Structural Design I: Felix V. Garde, JR

STRUCTURAL DESIGN I
Felix V. Garde, Jr.
April 1, 2018
Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 1 / 55

Basic Theory:
Shear Stresses in an Uncracked Elastic Beam of Rectangular Cross Section

Derivation of Shear Formula
Bending of two separate beams.
Shear stresses on rectangular cross section.

The normal stresses, σ1 and σ2 are,

My
σ1 = −
I
stresses on subelement. (M + dM )y
σ2 = −
I
The normal forces, F1 & F2 are,
Z Z
My
F1 = σ1 dA = dA
I
Z Z
(M + dM )y
F2 = σ2 dA = dA
I
FBD of subelement.

Apply equation of equilibrium,
ΣFx = 0
F1 − F2 + F3 = 0
substitute the values of F1 and F2 ,

stresses on subelement. and simplify
Z
(dM )y
F3 = dA
I
Z
dM
F3 = ydA
I
The force F3 is also equal to
FBD of subelement. F3 = τ bdx

combining the two equations above,

Z
dM 1
τ= ydA
dx Ib
VQ
τ=
Ib
known as the shear formula, where
cross section of beam. Z
Q = y dA

Distribution of Shear Stresses in a Rectangular Beam
The first moment Q of the shaded part is

Z Z h/2
Q= y dA = yb dA
y1
h2

cross section of beam. b
= − y12
2 4
the shear formula, becomes
V h2

2
τ= − y1
2I 4
distribution of shear stress.

Shear Stresses in an Uncracked Elastic Beam
Normal, shear, and principal stresses in a homogeneous uncracked beam.

Stress trajectories in homogeneous rectangular beam.

Principal compressive stress trajectories and inclined cracks.

Two types of cracks in rectangular beam
with longitudinal flexural reinforcement
but no shear reinforcement.
1. Vertical cracks, due to flexural
stress.
2. Inclined cracks, due to combined
shear and flexure, commonly
referred to as inclined cracks, shear
Crack Patterns tn RC beam. cracks, or diagonal tension cracks.

The equilibrium of the section of
Average Shear Stress between Cracks beam between to cracks is
M M + ∆M
T = and T + ∆T =
jd jd
or
∆M
∆T =
jd
from mechanics of materials
∆M = V ∆x
Calculation of average shear stress between then

cracks.
V ∆x
∆T =
jd

Average Shear Stress between Cracks The equilibrium of the shaded portion
as isolated in (c), is
∆T
v=
bw ∆x
or
V
v=
bw jd
The ACI design procedures arbitrarily
replaces jd = d, giving
Calculation of average shear stress between V
cracks. v=
bw d

Beam Action and Arch Action Two extreme cases can be identified.
From, • Lever arm jd remains constant,
then
V ∆x
∆T =
jd d d
(jd) = 0 and V = jd (T )
dx dx
it was assumed that the beam is prismatic
and the moment arm, jd is constant. In d(T )
general, • Shear = 0, thus
dx
d d
V = (T jd) V =T (jd)
dx dx
can be evaluated as or
d d d
V =T (jd) + jd (T ) V =C (jd)
dx dx dx

Shear V is transferred by Beam Action.
Shear V is transferred by Arch Action.

Criteria for formation of Diagonal Cracks:
• At a location of large shear force V and small bending moment M , there
will be little flexural cracking, if any, prior to the development of a diagonal
tension crack.
The average shear stress prior to crack formation is,
V
v=
bw d
• If flexural stress are negligibly small at the particular location, the diagonal
tensile stresses are inclined at about 45◦ and are numerically equal to the shear
stresses, with a maximum at the neutral axis. Consequently, diagonal cracks
form mostly at or near the neutral axis and propagate from that location.
Web-shear cracks are formed when the diagonal tension stress becomes equal
to the tensile strength of the concrete.
Web-shear cracking is relatively rare and occurs mostly near supports of deep,
thin-webbed beams or at inflection points of continuous beams.

Behavior of Beams without shear reinforcement
Diagonal tension cracking in reinforced concrete beams.

Criteria for formation of Diagonal Cracks:
• At a location when both shear force and bending moment are large, flexural
tension cracks form first.
• When the diagonal tension stress at the upper end of one or more of these
cracks exceeds tensile strength of the concrete, the crack bends in a diagonal
direction and continues to grow. These cracks are known as the flexure-shear
cracks.
Diagonal tension cracking in reinforced concrete beams.

Inclined cracks and shear reinforcement

Loaded beam.
Moment at cracking and failure.

Loaded beam.
Shear at cracking and failure.

1 Very short shear span, a/d = 0 − 1.0

Develop inclined cracks joining the load and the support.
2 Short shear span, a/d = 1.0 − 2.5
Develop inclined cracks and, after a redistribution of internal forces, are able
to carry additional load, in part by arch action. The final failure will be
caused by a bond failure, a splitting failure or a dowel failure along the tension
reinforcement.
3 Slender shear span, a/d = 2.5 − 6
Develop inclined cracks that disrupt equilibrium to such an extent that the
beam fails at the inclined cracking load.
4 Very slender shear span, a/d > 6
Beam will fail in flexure prior to the formation of inclined cracks.

Modes of failure of deep beams, a/d = 0.5 to 2.0.

Modes of failure of short shear span, a/d = 1.5 to 2.5.

Internal Forces in a Beam without Stirrups
Internal forces in a cracked beam without stirrups.
where,
Vcy = shear in the compression zone
Vay = shear transferred across the crack by interlock of the aggregate particles
Vdy = dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement

Factors Affecting the Shear Strength of Beams without
Web Reinforcement
• Tensile Strength of Concrete

• Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, ρw
• Shear Span-to-Depth Ratio, a/d
• Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
• Size of Beam
• Axial Forces
• Coarse Aggregate Size

Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement
Internal Forces in a Beam with Stirrups
where,
Vcy = shear in the compression zone
Vs = shear transferred by tension in the stirrups
Vdy = dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement

Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement
Distribution of internal shears in a beam with web reinforcement.
The nominal shear strength, Vn is assumed to be

Vn = Vc + Vs

Truss Model of the Behavior of Slender Beams Failing in Shear
Truss analogy.

Simplified Truss Analogy
Crack pattern and truss model for a two-span beam.

Simplified Truss Analogy
Compression fan at interior support of the beam.

Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for
Shear–ACI Code
In the ACI Code, the basic design equation for the shear capacity of slender concrete
beams is
φVn ≥ Vu
where,
Vu = shear force due to the factored loads
φ = strength-reduction factor
= 0.75
The nominal shear resistance is
Vn = Vc + Vs
where,
Vc = shear carried by the concrete
Vs = shear carried by the stirrups

Shear–ACI Code
A shear failure is said to occur when one of the shear limit states is reached.
a) Beams without web reinforcement
Slender beams without web reinforcement will fail when inclined cracking
occurs
[ACI 11.2] Shear strength provided by concrete for
nonprestressed members
1. For members subject to shear and flexure only
p
Vc = 0.17λ fc0 bw d
2. For members subject to axial compression

Nu p
Vc = 0.17 1 + λ fc0 bw d
14Ag
Quantity Nu /Ag shall be expressed in MPa.
3. For members subject to significant axial tension
Vc = 0

Shear–ACI Code
[ACI 11.2.2] Shear strength provided by concrete shall be permitted

to be computed by the more detailed calculation
1. For members subject to shear and flexure only

p
0
Vu d
Vc = 0.16λ fc + 17ρw bw d
Mu
√
but not greater than 0.29λ f 0 c bw d. When computing Vc , Vu d/Mu
shall not be taken greater than 1.0, where Mu occurs simultaneously
with Vu at section considered.

Shear–ACI Code
[ACI 11.2.2] Shear strength provided by concrete shall be permitted

to be computed by the more detailed calculation
2. For members subject to axial compression, it shall be permitted to
compute Vc with Mm substituted for Mu and Vu d/Mu not then
limited to 1.0, where
(4h − d)
Mm = Mu − Nu
8
However, Vc shall not be taken greater than
s
p 0.29Nu
Vc = 0.29λ fc0 bw d 1 +
Ag
Quantity Nu /Ag shall be expressed in MPa.

Shear–ACI Code
3. For members subject to significant axial tension,

0.29Nu p
Vc = 0.17 1 + λ fc0 bw d
Ag
but not less than zero, where Nu is negative for tension. Quantity Nu /Ag
shall be expressed in MPa.

Shear–ACI Code
A shear failure is said to occur when one of the shear limit states is reached.
b) Beams with Web Reinforcement
• Failure due to yielding of the stirrups
The nominal shear strength, Vn is assumed to be
Vn = Vc + Vs
The shear resisted by stirrups, Vs , is

Vertical stirrup
Av fyt d
Vs =
s
Inclined stirrup
d
Vs = Av fyt (sin α + cos α)
s

Shear–ACI Code
Shear resisted by stirrups.

Shear–ACI Code
In design,
φVn ≥ Vu
where
Vn = Vc + Vs
then
Vu
Vs ≥ − Vc
φ
The required stirrup spacing, s is
Av fyt d
s≤
Vu /φ − Vc

Shear–ACI Code
[ACI 11.4.5] Spacing limits for shear reinforcement

• Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member shall
not exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members or 0.75h in prestressed members,
nor 600 mm.
• Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that
every 45◦ line, extending toward the reaction from mid-depth of member
d/2 to longitudinal tension reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one
line of shear reinforcement.
p
• Where Vs exceeds 0.33 fc0 bw d, maximum spacings given above shall be
reduced by one-half.

Shear–ACI Code
[ACI 11.4.6] Minimum shear reinforcement
• A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min , shall be provided in all rein-
forced concrete flexural members (prestressed and nonprestressed) where Vu
exceeds 0.5φVc , except in members satisfying one or more of (a) through (f):
a) Footings and solid slabs;

..
.
d) Beams with h not greater than 250 mm;
..
.
The required minimum shear reinforcement where torsion is allowed to be
neglected,
p bw s
Av,min = 0.062 fc0
fyt
but shall not be less than (0.35bw s)/fyt .
Shear–ACI Code
p
ACI 11.4.7.9 Vs shall not be taken greater than 0.66 fc0 bw d.
Location of Maximum Shear for the Design of Beams

• Computation of maximum Vu at supports in accordance with 11.1.3.1 or
11.1.3.2 shall be permitted if all conditions (a), (b), and (c) are satisfied:
a) Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression
into the end regions of member;
b) Loads are applied at or near the top of the member;
c) No concentrated load occurs between face of support and location of
critical section defined in 11.1.3.1 or 11.1.3.2.
• For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance d from
face of support shall be permitted to be designed for Vu computed at a
distance d.

Location of Maximum Shear for the Design of Beams
Application of ACI Section 11.1.3

Details of Stirrups

Details of Stirrups

Example
1. Figures below show the elevation and cross section of a simply supported T-
beam. This beam supports a uniformly distributed service (unfactored) dead
load of 20 kN/m, including its own weight, and a uniformly distributed service
live load of 24 kN/m. Design vertical stirrups for this beam. The concrete is
normal weight with a strength of 25 MPa, the yield strength of the flexural
reinforcement is 420 MPa, and the yield strength of the stirrups is 300 MPa.

Solution:
a) Compute the design factored shear-force envelope
Applicable load combinations:
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Total factored load:
wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
= 1.2 × 20 kN/m + 1.6 × 24 kN/m
= 62.4 kN/m

Load Cases:

Shear force envelope and maximum shear for the design of beam:
According to ACI 11.1.3.1, for d = 0.61 m, the maximum shear to be used for the
design is,
Vu 0.61 kN
at d = 416 kN − (416 kN − 64 kN)
φ 5 kN
= 373 kN

b) Determine if stirrups are required by AC1 11.4.6.1.
1 1
No stirrups are required if Vu ≤ φVc or (Vn ≤ Vc ) where
2 2
p
Vc = 0.17λ fc0 bw d
√
= 0.17 × 1.0 × 25 MPa × 300 mm × 610 mm
= 153 000 N
Vu 1
Because = Vn = 373 kN exceeds φVc = 76.3 kN, STIRRUPS ARE
φ 2
REQUIRED.

c) Check the adequacy of the section by AC1 11.4.7.9.
p
Vs shall not be taken greater than 0.66 fc0 bw d
Hence,
p
Vs,max = 0.66 fc0 bw d
Vu
Thus, the maximum allowable is:
φ

Vu
= Vc + Vs,max
φ max
p
= (0.17 + 0.66) fc0 bw d
= 765 kN

Vu Vu
Because at d = 373 kN is less than = 765 kN, SECTION IS
φ φ max
ADEQUATE.

d) Check the maximum spacing of stirrups (based on d)
• ACI 11.4.5.1
d
smax = nor 600 mm
2
p
• ACI 11.4.5.3 where Vs > 0.33 fc0 bw d = 305 kN
d
smax = nor 300 mm
4
From,
Vu
Vs = − Vc
φ
= 373 kN − 153 kN = 200 kN
p
Because Vs = 200 kN is less than 0.33 fc0 bw d = 305 kN,
d
smax = = 610 mm/2
2
smax = 305 mm

d) Check the maximum spacing of stirrups (based on Av,min )
• ACI 11.4.6.3
p bw s
Av,min = 0.062 fc0
fyt
but shall not be less than (0.35bw s)/fyt .
Av,min = (0.35bw s)/fyt , GOVERNS.

Try No. 10M double-leg stirrups, fyt = 300, MPa
Av = 2 × 71 mm2
= 142 mm2
then,
3Av fyt 3 × 142 × 300
smax = =
bw 300
smax = 426 mm
THEREFORE,
smax = 305 mm, GOVERNS (based on d)
e) Calculate the stirrup spacing required to resist the shear forces
• For vertical stirrups
Av fytd
s≤
Vu /φ − Vc
where Vc = 153 kN. At d = 610 mm from the support, Vu /φ = 373 kN.

The required spacing is
142 mm2 × 300 MPa × 610 mm

s=
373 000 N − 153 000 N
s = 118 mm

END OF PRESENTATION

Structural Design I: Felix V. Garde, JR

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Felix V. Garde, Jr.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 1 / 55

Shear Stresses in an Uncracked Elastic Beam of Rectangular Cross Section

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 2 / 55

Bending of two separate beams.

Shear stresses on rectangular cross section.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 3 / 55

The normal stresses, σ1 and σ2 are,

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 4 / 55

substitute the values of F1 and F2 ,

FBD of subelement. F3 = τ bdx

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 5 / 55

combining the two equations above,

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 6 / 55

The first moment Q of the shaded part is

the shear formula, becomes

distribution of shear stress.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 7 / 55

Normal, shear, and principal stresses in a homogeneous uncracked beam.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 8 / 55

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 9 / 55

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 10 / 55

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 11 / 55

Calculation of average shear stress between then

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Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 14 / 55

Shear V is transferred by Arch Action.

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Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 16 / 55

Diagonal tension cracking in reinforced concrete beams.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 17 / 55

Diagonal tension cracking in reinforced concrete beams.

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Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 19 / 55

Moment at cracking and failure.

Shear at cracking and failure.

1 Very short shear span, a/d = 0 − 1.0

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 22 / 55

Modes of failure of deep beams, a/d = 0.5 to 2.0.

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Modes of failure of short shear span, a/d = 1.5 to 2.5.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 24 / 55

Internal forces in a cracked beam without stirrups.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 25 / 55

• Tensile Strength of Concrete

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Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 27 / 55

Distribution of internal shears in a beam with web reinforcement.

The nominal shear strength, Vn is assumed to be

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 28 / 55

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 29 / 55

Crack pattern and truss model for a two-span beam.

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Compression fan at interior support of the beam.

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Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 32 / 55

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 33 / 55

[ACI 11.2.2] Shear strength provided by concrete shall be permitted

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I April 1, 2018 34 / 55

[ACI 11.2.2] Shear strength provided by concrete shall be permitted