100W, 220/120V Step-down Transformer

Aballe, Alvin., Embradora, Stephen., Malabanan, Brandon., Martinez, Ritz., Sumagaysay, Jayson., Torrano,
Jinel Cireel S.
EE109L /
Mapua University
School of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

III. OBJECTIVES
I.INTRODUCTION
 To create a step-down transformer that has
Transformers are composed of iron core ring
100W rating and 220/120 V, 1A secondary
wrapped in coils. One coil is connected to an AC
current (Full Load), 100W as its output
input voltage and is called the “Primary Coil”. The
other coil is connected to an output circuit with a load IV. COMPUTATIONS
resistance and is called the “Secondary Coil”. The
two coils are well insulated with each other and do Core Calculations
not form a physical electrical connection. This gives
a transformer its unique electricity altering properties. 1
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡(𝑇𝑒 ) =
4.44𝑓𝐵𝑚 𝐴
Transformers can either step-up or step-
down a voltage. In a step-down transformer, the A = area of core ( Bobbin case )
number of turns in the primary coil is greater than the 0.0254 𝑚 2
number of turns in the secondary coil. The constantly = (1.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝑥 )
1.5 𝑖𝑛.
changing current driven by alternating voltage source
induces a changing magnetic field in the core of the = 0.001451 𝑚2
transformer. The magnetic field created by the 𝑊𝑏
𝐵𝑚 = 1.2
alternating current in the primary coil generates the 𝑚2
flux in the transformer core.
𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
The secondary coil converts the flux back 1
into current flow and produces a voltage at the load 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡(𝑇𝑒 ) =
4.44(50)(1.2)(0.001451)
or resistance in the secondary circuit. Since this is a
step-down transformer, the resulting voltage in the = 2.6 turns per volt
secondary circuit will be less than the primary. Thus,
getting the ratio of the primary and secondary turns, Primary Winding Calculations
the secondary voltage will be the result of primary
𝑃𝑖𝑛
voltage divided by the turns ratio of the transformer. 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝐼1 ) =
(𝑉𝑝 )(𝜂)
II. MATERIALS
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 100 𝑊 ; 𝑉𝑝 = 220 V ; 𝜂 = 0.95
 (1/3 kg.) #24 AWG Magnetic Wire
 (1/4 kg. )#20 AWG Magnetic Wire 100
𝐼1 = ~ 0.48 𝐴
 (2) ½ in. E-I Core Laminations (220)(0.95)
 Fish Paper
Number of Turns (𝑁1 ) = (𝑇𝑒 )(𝑉𝑝 )
 Masking Tape
 (4) #9 Bolt with Nut and Washer
= (2.6)(220) = 572 Turns
 1.5’ x 1.5’ plastic Bobbin Case
Size of Conductor:

Area of primary conductor (𝑎1 ) =

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.48 𝐴
=
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 2.3 𝐴𝑚𝑚 −2

= 0.2087 𝑚𝑚2 ( 24 AWG)

Secondary Winding Calculations Fig. 3 Secondary Winding

Number of Turns (𝑁1 ) = (𝑇𝑒 )(𝑉𝑠 )

𝑇𝑒 = 2.6 turns/volt ; 𝑉𝑝 = 110 V

= (2.6)(110) = 286 Turns

Size of Conductor:

Area of primary conductor (𝑎1 ) =

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 1𝐴
=
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 2.3 𝐴𝑚𝑚 −2

Fig. 3 Placing of E-I Core Laminations

= 0.434782𝑚𝑚2 ( 20 AWG)

V. PICTURES OF THE PROTOTYPE

Fig. 4 Securing the E-I Core

Fig. 1 Primary Winding

Fig. 5 Transformer Prototype

Fig. 2 Securing the Primary Winding

VI. ANALYSIS VIII. APPENDIX

Transformers uses the principle of

electromagnetic induction to transfer voltage from
one side to another. Transformers only work on AC
power source, since alternating current passing
through the primary coil will create a fluctuating
magnetic flux which then creates induced EMF to the
secondary coil. From this, transformers can either
step-up or step-down output from the source
depending on the transformation ratio.

To determine the specifications of the

materials needed to build the project that will meet
the objective requirements, formulas were used such Figure 1. American Wire Gauge (AWG) Table
as, EMF equation of the transformer and
transformation ratio. Knowing the maximum flux IX. REFERENCES
density, frequency and area of the bobbin case to be
used, the target turns per volt is computed to be 2.6
https://www.electricityforum.com/iep/utility-
turns per volt. Knowing the turns per volt, and the transformers/step-down-transformers
objective primary and secondary voltage, primary
http://engineerexperiences.com/design-
and secondary turns are computed to be 572 and 286,
respectively. Then, to meet the target secondary calculations.html
current output, the cross-sectional area (size) of the
https://www.top-ee.com/step-up-and-step-down-
magnetic wire to be used for secondary coil is
computed to be 0.434782 𝑚𝑚2 (20 AWG).
transformer/

VII. CONCLUSION

A transformer that is designed to reduce

voltage from primary to secondary is called a step-
down transformer. This transformer has greater
primary winding than secondary winding. It consists
of two coils: a primary winding and a secondary
winding. The current that flows through primary
winding is less than secondary winding and the
primary voltage is higher than the secondary voltage.
The turns ratio of a step-down transformer is always
less than 1.

Transformer applications include impedance

matching, phase shifting, isolation, blocking DC
while passing AC, and producing several signals at
different voltage levels.