1.

Point Defects
a. Calculate the number of vacancies per m3 for gold at 900_C. The energy
for vacancy formation is 0.86 eV/atom.
Diketahui:
Atomc weight of gold (Au)= 196,9 g/mole (at 900⁰C)
Density of gold (Au)= 18,63 g/cm3
T=900⁰C=1173K
𝑄 𝑁𝐴.ρAu 𝑄
Nv=N exp (- 𝐾𝑇𝑣 )= exp (- 𝐾𝑇𝑣 )
AAu

(6.022 ×1023atoms/mol)(18.63 g/cm3) 0.86 eV/atom

Nv= exp (− (8.62 ×10−5 eV/atom.K)(1173 K))
196,9 g/mole

= 1,153 x 1019 vacancies/cm3= 1,153 x 1025 vacancies/m3

b. The fraction of lattice points occupied by vacancies in solid aluminum at

660⁰C is 103. What is the energy required to create vacancies in
aluminum?
Diketahui :
T : 660 oC = 944 oK
𝑁𝑣
= 10−3
𝑁
𝑄𝑣
𝑁𝑣 = 𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( − )
𝑅𝑇
𝑁𝑣 𝑄𝑣
= exp (− )
𝑛 𝑅𝑇
𝑄𝑣
10−3 = exp ( − )
1,987 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾 × 933°𝐾
𝑄𝑣
ln (10−3 ) = ( − )
1853,871
𝑄𝑣
− 0,9070 = −
1853,871
𝑄 = 6,9078 × 1853,821
= 12806,17 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ≈ 0,55 𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
2. Point Defects

a). The number of vacancies per cubic centimeter and

1 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦
= 1,157 × 1020 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦/𝑐𝑚3
( 200 ) ( 3,5089 × 10−8 𝑐𝑚 )3

b). the density of Li

in 200 unit cells, there are 399 Li atom. The atom/cell are 399/200

ρ = 𝑚/𝑣

( 399/200 ) × (6,949/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
ρ=
( 3,5089 × 10−8 𝑐𝑚 )3 × (6,02 × 10 23 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚/𝑚𝑜𝑙 )

= 0,532 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

3. Other Point Defect

a). 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 2 𝑌 3+ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑 3 𝑀𝑔2+ → 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

b). 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 3 𝑀𝑔2+ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑 3 𝐹𝑒 3+ → 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦

c). 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 1 𝑀𝑔2+ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑 2 𝐿𝑖 2+ → 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

d). 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 2 𝑁𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑 3 𝐹𝑒 2+ → 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦