Class Schedule

Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

7:45 - 8:45
8:45 - 9:45 CAD 411 CAD 411
CAD 218A CAD 218B
9:45 - 10:45 AMT 113K AMT 113K
AE 411
10:45 - 11:45 AE 411 AE 411
Lunch Break
1:00 - 2:00 AMT 113J AMT 113J AE 411
2:00 - 3:00 AE 314/AMT 413 AE 314/AMT 413 AE 314/AMT 413
3:00 - 4:00 AE 414
4:00 - 5:00 CAD 411 AE 414 AE 414
5:00 - 6:00

Classroom of Instruction Subject Codes:

AE 411 - 208/211 AE 411 - Subsonic Aerodynamics

AMT 113 - AMT 113 - Theory of Flight
CAD 411 - Computer Lab CAD 411 - Computer Aided Drafting & Design I
CAD 218 - Computer Lab CAD 218 - Computer Aided Drafting
AE 314/AMT 413 - AE 314/AMT 413 - Thermodynamics
AE 414 - AE 414 - Aeronautical Laboratory
AE 411

Day 1
Introduction

Day 2

History of Aviation

- Beginning: In these times that we live in it is a clear fact that anything heavier than air can fly. We have metallic
tubes flying around and about the sky above us. But exactly a hundred and five years ago humans had nothing but this
rooted instinct imprinted in each and every one of us, curiosity. Humans back then never had the chance to take into
the skies and fly like the birds, but our curiosity pushed us further, destroying the boundaries of human flight.

If we look at the timeline of aviation history, (source wikipedia) it is amazing to note that the study or the desire to fly
traces back to 1700BC, I'm pretty sure you're familiar with the story of Icarus and Daedalus, who in summary, were able
to fly using wings made from feather and wax.

Imprisoned on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea, Daedalus is said to have made wings fastened with wax.
With these wings, they both escaped by flying through the air. However, Icarus, against his father's warnings, flew too
close to the sun; the wax melted, and Icarus fell to his death in the sea.

Daedalus, being Icarus' father while they were in flight warns Icarus to neither fly too low nor too high, so the sea's
dampness would not clog his wings nor the sun's heat melt them.

All early thinking of human flight centered on the imitation of birds. Various unsung ancient and medieval
people fashioned wings and met with sometimes disastrous and always unsuccessful consequences in leaping
from towers or roofs, flapping vigorously.

In time, the idea of strapping a pair of wings to arms fell out of favor. It was replaced by the concept of wings
flapped up and down by various mechanical mechanisms, powered by some type of human arm, leg, or body
movement.
These machines are called ornithopters. Recent historical research has uncovered that Leonardo da Vinci
himself was possessed by the idea of human flight and that he designed vast numbers of ornithopters toward
the end of the fifteenth century. In his surviving manuscripts, over 35,000 words and 500 sketches deal with
flight.

It is not known whether da Vinci ever built or tested any of his designs. However, human-powered flight by
flapping wings was always doomed to failure. In this sense, da Vinci's efforts did not make important
contributions to the technical advancement of flight.
Human efforts to fly literally got off the ground on November 21, 1783, when a balloon carrying Pilatre de Rozier and
the Marquis d' Arlandes ascended into the air and drifted 5 miles across Paris.

So people were finally off the ground! Balloons. Made no real technical contributions to human heavier-than-air flight.
However, they served a major purpose in triggering the public's interest in flight through the air.

One notable study was of Sir George Cayley considered to be the father of Aeronautics, a British inventor who set forth
the concept of modern airplane as a fixed wing flying machine rather than a movable wing. He is noted for discovering
and identifying the forces which acts on a heavier than air flying vehicle, namely Lift, Drag and Thrust. Take note, he
discovered this only in 1799.

It was the first concept to include a fixed wing for generating lift, another separate mechanism for propulsion (Cayley
envisioned paddles), and a combined horizontal and vertical (cruciform) tail for stability.

Before this time, thoughts of mechanical flight had been oriented towards the flapping wings of ornithopters, where the
flapping motion was supposed to provide both lift and propulsion.
One notable study was of Sir George Cayley considered to be the father of Aeronautics, a British inventor who set forth
the concept of modern airplane as a fixed wing flying machine rather than a movable wing. He is noted for discovering
and identifying the forces which acts on a heavier than air flying vehicle, namely Lift, Drag and Thrust. Take note, he
discovered this only in 1799.

It was the first concept to include a fixed wing for generating lift, another separate mechanism for propulsion (Cayley
envisioned paddles), and a combined horizontal and vertical (cruciform) tail for stability.

Before this time, thoughts of mechanical flight had been oriented towards the flapping wings of ornithopters, where the
flapping motion was supposed to provide both lift and propulsion.

However, Cayley is responsible for breaking this unsuccessful line of thought; he separated the concept of lift from
propulsion and, in so doing, set into motion a century of aeronautical development that culminated in the Wright
brothers' success in 1903. George Cayley is a giant in aeronautical history: he is the parent of modem aviation and is the
first true aeronautical engineer.

THE INTERREGNUM-FROM 1853 TO 1891

William Samuel Henson (1812-1888) was a contemporary of Cayley. In April 1843, he published in England a design for a
fixed-wing airplane powered by a steam engine driving two propellers. Called the aerial steam carriage.

Henson's design was a direct product of George Cayley's ideas and research in aeronautics. The aerial steam carriage
was never built, but the design, along with its widely published pictures, served to engrave George Cayley's fixed-wing
concept on the minds of virtually all subsequent workers. Thus, even though Cayley's published papers fell into
obscurity after his death, his major concepts were partly absorbed and perpetuated by following generations of
inventors, even though most of these inventors did not know the true source of the ideas

John Stringfellow, a friend of Henson, made several efforts to bring Henson's design to fruition. Stringfellow built several
small steam engines and attempted to power some model monoplanes off the ground. He was close, but unsuccessful
During this period, almost all other countries have developed their own airplanes based on the design of George
Cayley, it may have actually flown but only for a couple of seconds, they were not flying, they were only hopping.

According to aviation historians, the criteria are as follows:

-The airplane must sustain itself freely in a horizontal or rising flight path without loss of airspeed
-It must be influenced by any momentum build up before it left the ground (Airspeed must be increasing)
- The machine can be kept in satisfactory equilibrium, must have full controllability.

1848 Otto Lilienthal - The Glider Man: Used the concept of the George Cayley's fixed wing aircraft to make a glider, thus
furthering the development of flight controls, Otto Lilienthal used cambered airfoil shapes on the wing and incorporated
vertical and horizontal tails for stability.

Lilienthal made over 2500 successful glider flights.

On Sunday, August 9, 1896, Lilienthal was gliding from the Gollenberg hill near Stollen in Germany. It was a fine
summer's day. However, a temporary gust of wind brought Lilienthal's monoplane glider to a standstill; he stalled and
crashed to the ground. Only the wing was crumpled; the rest of the glider was undamaged. However, Lilienthal was
carried away with a broken spine. He died the next day in the Bergmann Clinic in Berlin. During the course of his life,
Lilienthal remarked several times that "sacrifices must be made." This epitaph is carved on his gravestone in Lichterfelde
cemetery.

Came forth the nineteenth Century, where the industrial revolution came to play. During most of the nineteenth
century, powered flight was looked upon in a brute-force manner: build an engine strong enough to drive an airplane,
slap it on an airframe strong enough to withstand the forces and generate the lift, and presumably you could get into
the air.

Octave Chanute (1832-1910), a French-born naturalized citizen who lived in Chicago. Chanute was a civil engineer who
became interested in mechanical flight about 1875. For the next 35 years, he collected, absorbed, and assimilated every
piece of aeronautical information he could find. This culminated in 1894 with the publishing of his book entitled
Progress in Flying Machines, a work that ranks with Lilienthal's Der Vogeljlug as one of the great classics in aeronautics.

There's another Pre-Wright Brother's Aeronautical Engineer, named Samuel Pierpont Langley, (1834-1906) tirelessly
designing and building a series of powered aircraft, which finally culminated in two attempted piloted flights, both in
1903, just weeks before the Wrights' success on December 17.He designed an aircraft fitted with an engine that can
produce 52.4 hp, he made a successful flight with a quarter scale model aircraft in the August of 1903, Encouraged by
this success, Langley stepped directly to the full-size airplane.

October 7, 1903, the airplane was ready for its first attempt. The launching was given wide advance publicity, and the
press was present to watch what might be the first successful powered flight in history, but it still failed, he tried again
and still failed.

Nine days after Langley's second failure, December 17 1903 the Wright Flyer 1 rose from the sands of Kill Devil Hills.
Flying as high as 852 ft and remaining in the air for 59 s
 produce 52.4 hp, he made a successful flight with a quarter scale model aircraft in the August of 1903, Encouraged by
this success, Langley stepped directly to the full-size airplane.

October 7, 1903, the airplane was ready for its first attempt. The launching was given wide advance publicity, and the
press was present to watch what might be the first successful powered flight in history, but it still failed, he tried again
and still failed.

Nine days after Langley's second failure, December 17 1903 the Wright Flyer 1 rose from the sands of Kill Devil Hills.
Flying as high as 852 ft and remaining in the air for 59 s

Moving forward exactly a 105 years later, it's amazing that we didnt follow the words of Daedalus, for once again he
said, But amazingly as human as we can be, we did not heed the words of Daedalus.

Neither fly too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog your wings nor the sun's heat melt them.

Instead, in our modern day, we made airplanes which can fly as close to the sun, and can fly low too close to the water.
We have seaplanes, we have spacecrafts and we have our regular airplanes flying around and about.

So the thing here is, flying was only made possible by only two human characteristics, and that is Curiosity
and Hard Headedness.

I'm not saying that.... but I want you to have the hard headedness to learn.

Day 2

Theory of Flight
Let us further look at the principles of flight, and that's what we will tackle today. The general concept is this, in order for
airplane to fly it must overcome its own weight by generating enough airspeed to lift the airplane and to overcome the
resisting force as a result of air flowing through an object to keep the aircraft moving forward.

So with our study of aerodynamics back in 3rd year, we all know that there are only just 4 forces involved to make flight
possible, and these are

Weight - Is the force of gravity. It acts in a downward direction towards the center of the earth.
Thrust - Thrust is the force that propels the machine forward.
Theory of Flight
Let us further look at the principles of flight, and that's what we will tackle today. The general concept is this, in order for
airplane to fly it must overcome its own weight by generating enough airspeed to lift the airplane and to overcome the
resisting force as a result of air flowing through an object to keep the aircraft moving forward.

So with our study of aerodynamics back in 3rd year, we all know that there are only just 4 forces involved to make flight
possible, and these are

Weight - Is the force of gravity. It acts in a downward direction towards the center of the earth.
Thrust - Thrust is the force that propels the machine forward.
Drag - It is the consequence of thrust, by newton's third law. (We'll get back to this later). If we also look at Drag,
microscopically, it is caused by frictin and the differences in air pressure.
Lift - Is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction of motion through the air. Lift is created by the differences in air
pressure.

Now the secret to flying is found only in Newton's Laws of Motion

The whole principle of flight is really just the Newton's law in action. Now look closely,
Newton's Laws

1st: Law of Inertia

2nd: Law of Acceleration
3rd: Action and Reaction

So picture this:

Airplane just there on the runway not moving or anything. Does it move if I do nothing? or Does it remain in its current st
we push or pull on that aircraft? No right? A clear proof of Newton's Law of Inertia.

Now as we turn on the engine and max out the power, there is a pushing force generated by the engine, and that pushing
force is being generated by the acceleration of the aircraft. That's Newton's Second Law

and lastly as the aircraft starts to rolls down the runway, that exact same force is generating a reaction force called: Drag,
inorder to move that aircraft Thrust must be greater than drag.

Now this inequality of forces enables the aircraft to fly.

But nature abhors inequality, nature always seeks equilibrium.

So although we say Thrust is greater than drag, and Lift is greater than Weight, especially during take off, eventually thing
stabilize and equilibrium will take place, the aircraft will be in a stabilized climb that it will continue to climb if there is no
action done upon.

So after the aircraft takes off, and establishes itself on a cruise, here things becomes much more interesting, as the airplan
on a cruise all the other forces are in equilibrium, Lift = Weight, this can be easily noted because the aircraft isn't climbing
anymore it is maintaining altitude, Thrust = Drag, this can be noted by checking the airplane's speed, it isn't changing it is
constant state, therefore the 4 forces are in equilibrium, so it's back to the original state of which the airplane is just there
the runway, nothing is happening!

But why is it the the airplane is still flying, why isn't it stopping in its motion?
Ill give you a moment to think about it.
give up?

The answer goes back to Newton's laws

Law of inertia, again if an object is at rest it will remain at rest unless it is disturbed, and the object will remain at motion
unless it is disturbed.
the runway, nothing is happening!

But why is it the the airplane is still flying, why isn't it stopping in its motion?
Ill give you a moment to think about it.
give up?

The answer goes back to Newton's laws

Law of inertia, again if an object is at rest it will remain at rest unless it is disturbed, and the object will remain at motion
unless it is disturbed.

So if someone asks you how is it possible that an airplane can fly and remain in the air without falling, just tell them it's ju
basic physics :)

Alright, so now since we're on the topic of Subsonic Aerodynamics let us first go back to the basics in order for us to have
fixed view of what we are studying.

Now everytime I ask you to simply imagine the airplane or everytime you answer questions involving aerodynamics I wan
to think about the airplane as just 1 whole airfoil.

Why? because from the very definition of an airfoil, it is any structure around which air flows in a manner that is useful in
flight. So everything about the aircraft is an airfoil!

I'm telling you this now because I want you to have a clear concept of what is really happening on the airplane in flight. So
now let us look into the topic of the interaction of the airfoil with the wind.

If a sphere is placed in a moderate flow of air, the air flows arond the sphere somewhat in the manner in my drawing. So t
imagine it clearly, let us think about the passing air as these lines, or should I say streamlines

As the speed of the flow of air increases, the streamline gradually stops following the contour of the sphere, this is mainly
because of the law of conservation of mass (what comes in must go out at the same time), the streamlines takes a shortcu

As we further increase the flow of air, the streamlines grow more far apart creating a wide space behind the sphere, and t
is called separation, the streamlines detaches itself from the sphere, and some of the air escapes into the void creating a
disturbance in the force, and we call this reaction force as drag.

Now it has been found by countless of Wind tunnel experiments that if the sphere is made in this manner, the streamline
however fast the airflow is the streamlines would still follow the contour of the object.

So think about the fish, many fish are thus obviously streamlined maybe simply because of natural selection or because th
needed to escape quickly.

Now that is the job of aeronautical engineers, almost every part of the aircraft must be streamlined so that nothing would
produce drag.

So of all the parts of the aircraft which is the most airfoil looking part?
The wing, it is definitely obvious as to why the wing must have the complete airfoil shape, there's got to be no compromis

Can somebody explain why?

Mainly because the sole purpose of the wing is to produce lift! The wing's shape must produce lift with the least amount
drag generated.

The lift in the wing is mainly produced by either the curvature, or the angle of attack.
So how is the wing actually making lift, now I want you to imagine a Waterskiing person, how does the water skii manage
carry that person above the water this is what happens.

The lift in the wing is mainly produced by either the curvature, or the angle of attack.

Having this in mind let us move forward to the next part of our lesson which is Airfoil Parts and Nomenclature

There are various types of airfoils but we have atleast 3 common types and these are the

Symmetrical Airfoil

Unsymmetrical Airfoil

Airfoil with convex upper surface and concave lower surface.

There are various types of airfoils but we have atleast 3 common types and these are the

Symmetrical Airfoil

Unsymmetrical Airfoil

Airfoil with convex upper surface and concave lower surface.

Now if we look at the airplane at a side view we will notice that there is an angle between the chord line and the longitud
axis of the airplane and that is called angle of incidence

By the way when we study airfoils it makes no difference whether the plane or airfoil is flying through stationary air or the
plane is stationary and air flows past it. What matters is the direction of the air relative to the plane or airfoil. Therefore
whenever we think of airfoil it doesn't matter if the airplane is moving forward, or the wind is blowing over the airplane, i
still the same wind. That's the very definition of Relative Wind.

And the angle between the chord of an airfoil section and the direction of the relative wind is called angle of attack.

So then we have defined as how the AOA influences lift, let us now look into the the second main influencer of lift and tha
Camber, or the curvature of that wing, how does it influence lift?

In Summary...

Assignment..

Define NACA. Research about how to read NACA 4, 5, and 6 series

Day 3
Last week we've talked about the history of flight and about how flight is made possible in general. So now today we will
deeply into the concept of Lift.

So today let us begin with imagining an airfoil, surrounded by air molecules. We all know that everything around us has m
and everything that has mass is being pulled down by gravity. As a result, this airfoil is experiencing the force of gravity of
air molecules or simply say the weight of the air molecules around it. This airfoil experiences forces hitting on it on all
directions and in all areas, it is being compressed or crushed by these forces.

In this regard this airfoil is experiencing pressure. What is the very definition of pressure again? (Let the class answer)
Exactly. But since this airfoil isn't moving through the air, or that the air around this airfoil isn't moving, this type of pressu
is what we call static pressure. And static pressure is solely based on the altitude of which we are at, this static pressure is
based on pressure altitude.

As we move the airfoil forward, by newton's 3rd law the reaction to this rearward movement of air is what we call thrust.
how is lift generated here on our airfoil? That is the underlying question here.

To answer that, let us go back to 1700, and revisit the life of a mathematician famous for his work on Fluid Dynamics, a
person named Daniel Bernoulli. Now what Bernoulli realized in 1738 is that the pressure of a fluid flowing through a tube
decreases as velocity increases. So this is how he realized that.

Draw something

At the constrictions, the velocity of the fluid speeds up, and the pressure on that region decreases. The pressure that we
talking about here is the static pressure. It is actually because there are only a few air molecules that would hit the surfac
the tube as they are being pushed away quickly towards the exit, all the other air molecules have been converted to dyna
pressure as they are being hurled towards the exit.

To put this mathematically,

pressure as they are being hurled towards the exit.

To put this mathematically,

We know that Bernoulli's Equation is in the form of,

Total Pressure = Static Pressure + Dynamic Pressure.

So in the first part of our stream tube, our static pressure is 101325 N/m2, now since the fluid is flowing, it has a velocity
let's say 52m/s at sea level our density is 1.225 kg/m3

So in the first part of our stream tube, the Total pressure is 102981 N/m2
Now in the part where there is a restriction,

We know that there is a decrease in static pressure, and an increase in velocity, now see what happens with our total
pressure.

Say for example at this point the velocity increases to 104 m/s and that the static pressure decreases to 96357 N/m2

What is our resulting total pressure?

It is still the same! Now this is what i'm saying, even though niincrease ang velocity sa fluid, pero ang total pressure na
naexperience sa tube will always be the same throughout the tube, except that they are only being converted to different
forms of energy. Ngano mani sir? It is because our world is simply obeying 2 fundamental laws which is the First Law of
Thermodynamics called Law of Conservation of Energy and the Law of Conservation of Mass.

But enough about that, let us go back to our airfoil so the reason I tried to explain that is because, the whole bernoulli's
principle is acting on our airfoil. Over the top of the airfoil, as the airfoil flies through the air, the air molecules speeds up
order to catch up witht the lower half of the airfoil thus reducing the static pressure at that part, contrary to the bottom p
yes although there is still a decrease of static pressure since this part of the airfoil isn't perfectly flat, but the reduction in
static pressure over the top part is greater than the lower part, thus creating a pressure differential in the airfoil. So if mas
dako ang pressure sa ubos compare sa taas, asa man padulong atong airfoil?

There's another thing that contributes to lift, now as the air flows through our airfoil, diba mufollow man sila sa contour s
atong airfoil, therefore since ang atong airfoil kai ingun ani ug form, air is forced rush downwards, as a result or as a reacti
to this donward rushing of air, we have also created lift.

Now this lift force isn't felt at only one point of our airfoil, it takes effect on all areas of our airfoil, Lift acts like pressure to
airfoil, the point at which all these pressure acts what we call Center of Pressure. Now kini si center of pressure importan
kaayo ni sya kay silbi mao ni syay isa sa muhatag ug balance sa ato pag fly.

So this is where it gets more interesting class, can anyone remember the very definition of angle of attack? Okay right, we
know that if change nako ang angle of attack sa ako airfoil, muincrease si lift?

So how does this work?

The whole concept works like bernoulli's principle, so if mao ni sya si airfoil the more ta muincrease ug angle of attack, th
more marestricted ang top portion sa ato airfoil the more muincrease si dynamic pressure, the more mudecrease si static
pressure, therefore more lift. So we can say sir ato nalang iraise ug maayo ang atong AOA para mutaas jud ato lift, kai the
more taas ang atong angle of attack like say greater than 16 degrees, there will be lesser air makasulod sa top portion and
that air forces itself sa top portion sa ato airfoil, maturbulent nana sya unya museparate nana sya sa ato airfoil thus creati
lesser dynamic pressure, and therefore mas dako nag static pressure above the wing, wala nay lift ma generate, and this
phenomenon is what we call stall, and the angle of attack before the stall is called critical angle of attack.

Draw LIFT vs AOA

 pressure, therefore more lift. So we can say sir ato nalang iraise ug maayo ang atong AOA para mutaas jud ato lift, kai the
more taas ang atong angle of attack like say greater than 16 degrees, there will be lesser air makasulod sa top portion and
that air forces itself sa top portion sa ato airfoil, maturbulent nana sya unya museparate nana sya sa ato airfoil thus creati
lesser dynamic pressure, and therefore mas dako nag static pressure above the wing, wala nay lift ma generate, and this
phenomenon is what we call stall, and the angle of attack before the stall is called critical angle of attack.

Draw LIFT vs AOA

But there is another consequence, remember center of pressure, it is where lift acts on the airfoil, as you increase the ang
of attack, the center of pressure moves from the trailing edge towards the leading edge, now as we increase our angle of
attack towards the critical angle of attack, it reaches its peak, and then the CP drastically moves back towards the leading
edge and stays there forcing your airfoil to point at a nose dive direction during the stall.

Draw CP vs AOA

Day 3
Aerodynamic Force Derivation

-4 forces acting in flight, one is weight brought about by the force of gravity affecting the aircraft's mass, second we have
brought about by the engine, and the other 2 are what we call aerodynamic forces, and these are lift and drag. Lift and D

It has been noted by countless of Wind tunnel experiments that 7 factors affecting aerodynamic forces
and these are:
>Airstream Velocity
>Air Density
>Shape or Profile of the Surface
>Angle of Attack
>Surface Area
>Condition of the surface
>Compressibility Effects

We can categorize the following in 3 categories

>Dynamic Pressure (As we increase the velocity of the airplane we are increasing the kinetic energy, representation
>Pressure Distribution represented by our Cl
>Surface Area

and these factors are expressed by the following equation:

> F = Q S Cl

since Lift is an Aerodynamic force it follows that lift is also equal to the original equation.
Now most of the time guys our aircraft will fly in a straight and level flight, which means si all forces kay balanced, now sin
jud na ang fact kay it's impossible na pirmi rata take off or pirmi rata descent, so the true goal of our lift is to have enough
support weight and let inertia just do its thing diba? So most of the time si Lift force constant rajud sya.

I also want you to consider without question the following truths:

and these factors are expressed by the following equation:
> F = Q S Cl

since Lift is an Aerodynamic force it follows that lift is also equal to the original equation.

Now most of the time guys our aircraft will fly in a straight and level flight, which means si all forces kay balanced, now sin
jud na ang fact kay it's impossible na pirmi rata take off or pirmi rata descent, so the true goal of our lift is to have enough
support weight and let inertia just do its thing diba? So most of the time si Lift force constant rajud sya.

I also want you to consider without question the following truths:

>The Amount of Lift Reqd is Equal to the Amount of Weight
>When generating the required lift force the less drag the better, because drag has to be balanced by thrust thrust
money
>The value of lift divided by drag is a measure of aerodynamic efficiency, this has a maximum value at the most optim
of attack, and in modern wings it is approximately at 4 degrees
>Air density gets thinner as altitude increases

So let us relate these truths sa atong lift equation, going back what happens if one of these factors change? like sa for exa
density. Now this density right here is the density of air molecules at a certain altitude. Now say for example if we fly or if
to cruise at 40, 000 ft how do we maintain a constant Lift if air density decreases?

At 40,000 ft ang value sa density kay 1/4 nalang sa sea level density. So the only thing we can adjust here is the velocity

Look closely, Ex.

L = 3000 Pa, density 1.225 kg/m3, Cl = 0.15 and S = 50 m2, so at sea level V = 25.555

if we want to cruise at 40,000 ft and maintain the same lift, see what happens.
L = 3000 Pa, density = 0.30625, CL = 0.15 and S = 50 m2, so at 40, 000 ft V = 51.11

So ang relation diay is that if we want to have a constant lift force at when cruising from one altitude to the other, it is ver
important to change the velocity of our aircraft accordingly.

There is one other important relationship that the Lift formula describes.

and that is between speed and angle of attack

If we are flying at a constant altitude, and we want to maintaing that altitude, meaning si lift must be maintained. But we
let's say doubled our speed, how do we maintain a constant lift?

L = 3000 Pa, density 1.225kg/m3, Cl = 0.15, S = 50m2 V = 25.555

L = 3000 Pa, density 1.225kg/m3, Cl = X, S = 50 m2 V = 51.11 , Cl becomes 1/4 of its original value.

So as speed is changed in this situation, in order for us to maintain lift and maintain altitude, AOA must be adjusted to kee
constant.

With all these in mind, let's do a quick seat work to see how you guys are understanding the lesson.
Day 4
Day 5
9:45 to 10:45am - Special Quiz for those who weren't able to take the exams.
10:45 to 11:45am - Explaining of answers and solution

Types of Airspeed

-Show how Pitot-Static Tube works

Indicated Airspeed or Dynamic Pressure - 1/2(rho)v2

Equivalent Airspeed - Calibrated by using the standard sea-level value
True Airspeed - True airspeed is the speed of your aircraft relative to the air it's flying through. As you climb, true airs
higher than your indicated airspeed. Pressure decreases with higher altitudes, so for any given true airspeed, as you climb
and fewer air molecules will enter the pitot tube. Because of that, indicated airspeed will be less than true airspeed.
Calibrated Airspeed - Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and positional errors.

Assignment

Research:
-Wing Geometry
-Wing Aspect Ratio formulas
-Finite vs Infinite Wing

Short bondpaper

Tahoma 12pt.

Same format

email to kenguanzon.caci@gmail.com
an air can fly. We have metallic
o humans had nothing but this
er had the chance to take into
daries of human flight.

t the study or the desire to fly

alus, who in summary, were able

made wings fastened with wax.

his father's warnings, flew too

w nor too high, so the sea's

ung ancient and medieval

ssful consequences in leaping

aced by the concept of wings

e of human arm, leg, or body

d that Leonardo da Vinci

mbers of ornithopters toward
and 500 sketches deal with

r, human-powered flight by
not make important

carrying Pilatre de Rozier and

o human heavier-than-air flight.

h the air.

a British inventor who set forth

ing. He is noted for discovering
ag and Thrust. Take note, he

hanism for propulsion (Cayley

.

wings of ornithopters, where the

 a British inventor who set forth
ing. He is noted for discovering
ag and Thrust. Take note, he

hanism for propulsion (Cayley

.

wings of ornithopters, where the

ated the concept of lift from

t culminated in the Wright
ent of modem aviation and is the

ublished in England a design for a

steam carriage.

tics. The aerial steam carriage

ave George Cayley's fixed-wing
ublished papers fell into
following generations of
as

ruition. Stringfellow built several

He was close, but unsuccessful
based on the design of George
, they were only hopping.

f airspeed
ust be increasing)

ng aircraft to make a glider, thus

pes on the wing and incorporated

n Germany. It was a fine

r to a standstill; he stalled and
ged. However, Lilienthal was
During the course of his life,
on his gravestone in Lichterfelde

ng most of the nineteenth

g enough to drive an airplane,
presumably you could get into

anute was a civil engineer who

absorbed, and assimilated every
hing of his book entitled
he great classics in aeronautics.

angley, (1834-1906) tirelessly

mpted piloted flights, both in
tted with an engine that can
August of 1903, Encouraged by

ide advance publicity, and the

but it still failed, he tried again

m the sands of Kill Devil Hills.

August of 1903, Encouraged by

ide advance publicity, and the

but it still failed, he tried again

m the sands of Kill Devil Hills.

Daedalus, for once again he

he sun's heat melt them.

n fly low too close to the water.

d and about.

istics, and that is Curiosity

neral concept is this, in order for an

airplane and to overcome the
ward.

4 forces involved to make flight

earth.
neral concept is this, in order for an
airplane and to overcome the
ward.

4 forces involved to make flight

earth.

. If we also look at Drag,

s created by the differences in air

or Does it remain in its current state if

d by the engine, and that pushing

ting a reaction force called: Drag, and

during take off, eventually things will

l continue to climb if there is no

h more interesting, as the airplane is

because the aircraft isn't climbing
ane's speed, it isn't changing it is in a
of which the airplane is just there on

the object will remain at motion

the object will remain at motion

thout falling, just tell them it's just

the basics in order for us to have a

ons involving aerodynamics I want you

ows in a manner that is useful in

ening on the airplane in flight. So

n the manner in my drawing. So to

ines

ntour of the sphere, this is mainly

e), the streamlines takes a shortcut

de space behind the sphere, and this

escapes into the void creating a

de in this manner, the streamlines,

of natural selection or because they

treamlined so that nothing would

e, there's got to be no compromise.

oduce lift with the least amount of

how does the water skii manage to

ts and Nomenclature
n the chord line and the longitudinal

ying through stationary air or the

o the plane or airfoil. Therefore
nd is blowing over the airplane, it is

nd is called angle of attack.

ond main influencer of lift and that is

in general. So now today we will look

that everything around us has mass,

periencing the force of gravity of the
nces forces hitting on it on all

again? (Let the class answer)

l isn't moving, this type of pressure
h we are at, this static pressure is

ment of air is what we call thrust. But

his work on Fluid Dynamics, a

of a fluid flowing through a tube

decreases. The pressure that we are

olecules that would hit the surface of
ules have been converted to dynamic
 fluid is flowing, it has a velocity of

what happens with our total

re decreases to 96357 N/m2

uid, pero ang total pressure na

only being converted to different
l laws which is the First Law of
Mass.

s because, the whole bernoulli's

air, the air molecules speeds up in
hat part, contrary to the bottom part
erfectly flat, but the reduction in
differential in the airfoil. So if mas

a mufollow man sila sa contour sa

wnwards, as a result or as a reaction

ur airfoil, Lift acts like pressure to our

ini si center of pressure important

of angle of attack? Okay right, we

muincrease ug angle of attack, the

re, the more mudecrease si static
A para mutaas jud ato lift, kai the
air makasulod sa top portion and as
nana sya sa ato airfoil thus creating
la nay lift ma generate, and this
l angle of attack.
A para mutaas jud ato lift, kai the
air makasulod sa top portion and as
nana sya sa ato airfoil thus creating
la nay lift ma generate, and this
l angle of attack.

he airfoil, as you increase the angle

now as we increase our angle of
moves back towards the leading

aircraft's mass, second we have thrust

these are lift and drag. Lift and Drag

dynamic forces

e kinetic energy, representation of KE)

.
si all forces kay balanced, now since mao
goal of our lift is to have enough lift to
stant rajud sya.
.

si all forces kay balanced, now since mao

goal of our lift is to have enough lift to
stant rajud sya.

o be balanced by thrust thrust cost

maximum value at the most optimum angle

ese factors change? like sa for example si

Now say for example if we fly or if we want

e can adjust here is the velocity

one altitude to the other, it is very

i lift must be maintained. But we increased

nal value.

ude, AOA must be adjusted to keep lift

the lesson.
g through. As you climb, true airspeed is
given true airspeed, as you climb, fewer
l be less than true airspeed.
and positional errors.
CAD 411

Day 1
Introduction

Review of the Commands

Tracing an Aircraft

Homework:

On short bond paper, list all basic CAD commands and its
respective functions.

Day 2

Pick an aircraft, Write an introduction about the selected aircraft.

Must include:
Aircraft Name
Take off Weight
Cruising Speed
Range
Ceiling
Number of Passengers
Number of Engines
Name of Engine Manufacturer
Introduce the Standard Format
AMT 113

Day 1
Introduce myself to the class

Engr. Ken Guanzon, 22, from Guadalupe Cebu City.

I am actually from Iligan City, I only moved here because of work. I
graduated last April of 2018, took the Aeronautical Engineering
Board Exams, last November of 2018 and made it to 4th place in
that exams. But you can't see me on the tarpauline outside the
school, I may have studied here at Cebu Aeronatical Technical School
but I transferred to Manila back in 2015 to continue my studies, at
Philippine State College of Aeronautics Pasay and didto ko ni
Graduate.

Believe it or not I have 3 licenses, my engineer's license, my student

pilot license, and my driver's license. Joke. Anyway, I am also a
student pilot at Airworks Aviation Academy with 53 hours of flying.

Right now, I am currently your instructor for AMT 113 - Theory of

Flight and I will try my best to teach you what I know based on the
knowledge I gained from studying and in the actual experience of
flying.

All I ask from you is your cooperation in complying whatever I would

like for you to comply in this subject.

Let them introduce themselves to you.

Why choose AMT?

What makes an airplane fly?

Grading System.

10% Attendance
20% Class Participation - Recitations, Reportings, Seatworks
30% Quizzes
40% Exams

First Homework:

Read and study chapter 1 of Introduction to Flight by John D

Anderson, 3rd Edition.
Day 2
History of Aviation

- Beginning: In these times that we live in it is a clear fact that anything heavier than air can fly. We have metallic
tubes flying around and about the sky above us. But exactly a hundred and five years ago humans had nothing but this
rooted instinct imprinted in each and every one of us, curiosity. Humans back then never had the chance to take into
the skies and fly like the birds, but our curiosity pushed us further, destroying the boundaries of human flight.
If we look at the timeline of aviation history, (source wikipedia) it is amazing to note that the study or the desire to fly
traces back to 1700BC, I'm pretty sure you're familiar with the story of Icarus and Daedalus, who in summary, were able
to fly using wings made from feather and wax.

Imprisoned on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea, Daedalus is said to have made wings fastened with wax.
With these wings, they both escaped by flying through the air. However, Icarus, against his father's warnings, flew too
close to the sun; the wax melted, and Icarus fell to his death in the sea.

Daedalus, being Icarus' father while they were in flight warns Icarus to neither fly too low nor too high, so the sea's
dampness would not clog his wings nor the sun's heat melt them.

All early thinking of human flight centered on the imitation of birds. Various unsung ancient and medieval
people fashioned wings and met with sometimes disastrous and always unsuccessful consequences in leaping
from towers or roofs, flapping vigorously.

In time, the idea of strapping a pair of wings to arms fell out of favor. It was replaced by the concept of wings
flapped up and down by various mechanical mechanisms, powered by some type of human arm, leg, or body
movement.

These machines are called ornithopters. Recent historical research has uncovered that Leonardo da Vinci
himself was possessed by the idea of human flight and that he designed vast numbers of ornithopters toward
the end of the fifteenth century. In his surviving manuscripts, over 35,000 words and 500 sketches deal with
flight.

It is not known whether da Vinci ever built or tested any of his designs. However, human-powered flight by
flapping wings was always doomed to failure. In this sense, da Vinci's efforts did not make important
contributions to the technical advancement of flight.
Human efforts to fly literally got off the ground on November 21, 1783, when a balloon carrying Pilatre de Rozier and
the Marquis d' Arlandes ascended into the air and drifted 5 miles across Paris.

So people were finally off the ground! Balloons. Made no real technical contributions to human heavier-than-air flight.
However, they served a major purpose in triggering the public's interest in flight through the air.

One notable study was of Sir George Cayley considered to be the father of Aeronautics, a British inventor who set forth
the concept of modern airplane as a fixed wing flying machine rather than a movable wing. He is noted for discovering
and identifying the forces which acts on a heavier than air flying vehicle, namely Lift, Drag and Thrust. Take note, he
discovered this only in 1799.

It was the first concept to include a fixed wing for generating lift, another separate mechanism for propulsion (Cayley
envisioned paddles), and a combined horizontal and vertical (cruciform) tail for stability.

Before this time, thoughts of mechanical flight had been oriented towards the flapping wings of ornithopters, where the
flapping motion was supposed to provide both lift and propulsion.

However, Cayley is responsible for breaking this unsuccessful line of thought; he separated the concept of lift from
propulsion and, in so doing, set into motion a century of aeronautical development that culminated in the Wright
and identifying the forces which acts on a heavier than air flying vehicle, namely Lift, Drag and Thrust. Take note, he
discovered this only in 1799.

It was the first concept to include a fixed wing for generating lift, another separate mechanism for propulsion (Cayley
envisioned paddles), and a combined horizontal and vertical (cruciform) tail for stability.

Before this time, thoughts of mechanical flight had been oriented towards the flapping wings of ornithopters, where the
flapping motion was supposed to provide both lift and propulsion.

However, Cayley is responsible for breaking this unsuccessful line of thought; he separated the concept of lift from
propulsion and, in so doing, set into motion a century of aeronautical development that culminated in the Wright
brothers' success in 1903. George Cayley is a giant in aeronautical history: he is the parent of modem aviation and is the
first true aeronautical engineer.

THE INTERREGNUM-FROM 1853 TO 1891

William Samuel Henson (1812-1888) was a contemporary of Cayley. In April 1843, he published in England a design for a
fixed-wing airplane powered by a steam engine driving two propellers. Called the aerial steam carriage.

Henson's design was a direct product of George Cayley's ideas and research in aeronautics. The aerial steam carriage
was never built, but the design, along with its widely published pictures, served to engrave George Cayley's fixed-wing
concept on the minds of virtually all subsequent workers. Thus, even though Cayley's published papers fell into
obscurity after his death, his major concepts were partly absorbed and perpetuated by following generations of
inventors, even though most of these inventors did not know the true source of the ideas

John Stringfellow, a friend of Henson, made several efforts to bring Henson's design to fruition. Stringfellow built several
small steam engines and attempted to power some model monoplanes off the ground. He was close, but unsuccessful

During this period, almost all other countries have developed their own airplanes based on the design of George
Cayley, it may have actually flown but only for a couple of seconds, they were not flying, they were only hopping.

According to aviation historians, the criteria are as follows:

-The airplane must sustain itself freely in a horizontal or rising flight path without loss of airspeed
-It must be influenced by any momentum build up before it left the ground (Airspeed must be increasing)
- The machine can be kept in satisfactory equilibrium, must have full controllability.

1848 Otto Lilienthal - The Glider Man: Used the concept of the George Cayley's fixed wing aircraft to make a glider, thus
furthering the development of flight controls, Otto Lilienthal used cambered airfoil shapes on the wing and incorporated
vertical and horizontal tails for stability.

Lilienthal made over 2500 successful glider flights.

On Sunday, August 9, 1896, Lilienthal was gliding from the Gollenberg hill near Stollen in Germany. It was a fine
summer's day. However, a temporary gust of wind brought Lilienthal's monoplane glider to a standstill; he stalled and
crashed to the ground. Only the wing was crumpled; the rest of the glider was undamaged. However, Lilienthal was
carried away with a broken spine. He died the next day in the Bergmann Clinic in Berlin. During the course of his life,
Lilienthal remarked several times that "sacrifices must be made." This epitaph is carved on his gravestone in Lichterfelde
cemetery.

During his time there were 2 school of thought, or philosophical ideas about aviation.

That is the Airmen vs the Chauffer, yes literally a chauffer meant driver but in your assignment what I was asking you to
do is to understand the difference between the 2 aviation philosophical ideas.
For the airmen they believed that flight can only be made possible when people we study about flying and how it
works. We have to have numerous experiments and understand how to control the aircraft once in flight.

But for the chauffer they believed that flying is simply just strapping an engine into your aircraft and once your aircraft
flies it's gonna be just like driving.

but that's not the case...

mura rana syag making a college career decision...

Came forth the nineteenth Century, where the industrial revolution came to play. During most of the nineteenth
century, powered flight was looked upon in a brute-force manner: build an engine strong enough to drive an airplane,
slap it on an airframe strong enough to withstand the forces and generate the lift, and presumably you could get into
the air.

Octave Chanute (1832-1910), a French-born naturalized citizen who lived in Chicago. Chanute was a civil engineer who
but that's not the case...

mura rana syag making a college career decision...

Came forth the nineteenth Century, where the industrial revolution came to play. During most of the nineteenth
century, powered flight was looked upon in a brute-force manner: build an engine strong enough to drive an airplane,
slap it on an airframe strong enough to withstand the forces and generate the lift, and presumably you could get into
the air.

Octave Chanute (1832-1910), a French-born naturalized citizen who lived in Chicago. Chanute was a civil engineer who
became interested in mechanical flight about 1875. For the next 35 years, he collected, absorbed, and assimilated every
piece of aeronautical information he could find. This culminated in 1894 with the publishing of his book entitled
Progress in Flying Machines, a work that ranks with Lilienthal's Der Vogeljlug as one of the great classics in aeronautics.

There's another Pre-Wright Brother's Aeronautical Engineer, named Samuel Pierpont Langley, (1834-1906) tirelessly
designing and building a series of powered aircraft, which finally culminated in two attempted piloted flights, both in
1903, just weeks before the Wrights' success on December 17.He designed an aircraft fitted with an engine that can
produce 52.4 hp, he made a successful flight with a quarter scale model aircraft in the August of 1903, Encouraged by
this success, Langley stepped directly to the full-size airplane.

October 7, 1903, the airplane was ready for its first attempt. The launching was given wide advance publicity, and the
press was present to watch what might be the first successful powered flight in history, but it still failed, he tried again
and still failed.

Nine days after Langley's second failure, December 17 1903 the Wright Flyer 1 rose from the sands of Kill Devil Hills.
Flying as high as 852 ft and remaining in the air for 59 s

Moving forward exactly a 105 years later, it's amazing that we didnt follow the words of Daedalus, for once again he
said, But amazingly as human as we can be, we did not heed the words of Daedalus.

Neither fly too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog your wings nor the sun's heat melt them.

Instead, in our modern day, we made airplanes which can fly as close to the sun, and can fly low too close to the water.
We have seaplanes, we have spacecrafts and we have our regular airplanes flying around and about.

So the thing here is, flying was only made possible by only two human characteristics, and that is Curiosity
and Hard Headedness.

I'm not saying that.... but I want you to have the hard headedness to learn.
can fly. We have metallic
mans had nothing but this
d the chance to take into
of human flight.
study or the desire to fly
who in summary, were able

wings fastened with wax.

ther's warnings, flew too

too high, so the sea's

ncient and medieval

consequences in leaping

by the concept of wings

human arm, leg, or body

t Leonardo da Vinci
s of ornithopters toward
500 sketches deal with
26400
man-powered flight by
make important

ng Pilatre de Rozier and

an heavier-than-air flight.
air.

tish inventor who set forth

e is noted for discovering
d Thrust. Take note, he

m for propulsion (Cayley

of ornithopters, where the

he concept of lift from

inated in the Wright
d Thrust. Take note, he

m for propulsion (Cayley

of ornithopters, where the

he concept of lift from

inated in the Wright
modem aviation and is the

ed in England a design for a

m carriage.

he aerial steam carriage

eorge Cayley's fixed-wing
ed papers fell into
wing generations of

n. Stringfellow built several

as close, but unsuccessful

on the design of George

were only hopping.

eed
e increasing)

craft to make a glider, thus

the wing and incorporated

many. It was a fine

standstill; he stalled and
owever, Lilienthal was
ng the course of his life,
s gravestone in Lichterfelde

t what I was asking you to

out flying and how it

nce in flight.

aft and once your aircraft

st of the nineteenth
ugh to drive an airplane,
mably you could get into

e was a civil engineer who

st of the nineteenth
ugh to drive an airplane,
mably you could get into

e was a civil engineer who

bed, and assimilated every
of his book entitled
eat classics in aeronautics.

, (1834-1906) tirelessly
d piloted flights, both in
with an engine that can
of 1903, Encouraged by

dvance publicity, and the

still failed, he tried again

sands of Kill Devil Hills.

alus, for once again he

n's heat melt them.

ow too close to the water.

about.

and that is Curiosity

AE 314 - AMT 413

Day 1
Introduce myself to the class

Engr. Ken Guanzon, 22, from Guadalupe Cebu City.

I am actually from Iligan City, I only moved here because of work. I
graduated last April of 2018, took the Aeronautical Engineering
Board Exams, last November of 2018 and made it to 4th place in
that exams. But you can't see me on the tarpauline outside the
school, I may have studied here at Cebu Aeronatical Technical School
but I transferred to Manila back in 2015 to continue my studies, at
Philippine State College of Aeronautics Pasay and didto ko ni
Graduate.

Believe it or not I have 3 licenses, my engineer's license, my student

pilot license, and my driver's license. Joke. Anyway, I am also a
student pilot at Airworks Aviation Academy with 53 hours of flying.
Right now, I am currently your instructor for AMT 413 -
Thermodynamics and I will try my best to teach you what I know
based on the knowledge I gained from studying this degree.

All I ask from you is your cooperation in complying whatever I would

like for you to comply in this subject.
Let them introduce themselves to you.

Grading System.

10% Attendance
10% Class Participation - Recitations, Reportings, Seatworks
30% Quizzes
40% Exams

First Homework:

On a 1/2 crosswise yellow paper. Answer the following question:

What is Thermodynamics?
Why is Thermodynamics important.

Day 2

Introduction to Thermodynamics

Today let's talk about the history and importance of Thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships

between heat and other forms of energy. It describes how thermal energy
is converted to and from other forms of energy.
Introduction to Thermodynamics

Today let's talk about the history and importance of Thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships

between heat and other forms of energy. It describes how thermal energy
is converted to and from other forms of energy.

Thermodynamics is important because our lives are interconnected, we

are all part of a system even if we don't know it, we live in a constant
cycle. Microscopically, cells eat, eat breathe, reproduce, and die. They
don't have a brain but they still function according to what they are, every
single cell interacts with its environment, and that cell without knowing
what it really is, is a part of another huge system, like a tissue, or an organ,
now amazingly that tissue or organ which is made up of lots and lots of
cells, interact with its surroundings to form a system without it even
knowing its purpose, systems like our digestive system, our nervous
system and etc, together all those systems create something like us,
animals or what we call humans, and us humans actively interacts with
our environment with our surroundings without even actually realizing it,
us humans we orbit around something or someone, our loved ones. We
breathe, we eat, we have sex, we exchange heat, we exchange
information, we are also part of a system that no one told us to be a part
of. Our whole planet has all kinds of systems and no one dictated our
planet to like follow one, it just happens just the way it is, it orbits around
the sun like all the other planets, it has its own system, it follows that
system, a system of which we call our solar system, and guess what! Our
whole solar system orbits around something massive at the center of our
galaxy, and for all we know our galaxy is also orbiting a much more
massive matter, our galaxy follows its own system! And for all we know it
our galaxy's system is also part of a system.

But nothing, no one ever told us that it is what we should do, no

instruction manual as to how we should operate but it just so happens,
without us even knowing it.

Now this is the main reason why thermodynamics is very important, it is

because the study of thermodynamics helps us realize what is really
happening, and why is it happening. The study of thermodynamics
brought forth 4 Fundamental Laws that really helped us understand our
universe and how it operates, kumbaga si Thermodynamics kai mura syag
manual ba kung unsaon pagbuhat ug universe bitaw pero first part pa lang
na sya kai dako kaayo ang universe unya ang nakanindot sad aning
Thermodynamics ug ang iyang laws, kai constant najud na it somehow
explains our beginning and the end.

All processes which occur in nature and daily life are guided by
Thermodynamic Laws.
Day 2
System:

Now as i've mentioned last time Thermodynamics is important because

everything follows a natural system.

In Thermodynamics the very definition of a system is as follows: It is

defined as any specified portion of matter in the universe which is under
study.

The volume of what's inside the system under study is called control
volume

The allowable mass inside the control volume, is called control mass.

Now, the rest of the universe which might be in a position to exchange

energy and matter with the system is what we call surroundings.

Now what separates the system and the surroundings is what we call as
boundary.

to understand this, I want you to picture out this warm tumbler of coffee,
now the system is the coffee, and the air is the surroundings, and the glass
is the boundary.

Also with our piston, so say for example our piston cylinder has fuel and
air mixture in it.

The system is the fuel and air mixture, the cylinder and the piston forms
the boundary, and outside it is the surroundings.

I'm talking about this because this is how thermodynamics is studied,

system, boundary, surroundings and the interaction between these 3.

The behaviour of the system under study may be investigated from either
a microscopic or a macroscopic point of view

So the difference is that when we say microscopic, it states that the system
under study is in an atomic or subatomic levels.

When we say macroscopic, it states that the system understudy can be

directly observed with its physical properties

It's like forest and trees, ba when you think about it. Macroscopic is the
whole forest, but Microscopic are studying the trees individually.

Now there are 3 types of Thermodynamics systems

>Open: The system can interact with the surroundings exchanging

Mass and Energy
>Closed: The system can only interact with the surroundings by
the exchange of Energy
>Isolated: The system can never interact with the surroundings not
even with the exchange of Energy or the exchange of Mass

And there is also a classification of Thermodynamic Systems:

>Homogenous - Is when all the substances in the system occurs in

only one phase of matter.
Example

>Heterogenous - A system when the substances in a system occurs

the exchange of Energy
>Isolated: The system can never interact with the surroundings not
even with the exchange of Energy or the exchange of Mass

And there is also a classification of Thermodynamic Systems:

>Homogenous - Is when all the substances in the system occurs in

only one phase of matter.
Example

>Heterogenous - A system when the substances in a system occurs

in different phases
Example

What are phases of matter btw

>Solid - In the solid phase the molecules are closely bound to one
another by molecular forces. A solid holds its shape and the volume of
a solid is fixed by the shape of the solid.

>Liquid - In the liquid phase the molecular forces are weaker than in
a solid. A liquid will take the shape of its container with a free surface in a
gravitational field. In microgravity, a liquid forms a ball inside a free
surface. Regardless of gravity, a liquid has a fixed volume.

>Gas - In the gas phase the molecular forces are very weak. A gas
fills its container, taking both the shape and the volume of the container.

>Plasma - A plasma is a fluid, like a liquid or gas, but because of the

charged particles present in a plasma, it responds to and generates
electro-magnetic forces.
matter at the very high temperatures and pressures which typically
occur on the Sun, or during re-entry from space.

In each phase, the substance may occur at various temperature or

pressure or what we call various states .

A thermodynamic state is the condition of the system at a given time, say

for example its pressure and temperature at this time and etc.

Thermodynamics Properties
(2 general classes)
>Intensive: independent of mass, independent of the amount of
matter.
Examples: Boiling point, color, temperature, luster, hardness,
density, every property that has the word "specific" before it
>Extensive: dependent of mass, and the amount of matter.
Examples: Volume, Mass, Size, Weight and Length

The ratio between two extensive properties is an intensive property,

example: Mass and Volume = Density.

Thermodynamic Processes:
Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we say
that a change in state has occurred. And for every change of state there is
what we call a thermodynamic process has occured. For example,
when one of the weights on the piston in Fig. 1.6 is removed, the
piston rises and a change in state occurs, for the pressure decreases and
the specific volume increases. The path of the succession of states
through which the system passes is called the process.

Several processes are described by the fact that one property

remains constant. The prefixiso-isused to describe such a process.
'
An isothermal process is aconstant-temperature process, an
isobaric process is a constant-pressure process, and an isochoric
process is a constant-volume process.

When a system in a given initial state goes through a number of

different changes of state or processes and finally returns to its initial
state, the system has undergone a cycle.

A distinction should be made between a thermodynamic cycle, which

has just been described, and a mechanical cycle. A four-stroke-cycle
internal-combustion engine goes through a mechanical cycle once every
 An isothermal process is aconstant-temperature process, an
isobaric process is a constant-pressure process, and an isochoric
process is a constant-volume process.

When a system in a given initial state goes through a number of

different changes of state or processes and finally returns to its initial
state, the system has undergone a cycle.

A distinction should be made between a thermodynamic cycle, which

has just been described, and a mechanical cycle. A four-stroke-cycle
internal-combustion engine goes through a mechanical cycle once every
two revolutions. However, the working fluid does not go through a
thermodynamic cycle in the engine, since air and fuel are burned and
changed to products of combustion that are exhausted to the atmosphere.

Steam(water)that circulates through a steam powerplant undergoes a

cycle.

Day 3
Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions

UNITS FOR MASS, LENGTH, TIME, AND FORCE

Force and Weight

By Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting
Basic Principles, Concepts, and Definitions

UNITS FOR MASS, LENGTH, TIME, AND FORCE

Force and Weight

By Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting
upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object.

F = ma/k

Define Force:
Now it is by force that we are able to accelerate and object, Newton
realized this and was able to quantify what a force is, and to convert his
statement into a mathematical equation.

k is there as a proportionality constant. Kung binisayon pa para lang

consistent ang equation nato. Kay tungod daghan kaayo tag system of
units naa tay Metric naa tay Imperial

K has different values.

k = 1 if the system of units used are of the following

Force is in Dynes
Mass is in Grams
Acceleration is in cm/s2

Force is in Newtons
Mass is in Kilograms
Acceleration is in m/s2

Force is in Pounds
Mass is in Slugs
Acceleration is in ft/s2

k = 32.174 if the system of units used are of the following

Force and Mass are in lbm - lbf
k = 980.66 if the system of units used are
Force and Mass are in cgm - lbm
k = 9.8066 if the system of units used are
Force and Mass are in kgm - kgf

Mass and Weight

AE 414

Day 1
Attendance

Grading System.

10% Attendance
20% Class Participation - Recitations, Reports, Homework
30% Quizzes
40% Exams

First Homework:

Shortbond paper: Research about george cayley, george cayley's

whirling arm, and the history of wind tunnels.
CAD 411

Day 1
Introduction

Engr. Ken Guanzon, 22, from Guadalupe Cebu City.

I am actually from Iligan City, I only moved here because of work. I
graduated last April of 2018, took the Aeronautical Engineering Board
Exams, last November of 2018 and made it to 4th place in that exams.
But you can't see me on the tarpauline outside the school, I may have
studied here at Cebu Aeronatical Technical School but I transferred to
Manila back in 2015 to continue my studies, at Philippine State College
of Aeronautics Pasay and didto ko ni Graduate.

Believe it or not I have 3 licenses, my engineer's license, my student

pilot license, and my driver's license. Joke. Anyway, I am also a student
pilot at Airworks Aviation Academy.

I am your instructor for CAD 218 - Computer Aided Drafting and I will
try my best to teach you what I know based on the knowledge I gained
from my TESDA certified AutoCAD training back in 2013.

I tell you guys, na engr nalang ko di gihapon ko kabalo mudrawing ug

airplane or even mutrace ug airplane but try me in CADD haha

All I ask from you is your cooperation in complying whatever I would

like for you to comply in this subject.
Let them introduce themselves to you.

Homework:

Basic AutoCAD commands.