Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Cognitive factors

Cognitive factors could possibly affect the student's performance when it comes to class
reporting. It would trigger the student's confidence and somehow builds anxiety. Cognitive
factors such as topic, processing demands, and sensation are the three main factors that affect
students performance that give them the feeling of anxiousness and nervousness during the
class reporting. Reporting is simply sharing the ideas of certain topic but when you don't know
much of the topic you might speak uncomfortably and uncertain to what your saying. As Tisau
and Mai(2015) along with Kasbi and Shirvan(2017) identified that lack of topical knowledge as
the cause of high speaking anxiety that made students speak very little, or not at all, as they
could not think of anything to say, and became unwilling to participate in the speaking
classroom. Furthermore, if they don't know much of information about the certain topic, there's
a possibility that they can't speak well. Students are highly likely to be anxious when they get
input which is above to their capapcity to respond (Mouhoubi-Messadh, 2017), which means
that fear of incomprehension of the content can generate anxiety. In regard to this, Anandri
(2015) stated that the major cause of anxiety experienced by students is the inability to master
the content of comprehensively. Thus, as suggested by Al-Nash et al. (2015), the students must
be allowed to choose their own topics because familiar topics will provide greater
comprehension for them and hence will decrease the level of their anxiety.

The second factor that affects the students performance during class reporting is the processing
demand. Filipinos we're more likely love to speak foreign langauge like english language. We
tend to use it as our daily habit in communicating to others. But we can't deny the fact that
learning to speak a foreign language like english is very hard for us to learn. And so, we study
hard for it so that we could deliver english words in correct pronunciation and can contruct
sentence in correct grammar. As Kasbi and Shirvan(2017), Mukminin et al. (2015),
Rahman(2017), Sadeghi et al. (2013) stated that lack of rich vocabulary and knowledge of
grammar and collocation, particularly in the arrangement of words in a correct order are
linguistic factors that can ruin confidence and can cause the emergence of anxiety. This happens
because students are too concerned with the quality of their appearnace and become worried
about the concequences of failing the course ( Alsowat, 2016).

The last factor that affects the students performance in class reporting or even in oral reciting is
the sensation, specifically the shyness of students. Some of us were still afraid to face people
when it comes to reporting or reciting, we tend to feel uncomfortableness and nervousness. As
(Shyness, by F.A Hampton, London, pg. 124) stated that shyness can cause of a great deal of
mental discomfort and serious handicap in the business of life. To do oral production publicly
can cause shyness, uncomfortable, and worried while speaking in front of others, (Anandri,
2015; Brooks & Wilson, 2015; Raja, 2015).

2.2 Performance Factors

A study of Hanifa(2018) stated that the performance factors covering communication

apprehension and degree of collaboration are the factors affecting the performance of students
in class speaking. A definition from google saying that, communication apprehension is an
individual's level of fear or anxiety with either real or anticipated communication with another
person or group of people. Wherein people with communication apprehension typically have
trouble to speak with others, (Hanifa, 2018). Also, a number of studies verified that extensive
speaking in front of public might causes the students to feel anxious and uncomfortable. A
scholars found that speaking with anxiety most emerged when they had to speak in public
(Anandri, 2015; Rahman, 2017; Raja, 2017). As a consequence, many students tended to feel
uncomfortable, shy, frustrated, and embarassed when speaking in front of others. Moreover,
communication apprehension can cause a barrier to effective communication and hinder the
future development of the individual, (Mc Croskey JC, An Introduction to Rhetorical
Communication, 4th Ed, Englewood cliffs). Another study done by Ramiah(2015) says that,
communication apprehension is a pattern of anxiety which can affect much or all of a student
oral communication, social skills, and self-esteem.

The second factor is the degree of collaboration. Hanifa(2018) stated that performing a speaking
task on your own is generally harder than doing it with classmates because in the former case,
you cannot count on peef support. Furthermore, as students believe the task is going to be
more difficult to deal with, so there is a big chances of increasing of anxiety to the mindset of
students. In regards to this, perform individually makes students more anxious as they might
not gain much input as well as feedback that would help them in improving their performance
(Hanifa, 2018). Another study done by Kasbi and Shirvan(2017) found that the mistakes made
by students would also facilitate their language development if the students received
appropriate feedback from others. Furthermore, Ellis (2015) claimed that language production
will be less threatening if students are able to work in groups where they are under less
pressure to individually produce the language spontaneously.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, locale of the study, sample and sampling technique,
ethical consideration, research instrument, data collection procedures, statistical treatment.
Research Design

This study is descriptive in nature. It involves description, recording, data analysis, and
interpreation of data.

The research design used by this study is descriptive research wherein a purposive process of
data gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating data about prevailing condition, practices,
beliefs, processes, trends, and cause-effect relationship and adequate and accurate
interpretation of data. In addition, data were gathered through survey questionnaires during
data gathering and individual approach of researchers.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in Magallanes National High School located in P-4 Sto Nino
Magallanes Agusan del Norte. It is a school that has a four (4) basic curriculum in Junior High
School, the Science technology and Engineering (STEM), Special Program in the Arts (SPA),
Special Program in Journalism (SPJ), and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC). In Senior High
School, there are eleven (11) strands in grade 11 Senior High the Accountancy,Business, and
Management (ABM), Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), and Science and Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in academic strand. Information Communication
Technology (ICT), General Academic Strand (GAS), Local guiding, Caregiving, Cookery, Electrical
Installation Maintenance (EIM), Shielded Metal Arch Welding (SMAW), and Computer System
Servicing (CSS) in Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) Strand. While there are only five (5)
strands in grade 12 Senior High, in academic strand, Accountancy Business and Management
(ABM), Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), and Science and Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics (STEM). In Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) Strand, Information
Communiction Technology (ICT) and Cookery.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sampling method used by this study were simple random sampling wherein 8 sections to
chose from, the researchers chose at least 10 respondents of every sections of grade 12 senior
highschool.

Ethical Consideration

In conducting the research, the researchers make sure that the ethics in research were being
followed accordingly.
The following are the ethics being followed by the researcher in conducting this study.

Privacy

The personal identity particularly the name of the respondents is voluntary. That's why the
researchers made the names as optional.

Right to withdraw

The respondents has the right to cut out in participating in our study.

Confidentiality

The information gathered by the researchers from the respondents is highly confidential so it
must be keep by the researchers.

Research Instrument

Data Collection Procedures

Statistical Treatment