab-
• IS recommendations for design of slabs-
• design of one-way slab-
– numerical problems –
E S . I N
OT
– detailing
KTUN
• cantilever slab-
– numerical problems –
– detailing –
• continuous slab –
– code coefficients-
– detailing only
2
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Slabs, used in floors and roofs of
buildings mostly integrated with the
supporting beams, carry the distributed
loads primarily by bending.
• The deflection profile is found to be
constant along the longer .span
I N except
O T E S
near the edgesTfor
U N the slab panel.
K
• These slabs are designated as one-way
slabs as they span in one direction
(shorter one) only for a large part of the
slab when ly /lx > 2.
3
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• On the other hand, for square slabs of ly /
lx = 1 and rectangular slabs of ly /lx up to
2, the deflection profiles in the two
directions are parabolic
• they are spanning in two directions and
these slabs with ly /lx up to
. I 2
N are
O T E S
designated asTtwo-way
U N slabs, when
K
supported on all edges.

4
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

5
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design Shear Strength of Concrete in
Slabs
• Experimental tests confirmed that the
shear strength of solid slabs up to a depth
of 300 mm is comparatively more than
those of depth greater than . I 300
N mm.
O T E S
• Accordingly, K N
cl.40.2.1.1
TU of IS 456
stipulates the values of a factor k to be
multiplied with τc given in Table 19 of IS
456 for different overall depths of slab.

6
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Thin slabs, therefore, have more shear strength
than that of thicker slabs.
• It is the normal practice to choose the depth of
the slabs so that the concrete can resist the
shear without any stirrups for slab subjected to
uniformly distributed loads.
• However, for deck slabs, culverts, bridges and fly
over, shear reinforcement should be provided as
.
the loads are heavily concentrated
E S I N in those slabs.
U N O T
• Though, the selection
KT of depth should be made
for normal floor and roof slabs to avoid stirrups,
it is essential that the depth is checked for the
shear for these slabs taking due consideration of
enhanced shear strength as discussed above
depending on the overall depth of the slabs.

7
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Structural Analysis
• one-way slabs
– subjected to mostly uniformly distributed vertical
loads
– by bending in the shorter direction.
• for the design,
– to find out the bending moment (both positive
and negative) depending upon.Ithe
N supports.
– shear forces are alsoOtoT E
be
S
computed for such
slabs. KTU N
• These internal bending moments and shear
forces can be determined using elastic method
of analysis
– considering the slab as beam of unit width i.e. one
metre .

8
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Structural Analysis
• However, these values may also be
determined with the help of the coefficients
given in Tables 12 and 13 of IS 456 in
cl.22.5.1.
• It is worth mentioning that these coefficients
are applicable if the slab is of uniform cross-
section and subjected to substantially
S . I N
uniformly distributedN T E
loads
O over three or more
K T U
spans and the spans do not differ by more
than fifteen per cent of the longer span.
• It is also important to note that the average of
the two values of the negative moment at the
support should be considered for unequal
spans or if the spans are not equally loaded.
9
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Structural Analysis ….
• Further, the redistribution of moments shall
not be permitted to the values of moments
obtained by employing the coefficients of
bending moments as given in IS 456.
• For slabs built into a masonry wall developing
only partial restraint, the negative
. I N moment at
the face of the supportO T E S
should be taken as
K T U N
Wl/24, where W is the total design loads on
unit width and l is the effective span. The
shear coefficients, given in Table 13 of IS 456,
in such a situation, may be increased by 0.05
at the end support as per cl.22.5.2 of IS 456.

10
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design Considerations
• primary design considerations of both one
and two-way slabs are strength and
deflection.
• The depth of the slab and areas of steel
reinforcement are to beEdetermined
S . I N from
N
these two aspects. O T
KTU

11
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Effective span (cl.22.2 of IS 456)
•

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

12
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Effective span to effective depth ratio
(cls.23.2.1a-e of IS 456)
• The deflection of the slab can be kept
under control if the ratios of effective span
to effective depth of one-way slabs are
taken up from the provisions . I N in cl.23.2.1a-
E S
e of IS 456. TUNOT
K
• These stipulations are for the beams and
are also applicable for one-way slabs as
they are designed considering them as
beam of unit width.
13
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Nominal cover (cl.26.4 of IS 456)
• depends upon durability and fire resistance
requirements.
• Table 16 and 16A of IS 456 provide the
respective values.

• Minimum reinforcement (cl.26.5.2.1 of IS 456)

• Both for one and two-way E S . I N
N O T slabs, the amount
KTU
of minimum reinforcement in either direction
shall not be less than 0.15 and 0.12 per cents
of the total cross-sectional area for mild steel
(Fe 250) and high strength deformed bars (Fe
415 and Fe 500)/welded wire fabric,
respectively.

14
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Maximum diameter of reinforcing bars (cl.26.5.2.2)
• The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars of one
and two-way slabs shall not exceed one-eighth of
the total depth of the slab.

• Maximum distance between bars (cl.26.3.3 of IS

456)
• maximum horizontal distance E S . I N
between parallel
U N O T
main reinforcing T
K bars shall be the lesser of (i)
three times the effective depth, or (ii) 300 mm.
• However, the same for secondary/distribution bars
for temperature, shrinkage etc. shall be the lesser
of (i) five times the effective depth, or (ii) 450 mm

15
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design of One-way Slabs
• Step 1: Selection of preliminary depth of slab
• depth of the slab shall be assumed from the span to
effective depth
• Step 2: Design loads, bending moments and shear
forces
• total factored (design) loads are to be determined
– adding the estimated dead load
E S .
ofI N
the slab, load of the
floor finish, given or
U N OT
assumed live loads etc. after
KTof them with the respective partial
multiplying each
safety factors.
• design positive and negative bending moments and
shear forces are to be determined using the
respective coefficients given in Tables 12 and 13 of
IS 456.

16
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design of One-way Slabs….
• Step-3 Determination/checking of the
effective and total depths of slabs
• effective depth of the slab shall be
determined
• Mu,lim = R,lim bd2 E S . I N
U N OT
K T
• where the values of R,lim depends on grade
of concrete and grade of steel
• The value of b shall be taken as one metre.

17
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design of One-way Slabs….
• Step 4: Depth of the slab for shear force
• Theoretically, the depth of the slab can be
checked for shear force if the design shear
strength of concrete is known.
• Since this depends upon the percentage of
tensile reinforcement, the design shear
strength shall be assumed E S . I N
considering the
lowest percentage U N
ofO T
steel.
K T
• value of τc shall be modified after knowing
the multiplying factor k from the depth
tentatively selected for the slab in Step 3.
• If necessary, the depth of the slab shall be
modified.

18
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design of One-way Slabs….
• Step 5: Determination of areas of steel
• Area of steel reinforcement along the direction
of one-way slab should be determined
• M = 0.87 f A d {1 – (A )(f )/(f )(bd)}
u y st st y ck

• The above equation is applicable as the slab in

E S . I N
most of the cases is under-reinforced due to
the selection of U N
depth O T
larger than the computed
K T
value in Step 3.
• The area of steel so determined should be
checked whether it is at least the minimum
area of steel as mentioned in cl.26.5.2.1 of IS
456
19
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
• Design of One-way Slabs….
• Step 6: Selection of diameters and
spacing of reinforcing bars (cls.26.5.2.2
and 26.3.3 of IS 456)

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

20
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

21
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
General Design Considerations …. For preliminary depth
1. L/d ratio CL 24.1
Since slabs are provided with less pt ( 0.3%), higher values are assumed, kt =
1.25

One way
Simply supported Slabs = 20 x1.25 = 25
Cantilever = 7 x1.25 =8
E S . I N
Continuous = 26 x 1.25
U N O
=32T
K T
Two Way ( Short span to be considered)
Simply Supported = 35
Continuous (Restrained) = 40

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

2. Minimum Slab Thickness = 100mm. (practical)
3. Clear Cover=20 mm (Table 16A)
4. Rebar Dia: #8,#10,#12
5. Maximum Rebar Dia = (1/8) xD CL 26.5.2.2
6. Minimum Ast CL 26.5.2.1
0.12% of Total C/S area – HYSD
0.15% of Total C/S area – MS
7. Maximum Spacing CL 26.3.3 (b)
S . I N
Main Reinforcement:
T U N OTE
< Min(3d or 300 mm)
K
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement (Distribution)
< Min(5d or 450 mm)
placed perpendicular to main bars
above main bars for sagging moments
below main bars for Hogging moments

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

8. Rebar Shapes Bar Marks

Straight Bars at Bottom for

Sagging Moments
(CONTINUOUS EDGE)

Straight Bars at Top for Hogging

moments (Continuous Edge)
S . I N
T U N OTE
K Straight bars with Hooks
(Discontinuous Edge)

Bent-up bars used to resist

both sagging and Hogging
moments. (Not much preferred)

U -bars used for corner

reinforcement in two way
restrained slabs
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
9. Bar marks
Bar marks are short lines drawn at 450 at the ends of rebars
They are used to distinguish rebar lines from other lines in drawing.
Also the directions indicate the positioning of rebars in slabs - whether to
be placed at bottom or at top.
10. Shear Reinforcement
Not provided
S . I N
N OTE
Shear strength = k t ; k asK
per CL 40.2.1.1 and t from Table 19
c
T U c

if t >kt
v c Increase depth

11. Design basis

Slabs are designed as beams, considering 1M width of slab as
representative design strip.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Example 1 – One way Simply Supported Slab

Design a simply supported RCC slab for a roof of a

hall 4m x10m (clear dimensions) with 230 mm
thick wall all round. LL = 4kN/m2, Floor finish = 1
kN/m2.
M20 and Fe 415 S . I N
T U N OTE 230 mm
K 1m

4m
10m

Design Strip

PLAN
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Step 1: Slab Type

All Four edges are simply supported and

Ly/ Lx = 10/4 = 2.5 > 2
Designed as ONE WAY simply supported slab

S . I N
Step 2: Trial DepthT U N OTE
K
Assume L/d = 25 ; d = 4000/25 = 160mm
Assume clear cover = 20mm, Dia of main bar = #10
D = 160 + 20 + 5 = 185 mm

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 3: Loads on Slab (kN/m2)

Self weight = 0.185 x25 = 4.625

Floor Finish = 1.0
LL = 4.0

S . I N
TL = 9.625 T U N OTE
K
Factored Load = 1.5 x 9.625 = 14.44 kN/m2

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 4: Effective Span CL 22.2 (a)

Leff = Min( 4 + 0.23 ; 4+ 0.16) = 4.16

m
Step 5: Limit State of Collapse – Flexure

i) Factored Moment OTE S . I N

T U N
Consider 1mK
width of slab as design strip
b= 1000mm
Load per m length of design strip = 14.44 kN/m

Mu = 14.44 x4.162/8 = 31.24 kNm per m width

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
ii) Compute Mu,lim G- 1.1 (c)

= 0.36 x0.48 x (1 – 0.42 x0.48)x1000 x1602 x20/106

=70.63 kNm per m width > Mu Depth OK

S . I N
iii) Compute Ast T U NG- OTE
1.1 (b)
K
31.24x106 = 0.87 x415xAstx160[1- {Astx415/(1000x160x20)}]
31.24x106 = 57768 Ast – 7.49 Ast2
Ast = 586 mm2 per m width

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

iv) Compute Ast,min CL 26.5.2.1

Ast,min = (0.12/100)x1000x185 = 222 mm2 per m width

< Ast, required
Provide Ast = 586 mm2 per m width

v) Rebar Details
Spacing of #10 dia bars = 1000 x Ab/Ast
= 1000 x 78.54/586 = 134 mm
vi) Max. Spacing S
CL 26.3.3 (b). I N
T U N OTE
K
< Min( 3 x160 = 480; 300) = 300 mm > 134 mm

Provide # 10 @ 130 mm c/c as Main reinforcement at

bottom of slab;

Ast,provided = 1000 x 78.54/130 = 604 mm2 per m width

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 6: Limit State of Collapse – Shear
i) Compute Nominal Shear Stress
Max. SF Vu = 14.44 x 4.16/2 = 30.04 kN

tv = Vu/(bd) = 30.04x10 /(1000x160)

3

= 0.19MPa
ii) Compute Shear Strength of Concrete N
T E S . I
pt = 100 x 604/(1000 x 160) =N O
0.38%
KTU
Assume full steel is provided at support also

tc = 0.42MPa (Table 19)

k = 1.225 CL. 40.2.1.1 k tc = 0.51MPa > tv OK

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 7: Distribution reinforcement
Ast,min = 222 mm2 per m width
Assume #8 bars
Spacing = 1000x50.27/222 = 226 mm
Max. spacing = Min(5d = 800; 450mm) = 450mm > 226
Provide #8@220 mm c/c

Step 8: Check L/d ratio

For pt = 0.38%, Fig4, kt =1.375
S . I N
T U N OTE
L/d, permissible = 20 x1.375 = 27.5
K
L/d, actual = 4160/160= 26 < 27.5 OK

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 Rebar Arrangement
Option 1:

Straight Bars with Hooks at alternate ends

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 #8 @ 220
Distribution
#10 @ 260 (T) At Bottom #8 @ 220
Distribution
At Top
Slab
Bottom
S . I N
T U N OTE
K
#10 @ 130 (B)

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 A

#8@200
Main - #10 @ 130 (B)

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

#10@260 A
0.1Lx PLAN

185

#10@130
#8@200 Section A A
4000
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Option 2:

Alternate Bent-up bars

S . I N
T U N OTE
K
Generally adopted if spacing of main bars is
less than 150mm, so that after bending
spacing is not more than 300 mm

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 #8 @ 220
Distribution
#10 @ 260 (T) At Bottom #8 @ 220
Distribution
At Top
Slab
Bottom
S . I N
T U N OTE
K
#10 @ 130 (B)

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 A

#8@200
Main - #10 @ 130 (B)

S . I N
T U N OTE
K 0.1 Lx

A
0.1Lx #10@260 PLAN

185

#10@130
#8@200 Section A A
4000
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Design of One Way Continuous Slab CL 22.5

Ly

Lx I N
S .
OTE
TUN on intermediate walls or beams
I. Slab Panels are supported
K
II. Ly/Lx > 2
III. Loading is UDL
IV. Three or More Spans
V. Spans do not differ by more than 15% of longest
VI. Table 12 and 13 can be used to compute moment and shear
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Moment And Shear Coefficients (Table 12 and 13)
Two Load cases are given
DL + LL(FIXED)
LL (Not Fixed)

Mu = coefficient (a) x (wu xLx) x Lx= a wuLx2

Vu = coefficient (a) x wu x Lx = a wuLx

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 End Span Intermediate Span

Lx

Hog Hog Hog Hog

Ly
Sag Sag Sag Sag Sag

S . I N
T U N OTE
K Support
Interior

Support Next to end support

+ve values for a ,indicate sagging moments in middle of Span
region. Rebars are placed at bottom

-ve values for a ,indicate Hogging moments over Supports.

Rebars are placed at top
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Example 2 – One way Continuous slab
Design a Floor slab for an office building (14m x 8m) measured to the centre of
supports of width 230 mm. Beams are spaced 3.5m c/c. LL = 3 kN/m2, Floor Finish =
1kN/m2.M20, Fe415

230 mm

S . I N
T U N OTE
K3.5m
14m 8m

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 1: Slab Type

All Four edges are supported and one or two edges

is continuous
Ly/ Lx = 8/3.5 = 2.29 > 2
Designed as ONE WAY continuous N slab
E S . I
KTU NOT
Step 2: Trial Depth

Assume L/d = 32 ; d = 3500/32 = 110mm

Assume clear cover = 20mm, Dia of main bar = #10
D = 110 + 20 + 5 = 135 mm
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Step 3: Loads on Slab (kN/m2)

Self weight = 0.135 x25 = 3.375

Floor Finish = 1.0
LL = 3.0

S . I N
TL = 7.375 T U N OTE
K
Factored Load = 1.5 x 7.375 = 11.06kN/m2

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 4: Effective Span CL 22.2 (a)

Leff = 3.5 m (assumed)

Step 5: Limit State of Collapse – Flexure

E S . I N
i) Factored Moment
U N O T
K T
Consider 1m width of slab as design strip
b= 1000mm
Load per m length of design strip = 11.06 kN/m
Assume DL+LL as Fixed

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Using Moment Coefficients of Table 12, Mu at different
locations are computed
Span Moments (Sagging)
i) End Span = (1/12) x 11.06 x 3.52 = +11.29kNm
ii) Interior span = (1/16) x 11.06 x 3.52 = +8.47kNm
Support Moments (Hogging)
E S . I N
iii) At support next to endU N OT
support :
K T
= -(1/10) x 11.06 x 3.52 = -13.55kNm
iv) At Interior supports :
= -(1/12) x11.06 x 3.52 = -11.29kNm

Design Moments Mu ( Select greater of the two values)

Mu (+) = 11.29 kNm ; Mu(-) = 13.55 kNm

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
ii) Compute Mu,lim G- 1.1 (c)
= 0.36 x0.48 x (1 – 0.42 x0.48)x1000 x1102 x20/106
=33.4 kNm per m width > Design moments
Depth OK
iii) Compute Ast G- 1.1 (b)
1) In Span Region: Mu = 11.29 kNm
S . I N
T U N OTE
K
11.29x106 = 0.87 x415xAstx110[1- {Astx415/(1000x110x20)}]
11.29x106 = 39715.5 Ast – 7.49 Ast2
Ast = 301 mm2 per m width at bottom

2) Over Supports: Mu = 13.55 kNm

Ast = 367 mm2 per m width at Top
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
iv) Compute Ast,min CL 26.5.2.1

Ast,min = (0.12/100)x1000x135 = 162 mm2 per m width

< Ast, required

v) Rebar Details : Spacing of #10 dia bars

Span Region
S= 1000 x Ab/Ast =1000 x 78.54/301
E S . =
I N
260 mm
OT
K TUN
Support Region
S= 1000 x Ab/Ast =1000 x 78.54/367 = 214 mm

vi) Max. Spacing CL 26.3.3 (b)

< Min( 3 x110 = 330; 300) = 300 mm > computed spacing

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Provide

# 10 @ 250 mm c/c as Main reinforcement at bottom of slab

and
# 10 @ 200 mm c/c as Main reinforcement at top of slab over all
supports except at ends

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 6: Limit State of Collapse – Shear
i) Compute Nominal Shear Stress
Max. SF Vu = 0.6x11.06 x 3.5 = 23.22 kN

tv = Vu/(bd) = 23.22 x10 /(1000x110)

3

= 0.21MPa
ii) Compute Shear Strength of Concrete
pt = 100 x 301/(1000 x 110) = 0.27%
Assume full steel is provided at support also
S . I N
N OTE
tc = 0.36MPa (Table 19)K T U
k = 1.3

t
CL. 40.2.1.1 k c = 0.47MPa > v t OK

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 7: Distribution reinforcement
Ast = Ast,min = 162 mm2 per m width
Assume #8 bars
Spacing = 1000x50.27/162 = 310 mm
Max. spacing = Min(<5d = 550; 450mm) = 450mm > 310
Provide #8@300 mm c/c

Step 8: Check L/d ratio

For pt = 0.27%, Fig4, kt =1.5
S . I N
L/d, permissible = 26 x1.5 = 39
T U N OTE
K
L/d, actual = 3500/110= 31.8 < 39 OK

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 0.3Lx >= 0.15Lx or Ld

A A

#10@00 ( T )
0.1Lx #8@300
#10@250 (B)

#10@250 (B)
E S . I N
U
LAP:
N O T
Ld
K T
PLAN

Chairs #10 @ 200

135

#10 @ 250 Section A A #8@300 #10 @ 250

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Case 2: LL (Not Fixed)

S . I N
T U N OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 3: Loads on Slab (kN/m2)

Self weight = 0.135 x25 = 3.375

Floor Finish = 1.0
DL = 4.375
LL = 3.0 . I N
OTE S
K T U N

Factored Loads
DL = 1.5 x 4.375 = 6.56kN/m2
LL = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 kN/m2

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Step 4: Effective Span CL 22.2 (a)

Leff = 3.5 m (assumed)

Step 5: Limit State of Collapse – Flexure

i) Factored Moment
Consider 1m width of Oslab E S . I N
as design strip
U N T
b= 1000mm K T
Load per m length of design strip
DL= 6.56 kN/m; LL = 4.5 kN/m
Assume DL+LL as Not Fixed

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Using Moment Coefficients of Table 12, Mu at different
locations are computed

Span Moments (Sagging)

i) End Span = (1/12) x 6.56 x 3.52 + (1/10) x4.5 x3.52
S . I N
= mN
+12.21 kNm per U O TE
width
KT
ii) Interior span = (1/16) x 6.56 x 3.52 + (1/12) x4.5 x3.52
= +9.62kNm per m width

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Support Moments (Hogging)
iii) At support next to end support :
=- (1/10) x 6.56 x 3.52 - (1/9) x4.5 x3.52
= -14.16kNm per m width
iv) At Interior supports :
= - (1/12) x 6.56 x 3.52 - (1/9) x4.5 x3.52
= -12.82kNm per m width
Design Moments Mu ( Select greater of the two values)
S . I N
U N
Mu (+) = 12.21 kNm ; Mu(-) = 14.16 kNm
T OTE
K

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in