WW Treatment Objectives, Methods & Implementation

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
PAMANTASAN NGofLUNGSOD
University NG MAYNILA
the City of Manila
University
College of the City
of Engineering andofTechnology
Manila
College of Engineering
Department and
of Chemical Technology
Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
CHE 521: Industrial Waste Management & Control
Wastewater Treatment
Objectives, Methods
and Implementation
SUBMITTED BY:
Considerations
SANTOS, Amabelle C.
SARMIENTO, Marco M.
SISON, Bren A.
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. April Anne S. Tigue
PROFESSOR
Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

A.C.Santos, M.M.Sarmiento, B.A.Sison
1
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Wastewater Treatment Objectives .................................................................................. 3

Wastewater Treatment Regulations ................................................................................ 5
DAO 2016-08: Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards……………...11
Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods ......................................................... 28
Selection of Treatment Process Flow Diagrams ........................................................... 35
Wastewater Treatment Process Selection: An Industrial Approach .............................. 37
References .................................................................................................................... 40

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and

industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable
damage to the natural environment. Irrigation with wastewater is both disposal and
utilization and indeed is an effective form of wastewater disposal (as in slow-rate land
treatment). However, some degree of treatment must normally be provided to raw
municipal wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or landscape irrigation or for
aquaculture. The quality of treated effluent used in agriculture has a great influence on
the operation and performance of the wastewater-soil-plant or aquaculture system. In the
case of irrigation, the required quality of effluent will depend on the crop or crops to be
irrigated, the soil conditions and the system of effluent distribution adopted. Through crop
restriction and selection of irrigation systems which minimize health risk, the degree of
pre-application wastewater treatment can be reduced. A similar approach is not feasible
in aquaculture systems and more reliance will have to be placed on control through
wastewater treatment.
The most appropriate wastewater treatment to be applied before effluent use in

agriculture is that which will produce an effluent meeting the recommended
microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost and with minimal
operational and maintenance requirements (Arar 1988). Adopting as low a level of
treatment as possible is especially desirable in developing countries, not only from the
point of view of cost but also in acknowledgement of the difficulty of operating complex
systems reliably. In many locations it will be better to design the reuse system to accept
a low-grade of effluent rather than to rely on advanced treatment processes producing a
reclaimed effluent which continuously meets a stringent quality standard.
The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other
large materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is necessary
to enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units. Preliminary
treatment operations typically include coarse screening, grit removal and, in some cases,
comminution of large objects.

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The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and

inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by
skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and grease are
removed during primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and
heavy metals associated with solids are also removed during primary sedimentation but
colloidal and dissolved constituents are not affected. The effluent from primary
sedimentation units is referred to as primary effluent.
The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from
primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In most cases,
secondary treatment follows primary treatment and involves the removal of biodegradable
dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological treatment processes.
Aerobic biological treatment is performed in the presence of oxygen by aerobic
microorganisms (principally bacteria) that metabolize the organic matter in the
wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and inorganic end-products
(principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). Several aerobic biological processes are used for
secondary treatment differing primarily in the manner in which oxygen is supplied to the
microorganisms and in the rate at which organisms metabolize the organic matter.
Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific

wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be
removed. Individual treatment processes are necessary to remove nitrogen, phosphorus,
additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids.
Because advanced treatment usually follows high-rate secondary treatment, it is
sometimes referred to as tertiary treatment. However, advanced treatment processes are
sometimes combined with primary or secondary treatment (e.g., chemical addition to
primary clarifiers or aeration basins to remove phosphorus) or used in place of secondary
treatment (e.g., overland flow treatment of primary effluent).

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT REGULATIONS
Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems
Front Cover of the Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems
The following to be presented was obtained from a book of compilation of

Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems.
Pertinent documents included here were obtained from existing laws, regulations,
and standards such as Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees, Board Resolutions,
Administrative Orders, Implementing Rules and Regulations, and other relevant statutes
which are packaged in chronological order to track down the sequence of policy
development. To maintain emphasis on sanitation and wastewater, full text is used if the
policies and guidelines are directly concerned about the subject while excerpts were
presented if otherwise.
Introduction
Sanitation, as used in the book of compilation, would mean the hygienic measures
of isolating the hazards of wastes from human contact to promote health. Wastes
generated by human beings could be excreta, urine, wastewater, solid wastes, industrial
wastes, and agricultural wastes. These wastes may contain hazards, such as microbial
pathogens and hazardous chemicals, which will be detrimental to human health if left
uncontrolled.
The emphasis of this book is on the application of sanitation to wastewater.

Wastewater elements considered are excreta, urine, sewage, storm water and other liquid
wastes generated from domestic, commercial, agricultural and industrial activities.

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Systems that isolate hazards from human contact could be the application of engineering
solutions that deal with the processes of collection, transport, treatment, reuse and
recycling of wastewater; simple technology (e.g. pit latrines); or even simple handwashing
practices.
The professionals mandated by law (R.A. 1364) to deal with wastewater disposal
are the Sanitary Engineers. Related to this, a professional Sanitary Engineer in the
Philippines once said, "Only the Sanitary Engineers have the express authority to survey,
design, direct, manage, be consulted, and investigate any activity pertaining and related
to pollution, whether in water, air and land". Considering the legal mandate, it is necessary
that a Sanitary Engineer must be familiar with the concerned policies and guidelines on
environmental pollution in particular to wastewater as contained in this book so as to
maintain his good practice of sanitary engineering in the Philippines.
✓ Sanitary Engineers and Wastewater Disposal Systems - Excerpts from R.A. 1364
- SANITARY ENGINEERING LAW, (Approved, 18 June 1955)
“Sec. 2. Definition of terms. - The practice of sanitary engineering within the meaning
and intent of this Act shall embrace the following activities:
(a) Sanitary surveys, reports, design, direction, management, consultation, and

investigation of:
(1) Water purification plants, water collection and distribution systems,

reservoirs, drainage and sewer systems, sewage treatment plants, malaria
control structures, sewage disposal tanks, and other structures for public
health and welfare.”
✓ Wastewater Disposal and Drainage Provisions - Excerpts from the NATIONAL

BUILDING CODE, P.D. 1096, (Signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos, Manila, 19
February 1977)
“Chapter IX – Sanitation
Sec. 903. Wastewater Disposal System
(a) Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial

wastewater shall be discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary sewer main

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of existing municipal or city sanitary sewerage system in accordance with the

criteria set by the Code on Sanitation and the National Pollution Control
Commission.
(b) All buildings located in areas where there are no available sanitary sewerage
system shall dispose their sewage to "Imhoff" or septic tank and subsurface
absorption field.
(c) Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and premises s
hall conform to the provisions of the National Plumbing Code.”
✓ Liquid Waste Disposal Provisions - Excerpts from the PHILIPPINE

ENVIRONMENT CODE, P.D. 1152 (Approved by President Ferdinand E. Marcos, 6
June 1977)
“Chapter III - Methods of Liquid Waste Disposal
Sec. 50. Liquid Waste Disposal.
Wastewater from manufacturing plants, industries, community, ordomestic

sources shall be treated either physically, biologically or chemically prior to disposal
in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by proper government
authority.”
✓ Effluent Water Quality Requirements - Excerpts from the NPCC Rules and
Regulations of 1978
“Sec. 70. Effluent Water Quality Requirements.
(a) Minimum Treatment - Except when the Commission finds its unnecessary, all
liquid wastes discharged into inland rivers, lakes and reservoirs, will receive a
minimum of primary treatment for inorganic wastes, except for toxic substances,
and secondary treatment for organic wastes. Liquid wastes discharged into
estuarine waters will receive secondary treatment. Liquid wastes discharged into
marine outfalls will receive a minimum of primary treatment, unless otherwise
specified by the Commission.

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The following table shows the expected performance of each treatment process:
Treatment Process and its Expected Performance

Primary Primary plus Secondary
Floating Solids Removal 95-100% 95-100%
Suspended Solids Removal 50-65% 80-95%
Settleable Solids Removal 90-95% 90-95%
BOD5 Removal 25-40% 80-95%
✓ Revised Effluent Regulations - DAO no. 35 Series of 1990
Section 9. Prohibitions.
d) Other Restrictions:
1. All water pollution control facilities/installations shall be properly and consistently

maintain an effluent quality that complies with Section 4 to 6 of these regulations.
2. No industrial or manufacturing plant shall be operated without the control

facilities or wastewater treatment system in good order or in proper operation
except with the permission of the Department Secretary when special
circumstance arise.
3. No industrial or manufacturing plant or source of pollution shall be operated at

capacities beyond the limits of operation or capability of the wastewater treatment
facility in order to maintain the effluent quality within the standards or pertinent
conditions required by law and/or stipulated in the permit to operate.
4. No person shall build, erect, install or use any equipment, contrivance or any
means the use of which will conceal and/or dilute an effluent discharge and which
otherwise constitute a violation of any provisions of these regulations or the 1978
NPCC Rules and Regulations, as amended

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✓ Sewerage And Sanitation Provisions (Industrial Hygiene) - Excerpts from DOH

A.O. No. 111, (issued on 22 August 1991)
“e) Disposal of Industrial Wastes. The following requirements shall be complied with:
1 All wastes incident to the operation of the industrial plant shall be collected,
stored or disposed of in a manner that will prevent health hazards, nuisance and
pollution (e.g. settling ponds in the collection of effluents). Where a city or
municipal collection and disposal system exists, it shall be utilized.”
2 All industrial establishments discharging toxic wastes shall submit a copy of the
method of the treatment approved and certified by the EMB to the Department or
its duly authorized representatives
✓ Wastewater Provisions - Excerpts from the National Plumbing Code (1993-1994

Revision)
“Chapter 5 - General Regulations, Instructions and Requirements
Article V - Industrial Wastes
1. Wastes detrimental to the public sewer system or detrimental to the functioning of

the sewage treatment plant shall be treated and disposed of as found necessary and
directed by the Provincial/City/ Municipal Plumbing Official.
2. Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface
or subsurface waters, shall not be discharged into the ground or in any waterway
unless it has first been rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable
form of treatment.”
✓ Clean Water Act - R.A. 9275 - An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality
Management and for Other Purposes (Approved by President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo on 2 March 2004)

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Why is there for a need for Clean Water Act?
As early as 1996, only about 51% of the classified rivers are in their beneficial use
and met the water quality standards, while the rest are already polluted due to agricultural,
domestic and industrial activities.
Most studies say that about 48% of the principal cause of water pollution is coming
from domestic wastewater. However, the investments for water supply and sanitation that
goes to the sanitation and sewage system only used 3%.
Polluted water contributes 31% to causes of illnesses to Filipinos. It is clear that to

ensure health and safety for the Filipinos in terms of water consumption; it is an obligation
of the government to create and implement strategies to protect water quality.
Government Agencies Involved
• The Philippine Coast Guard shall enforce water quality standards in marine
waters, specifically from offshore sources.
• The Department of Public Works and Highways through its attached agencies
shall provide sewerage and sanitation facilities, and the efficient and safe
collection, treatment and disposal of sewage within their area of jurisdiction.
• The Department of Agriculture shall formulate guidelines for the re-use of

wastewater for irrigation and other agricultural uses and for the prevention, control
and abatement of pollution from agricultural and aquaculture activities.
• The Department of Health shall set, revise and enforce drinking water quality
standards.
• The Department of Science and Technology shall evaluate, verify, develop and
disseminate pollution prevention and cleaner production technologies.
• The Department of Education, Commission on Higher Education,

Department of Interior and Local Government, and the Philippine Information
Agency shall prepare and implement a comprehensive and continuing public
education and information program.

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DAO – 2016-08: WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES AND

GENERAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Pursuant to Section 19e and 19f of the Republic Act (RA) 9275, otherwise known
as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, and Executive Order 192 (Providing the
Reorganization of the Department of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources;
Renaming it as the Department of Environment and Natural Resources) dated 10 June
1987, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) hereby adopts and
promulgates these Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards
(GES).
Section 1.0 Basic Policy
It is the policy of the State to pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner
consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish
and marine waters.
Section 3.0 Scope and Coverage
The WQG applies to all water bodies in the country: freshwaters, marine waters
and groundwater, and shall be used for classifying water bodies, determining time trends,
evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement in water quality, and as basis for taking
positive action in preventing, controlling, or abating water pollution. Moreover, this WQG
shall be used in the process of designating Water Quality Management Area (WQMA).
Section 5.0 Classification of Water Bodies
For purposes of maintaining water quality according to its beneficial usage, the
following classification of water bodies shall be adopted.
Table 1. Water Body Classification and Usage of Freshwater
Classification Intended Beneficial Use
Class AA Public Water Supply Class I – Intended primarily for waters
having watersheds, which are uninhabited and/or otherwise
declared as protected areas, and which require only approved
disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW.
Class A Public Water Supply Class II – intended as sources of water
supply requiring conventional treatment (coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) to meet the latest
PNSDW.
Class B Recreational Water Class I – intended for primary contact
recreation (bathing, swimming, etc)

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Class C 1. Fishery Water for propagation and growth of fish and

other aquatic resources
2. Recreational Water Class II – for boating, fishing or
similar activities
3. For agriculture, irrigation and livestock watering
Class D Navigable Waters
Note: For unclassified water bodies, classification shall be based on the beneficial use as
determined by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).
Table 2. Water Body Classification Usage of Marine Waters
Classification Intended Beneficial Use
Class SA 1. Protected Waters – Waters designated as national or
local marine pars, reserves, sanctuaries and other areas
established by law (Presidential Proclamation 1801 and
other existing laws), and/or declared as such by
appropriate government agency, LGUs, etc.
2. Fishery Water Class I – suitable for shellfish harvesting
for direct human consumption
Class SB 1. Fishery Water Class II – waters suitable for commercial
propagation of shellfish and intended as spawning areas
for milkfish (Chanos chanos) and smilar species
2. Tourist Zones – for ecotourism and recreational activities
3. Recreational Water Class I – intended for primary contact
recreation (bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc.)
Class SC 1. Fishery Water Class III – for propagation and growth of
fish and other aquatic resources intended for commercial
and sustenance fishing
2. Recreational Water Class II – for boating, fishing or
similar activities
3. Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and
wildlife sanctuaries
Class SD Navigable waters
Note: For unclassified water bodies, classification shall be based on the beneficial use
as determined by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB).
Section 6.0 Water Quality Guidelines

The rules and regulations established in this section are intended to maintain and
preserve the quality of all water bodies based on their intended beneficial usage and to
prevent and abate pollution and contamination to protect public health, aquatic resources,
crops and other living organisms.

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6.1 Guidelines for Water Quality (Freshwater and Marine Waters)

The WQG provided for in Tables 3-6 shall be maintained for each water body
classification. For purposes of this Order, the parameters defining the WQG are
categorized as primary or secondary parameters.
Primary parameters (Table 3) are the required minimum water quality parameters
to be monitored for each water body. Secondary parameters (table 4-6) are other water
quality parameters to be used in baseline assessment as part of the Environmental
Impact Assessment and other water quality monitoring purposes as defined in Table 3.1
(Recommended Parameters, Frequency and Duration of Sampling) of Ambient Water
Quality Monitoring Manual issued through EMB Memorandum Circular 2008-008.
Table 3. Water Quality Guidelines for Primary Parameters
Table 4. Water Quality Guidelines for Secondary Parameters - Inorganics

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Table 5. Water Quality Guidelines for Secondary Parameters – Metals
Table 6. Water Quality Guidelines for Secondary Parameters- Organics

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Section 7.0 General Effluent Standards

Discharges from any point source at all times meet the effluent standards
set forth in Tables 2-3 to maintain the required water quality per water body
classification. The GES shall be used regardless of the industry category.
7.1 Significant Effluent Quality Parameters per Sector
For purposes of streamlining compliance and enforcement of the GES, the
significant effluent quality parameters per sector are listed in Table 8.

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16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

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7.2 Effluent Standards

Consistent with the goal of maintaining the quality of water bodies based
on their intended beneficial usages, Table 9 shall be enforced and complied with
at all times.
7.3. Effluent Standards for BOD for Strong Wastewater
For establishments with influent BOD equal to or greater than 3000 mg/L
and the receiving water body is Class C, D, SC or SD, the applicable effluent
standards in Table 10 shall at all times be enforced and complied with.
For parameters other than BOD, Table 9 shall apply.

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CLASSIFICATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
Wastewater collected from municipalities and communities must ultimately be

returned to receiving waters or to the land or reused. The complex question facing the
design engineer and public health officials is: What levels of treatment must be achieved
in a given application – beyond those prescribed by discharge permits – to ensure
protection of public health and the environment? The answer to this question requires
detailed analyses of local conditions and needs, application of scientific knowledge and
engineering judgement based on past experience, and consideration of federal, state,
and local regulations. In some cases, a detailed risk assessment may be required.
The methods of treatment in which the application of physical forces predominate
are known as unit operations. The methods of treatment in which the removal of
contaminants is brought about by chemical or biological reactions are known as unit
processes. Wastewater treatment methods can be classified into three sub divisions: (A)
physical unit operations, (B) chemical unit processes, and (C) biological unit processes.
A. Physical Unit Operations
Wastewater contains large solids and grit that can interfere with treatment
processes or cause undue mechanical wear and increased maintenance on wastewater
treatment equipment. To minimize potential problems, these materials require the use of
physical unit operations to remove pollutants/contaminants by physical forces. These
physical unit operations serve as preliminary treatment consisting of screening, grit
removal, flow equalization, sedimentation, and flotation.
1. Screening
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
It removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent damage and
clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances. Some modern
wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine screens.
Types of Screens
a. Coarse Screens
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and
debris from wastewater, and typically have openings of
6 mm (0.25 in) or larger. Types of coarse screens

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include mechanically and manually cleaned bar screens, including trash racks.
b. Fine Screens
Fine screens are typically used to remove
material that may create operation and maintenance
problems in downstream processes, particularly in
systems that lack primary treatment. Typical opening
sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in).
Very fine screens with openings of 0.2 to 1.5 mm (0.01
to 0.06 in) placed after coarse or fine screens can
reduce suspended solids to levels near those achieved
by primary clarification.
2. Grit Removal
Grit includes sand, gravel, cinder, or other heavy
solid materials that are “heavier” (higher specific
gravity) than the organic biodegradable solids in the
wastewater. Grit also includes eggshells, bone chips,
seeds, coffee grounds, and large organic particles,
such as food waste. Removal of grit prevents
unnecessary abrasion and wear of mechanical
equipment, grit deposition in pipelines and channels,
and accumulation of grit in anaerobic digesters and aeration basins.
3. Flow Equalization
Flow equalization is the process of controlling
hydraulic velocity, or flow rate, through a wastewater
treatment system. The equalization of flow prevents
short term, high volumes of incoming flow, called
surges, from forcing solids and organic material out of
the treatment process. Flow equalization also controls
the flow through each stage of the treatment system,
allowing adequate time for the physical, biological and chemical processes to take place.

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4. Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove

suspended solids from water. Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of
removing entrained solids by sedimentation. Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical
means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation. Settling basins
and clarifiers are designed to retain water so that suspended solids can settle. By
sedimentation principles, the suitable treatment technologies should be chosen
depending on the specific gravity, size and shear resistance of particles.
5. Flotation
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters
by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by
dissolving air in the water or wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at
atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank basin. The released air forms tiny bubbles which
adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float to the surface of
the water where it may then be removed by a skimming device.

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B. Chemical Unit Processes

Chemicals are used during wastewater treatment in an array of processes to
expedite disinfection. These chemical processes, which induce chemical reactions, are
called chemical unit processes, and are used alongside biological and physical cleaning
processes to achieve various water standards.
1. Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation
In water treatment, coagulation occurs when a coagulant is added to water to

"destabilize" colloidal suspensions. In a colloidal suspension, particles will settle very
slowly or not at all because the colloidal particles carry surface electrical charges that
mutually repel each other. A coagulant (typically a metallic salt) with the opposite charge
is added to the water to overcome the repulsive charge and "destabilize" the suspension.
For example, the colloidal particles are negatively charged and alum is added as a
coagulant to create positively charged ions. Once the repulsive charges have been
neutralized (since opposite charges attract), the van der Waals force will cause the
particles to cling together (agglomerate) and form micro floc.
2. Chemical Oxidation
The aim of chemical oxidation is to oxidize organic pollutants to less dangerous or
harmless substances. In the best case scenario, complete oxidization of organic
substances will result in CO2 and H2O. This technique can also be used to remove
inorganic components (e.g. oxidization of cyanide). Chemical oxidization can also be
used in combination with biological purification. In this case, we refer to partial oxidization.

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The purpose of chemical oxidization as a pre-treatment technique is to either break down

difficult to degrade components and make them suitable for biological degradation or to
limit sludge production by partly oxidizing the sludge. Chemical oxidization involves
adding or generating oxidants in the wastewater. A few currently used oxidants include
ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), natrium hypochlorite or bleaching liquor (NaOCl),
chlorine dioxide (ClO2), chlorine gas (Cl2), peroxyacetic acid (C2H4O3) and pure oxygen
(O2).
3. Ion Exchange
An ion-exchange process can be used
to soften the water. Calcium and magnesium
are common ions that lead to water hardness.
To soften the water, positively charged sodium
ions are introduced in the form of dissolved
sodium chloride salt, or brine. Hard calcium
and magnesium ions exchange places with
sodium ions, and free sodium ions are simply
released in the water. However, after softening
a large amount of water, the softening solution
may fill with excess calcium and magnesium
ions, requiring the solution be recharged with
sodium ions.
4. Ozone and Ultraviolet Disinfection

Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three oxygen atoms, the gas will readily
degrade back to oxygen, and during this transition a free oxygen atom, or free radical
form. The free oxygen radical is highly reactive and short lived, under normal conditions

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it will only survive for milliseconds. The raw water is then passed through a venturi throat
which creates a vacuum and pulls the ozone gas into the water or the air is then bubbled
up through the water being treated. Since the ozone will react with metals to create
insoluble metal oxides, post filtration is required.
Ultraviolet disinfection is a physical process that instantaneously neutralizes
microorganisms as they pass by ultraviolet lamps submerged in the effluent. The process
adds nothing to the water but UV light, and therefore, has no impact on the chemical
composition or the dissolved oxygen content of the water.
C. Biological Unit Processes

Biological wastewater treatment is a process that seems simple on the surface
since it uses natural processes to help with the decomposition of organic substances, but
in fact, it is a complex process at the intersection of biology and biochemistry — a process
not completely understood. Biological treatments rely on bacteria, nematodes, or other
small organisms to break down organic wastes using normal cellular processes.
Wastewater typically contains a buffet of organic matter, such as garbage, wastes, and
partially digested foods. It may also contain pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, and
toxins. The goal of biological wastewater treatment is creating a system in which the
decomposition results are easily collected for proper disposal.
1. Activated Sludge Process
This is the most common and oldest biotreatment process used to treat municipal
and industrial wastewater. Typically wastewater after primary treatment i.e. suspended
impurities removal is treated in an activated sludge process based biological treatment
system comprising aeration tank followed by secondary clarifier. The aeration tank is a

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completely mixed bioreactor where specific concentration of biomass (measured as

mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) or mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
(MLVSS)) is maintained along with sufficient dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
(typically 2 mg/l) to effect biodegradation of soluble organic impurities measured as
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) or chemical oxygen demand (COD).
2. Trickling Filters
A trickling filter is a type of wastewater
treatment system which consists of a fixed bed of
rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane
foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic
media over which sewage or other wastewater
flows downward and causes a layer of microbial
slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.
Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing,
diffusion, and either by forced-air flowing through
the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous.
The bio-film that develops in a trickling filter may become several millimetres thick
and is typically a gelatinous matrix that contains many species of bacteria, cilliates and
amoeboid protozoa, annelids, round worms and insect larvae and many other micro
fauna. This is very different from many other bio-films which may be less than 1 mm thick.
Within the thickness of the biofilm both aerobic and anaerobic zones can exist supporting
both oxidative and reductive biological processes.
3. Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of
processes by which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The
process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to
manage waste or to produce fuels. Much of the
fermentation used industrially to produce food and
drink products, as well as home fermentation, uses
anaerobic digestion.

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SELECTION OF TREATMENT PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS
Factors Influencing Process Selection

The design of treatment facilities will be determined by feasibility studies,
considering all engineering, economic, energy and environmental factors. All legitimate
alternatives will be identified and evaluated by life cycle cost analyses. Additionally,
energy use between candidate processes will be considered. For the purpose of energy
consumption, only the energy purchased or procured will be included in the usage
evaluation.
• Contaminant Removal
Contaminant removal is the principal purpose of treatment for many source
waters, particularly surface waters. The quality of treated water must meet all current
water regulations.
• Source Water Quality

A comparison of source water quality and the desired finished water quality is
essential for treatment process selection. With the knowledge of the changes in water
quality that must be attained, the engineer can identify one or more treatment
processes that would be capable of attaining the quality improvement.
• Reliability
Process reliability is an important consideration and, in some cases, could be
a key aspect in deciding which process to select. Disinfection of surface water is
mandatory, so this is an example of a treatment process that should be essentially
fail-safe (Logsdon et al., 1999).
Unless the treatment plant can be taken out of service for a period of time for
maintenance and repair work, two or more of all essential items, such as pumps,
settling basins, flocculators, filters, and chemical feeders must be provided. The
degree of importance of each item must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis,
considering that safe water has to be supplied at all times (Technical Manual, 1985).
• Existing Conditions
The choice of processes to incorporate into a treatment train may be influenced
strongly by the existing processes when a treatment plant is evaluated for upgrading
or expanding. Site constraints may be crucial in process selection, especially in pre-

35
treatment when alternative clarification processes are available, some of which require
only a small fraction of the space needed for a conventional settling basin.
Hydraulic constraints can be important when retrofitting plantswith ozone or
granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. The extra head needed for some
treatment processes could result in the necessity for boosterpumping on-site to
accommodate the hydraulic requirements of the process. This adds to the overall cost
of the plant improvements and, in some cases, mightresult in a different process being
selected.
• Process Flexibility
The ability of a water treatment plant to accommodate changes in future
regulations or changes in source water quality is quite important. In the present
regulatory environment, water utilities must realize that more regulations are likely in
the future.
For some utilities, these future regulations may require additional treatment or
more effective treatment, such as when a previously unregulated contaminant is
present in the source water or a maximum contaminant level is lowered for a
contaminant in the utility’s source water.
• Utility Capabilities
After treatment processes are selected, designed, and on-line, the water utility
must be able to operate them successfully to attain the desired water quality. The
issue of system size versus treatment complexity becomes important with smaller
systems.
If successful treatment plant operation requires more labor than a small system
can afford, or if the level of technical skills exceeds that readily attainable in a
community, treatment failure may occur. Availability and access to service and repair
of equipment involves considerations of time and distance from service
representatives, and this may be problematic for some small, very remote water
utilities.
• Costs
Cost considerations usually are a key factor in process selection. Evaluation of
costs for alternative process trains using principles of engineering economics might at
first seem to be straightforward, but this may not be the case. When different treatment

36
trains are evaluated, their capabilities are not likely to be identical, so the resulting
treated-water quality from different trains likewise may not be identical.
• Environmental Compatibility
Environmental compatibility issues cover a broad spectrum of concerns that
include residual waste management, the fraction of source water wasted in treatment
processes, and energy requirements for treatment. The effect of water treatment
extends beyond the treatment plant. The benefits of providing safe drinking water are
very great, but caution must be taken that the treatment processes selected to provide
that safe water do not create serious environmental problems.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS SELECTION:

An Industrial Approach
When an aqueous waste from an industrial process must be treated in order to

achieve prescribed consent limits prior to discharge, biological treatment processes are
often preferred because they are relatively inexpensive and simple to operate.
This paper illustrates the selection procedure by means of a case study that
applies established designed methods in order to evaluate the various options. The basic
steps in the procedure, some of which may be carried out in parallel, are as follows.
1. Quantify the waste effluent, or treatment
plant influent, with respect to physical,
chemical and biological properties.
2. Identify any aspects of site operation likely

to affect the quantity and composition of
the waste, such as sources of possible
contaminants, particularly pathogens or
ionic components which may prove toxic to
the biological solids, topology of plant
drains, frequency and duration of
shutdowns. These operational aspects
may have an important bearing on both the
treatment process and effluent
pretreatment process, if any.

37
3. Carry out an experimental treatability study to determine the biodegradability

parameters of the waste. This step will be essential if reliable kinetic data, e.g. from
the literature, are not available.
4. Determine concentration, flow,

temperature and pH of the waste
and the variability of these, at
least with respect to average,
maximum and minimum values.
The variations may be
particularly significant if the
waste effluent is produced during
the cycle of a batch process.
5. Short-list possible treatment options. The initial selection should consider both
operability and process control requirements and the proximity of residential or
other inhabited areas, which would necessitate avoidance of mist, odours, noise
and visual pollution.
6. Carry out preliminary design and costings in order to identify the final preferred
option. The evaluation must include waste solids treatment and disposal, which
may be the single most expensive step in the whole treatment process. Landfill or
land injection may be the most suitable means of sludge disposal, provided that all
potential ground water contaminants or substances toxic to soil organisms are

38
removed from the waste sludge prior to disposal. Other sludge disposal options,
such as incineration or gasification, may be preferable because they may achieve
utilities cost savings, by means of energy recovery.
7. If appropriate, use the preliminary evaluation to decide between two of the most
basic waste treatment strategies partially treating the waste and paying for final
treatment by a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) vs. the cost of treating the
waste wholly on site to achieve final consent limits. The following case study
illustrates the procedure, with respect to treatment of an aqueous effluent from a
batch speciality chemicals process.

39
REFERENCES
Davis, M. L. (2010). Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration. Water and
Wastewater Engineering (pp. 16-2-16-10). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Retrieved
on December 10, 2017.
Magtibay, B. B. (2006). Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems

(International Edition). Biosphere Environment and Health Systems Series (Volume
2).
Veenstra, S., Alaerts, G. J., & Bijlsma, M. (1997). Chapter 3 - Technology Selection. In
R. Helmer & I. Hespanhol (Eds.). Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of
Water Quality Management Principles. E. & F. Spon. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/ wpcchap3.pdf on
December 10, 2017.

40

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

CHE 521: Industrial Waste Management & Control

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Wastewater Treatment Objectives .................................................................................. 3

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

WASTEWATER TREATMENT OBJECTIVES

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and

The most appropriate wastewater treatment to be applied before effluent use in

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and

Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

WASTEWATER TREATMENT REGULATIONS

Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems

Front Cover of the Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems

The following to be presented was obtained from a book of compilation of

The emphasis of this book is on the application of sanitation to wastewater.

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

(a) Sanitary surveys, reports, design, direction, management, consultation, and

(1) Water purification plants, water collection and distribution systems,

✓ Wastewater Disposal and Drainage Provisions - Excerpts from the NATIONAL

Sec. 903. Wastewater Disposal System

(a) Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

of existing municipal or city sanitary sewerage system in accordance with the

✓ Liquid Waste Disposal Provisions - Excerpts from the PHILIPPINE

“Chapter III - Methods of Liquid Waste Disposal

Sec. 50. Liquid Waste Disposal.

Wastewater from manufacturing plants, industries, community, ordomestic

“Sec. 70. Effluent Water Quality Requirements.

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Treatment Process and its Expected Performance

✓ Revised Effluent Regulations - DAO no. 35 Series of 1990

1. All water pollution control facilities/installations shall be properly and consistently

2. No industrial or manufacturing plant shall be operated without the control

3. No industrial or manufacturing plant or source of pollution shall be operated at

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

✓ Sewerage And Sanitation Provisions (Industrial Hygiene) - Excerpts from DOH

✓ Wastewater Provisions - Excerpts from the National Plumbing Code (1993-1994

“Chapter 5 - General Regulations, Instructions and Requirements

Article V - Industrial Wastes

1. Wastes detrimental to the public sewer system or detrimental to the functioning of

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Why is there for a need for Clean Water Act?

Polluted water contributes 31% to causes of illnesses to Filipinos. It is clear that to

Government Agencies Involved

• The Department of Agriculture shall formulate guidelines for the re-use of

• The Department of Education, Commission on Higher Education,

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

DAO – 2016-08: WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES AND

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Class C 1. Fishery Water for propagation and growth of fish and

Section 6.0 Water Quality Guidelines

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

6.1 Guidelines for Water Quality (Freshwater and Marine Waters)

Table 4. Water Quality Guidelines for Secondary Parameters - Inorganics

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Table 5. Water Quality Guidelines for Secondary Parameters – Metals

Table 6. Water Quality Guidelines for Secondary Parameters- Organics

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Section 7.0 General Effluent Standards

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementation Considerations

WW Treatment Objectives, Methods & Implementation

WW Treatment Objectives, Methods & Implementation