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O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
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O – i . O . rgrg
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a i a i PART I a i (20 x 1 = 20
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Synonyms
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saasla
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r gr g rg r g r gr g r gr g
s a laalia.O i.O Question Tags
s a laalia.Oi.O
s a laalia.Oi.O 79, 80, 81, 217alaalia.O
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a saaslaalai a aaslaalai
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l a a O
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l a ia.Oi.Or l a ia.Oi.Or 101
saasla
a a l a a l a a l - a a l
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d sas given
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O i .O . rgrg
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l Synonyms
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Lesson – 1 .P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Brisk w–ww active/ energetic ww
w ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Cautious – careful/alert
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i – a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala
Disapprove deny/refuse
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d saasla
a – a a a a
ww.P.Pa Eager
ww.P.Pa keen/anxious
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Engaging ww w–w charming/pleasant ww ww wwww wwww
Humbleg
i . O . r rg –
O
modest/simple
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a
Nobility
asal i – l a a
dignity/virtue
asal i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Persuade
.P.P – .PP d
.a aconvince .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
www Resistanceww–w refusal /opposition www www www
Scarce g g – deficient/insufficient
i . O . rr
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
artless
saasa l -
d
innocent,
a
d saasa l guileless
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a chatter
.P.P - .PP
.a aa series of short, quick aa
.Phigh–pitched
.P sounds aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w wwww wwww
ww demeanourww- appearance andw w
behavior ww ww
desertedg g - uninhabited ,gunoccupied
i . O . rr
O i .O . r rg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
emigrate -
d
take
a
d
up
saasa lcitizenship of another
d a
d
l
country
saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a hawk
.P.P - .P.P a avend .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww w w w w ww ww
w
ww w intrude
rubble rg g -
a i . O
i . O r
ww-w w

raise a i
one’s . i .
lai
enter without permission
debris, broken
O O
ww w
rgrgbricks
shoulders
w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
wwww

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
wwww

saaslala
shrug -
saaslala slightly
saaslala
and momentarily
saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa slackened -
ww.P.Pa reduced
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww tunic ww w-w garment ww ww wwww wwww
vestibule rgrg - lobby rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
vexation -
a aasal
annoyance
s a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w.P.P
w
w
www Lesson – ww w
2w wwww w
www w
www
Pa

Civilization - a society in an
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgadvanced state of isocial
O . O . rgrgdevelopment
O i .O . rgrg
O
Disputes
l a a i - conflicts
l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasLiable - d a saasa l
responsible
d / likely d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w Stimulated ww w-w motivated / excitement w ww
w / encouragement ww ww wwww
ww Stray ww - gathered ww ww ww
Controversial
i .O . rgrg
O -
i . i.O rgrg
arguable /Odisputable
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
Cookery -
d a
d saasa
food l
preparation
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Curious
.P.P -.P.Pa ainteresting .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w-w
w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww Dangling ww hanging freely ww
/ suspended ww ww
Despised - hated
i .
EtiquetteO . rgrg
O - socially i . O . rgrg behaviour / decorum
O
acceptable i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
d a
d saasMysterious - d a saaslala
incomprehensible
d / secretive
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Optimistic w-w a
.P.Papositive / hopeful ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w wwww www
w
ww Rationing w - w w
restricting the consumptionw ww
/ controlled distribution ww
Virtuesrgrg - admirable qualitiesrgrg / merits rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a s aasal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
ww w ww w w w w
w2.wANTONYMS w
ww w w
ww w
Lesson -3
i .O . rgrg x rare
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a
Prevalent
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad
a l
saasIntrepid d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P
x aa
fearful
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Malignant wxwbenign
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Fiction x fact
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
Diffidence
lala x confidence a i a i a i
d a
d saasBoredom d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa x a
recreation
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Criticize ww wappreciate
wxw w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
Consideration
i . O . rgrg x thoughtlessness
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
Agony
l
asal a i x joy l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Perforated x patch/seal
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Ennoble wwxwdemean / degrade www www www
Sophisticated
i . O . rgrg x primitive i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
Solace
l x torture l l l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
a a Disfigure
.P.P aa
x beautify
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww Amputate wwx reattach ww ww ww
Profoundg g x shallow, superficial
i .O . rr
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P Lesson – 4 .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww wwarm
w ww ww ww
w
ww w Frozen

a i . i . O
ww
Grim g g x cheerful
O rr
wxw

a i . O
i
lai
. rgrg
O
ww w w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w
ww w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w
ww w

saaslala
Hoisted x lowered
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Sharply x .P.Pa
gradually
wbroadened
w ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Narrowed ww wxw ww ww ww
ww ww
ww
Concealed rgrg x opened rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
Hollow x raised
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Disguise x real d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
Sparingly wwxwcarelessly wwww w
www w
www
Pa

Grin rg g x frown rgrg rgrg rgrg


l a ia.Oi . Or l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
Persisted x stopped
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Urgency
.P.P aa
x ordinary
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Frequent wwx seldom ww ww ww
Cautiously rgrg x carelessly i.O.O rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
Firm
saasa l x soft
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Descending x ascending
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Exhausted wwx plenty ww ww ww
Perpetual
i . O . rgrg x temporary i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww ww ww w w www w wwww
rgrg
3. Question Tags
rgPage
rg No: 79, 80, 81, 82, rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a i .O
(Text
a i. O l a ia.Oi . O
217) l a ia.O i . O
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P ✓ A short .P.Pa a following a sentence ais acalled a question tag. .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwwquestion
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww
✓ The sentence and the question tag must be in the same tense.
ww ww
The i . O . rgrg for question tags:
O
steps i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala ✓ Find out the d a
d
auxiliary
la
saaslaverb of a sentence. d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a a
P.Pauxiliary
.no a
P.Paverb by splitting theww
.form a
.P.Paverb. a
.P.Pa
wwww ✓ If there w w
is w
w verb, use ‘do’ w ww
w w w main wwww
ww w w w w
E.g. go = do + go goes = does + go went = did + go
w w ww
i✓. O . rIfgrthe
O g sentence is positive,
i . O . O grg‘not’ after the auxiliary
radd i . O . rgverb.
O rg i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal✓ If the sentence isanegative, l a a i
asal don’t add ‘not’ aafter l a
asathe a i
l auxiliary verb. l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d sa d sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P ✓ Always use a ad
.P.contracted
P form of 'helping .P.P ad and 'not'. e.g isn’t,
a verb' .P.P ad aren’t,
awasn’t, a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www wwwhasn’t, haven’t, hadn’t,
weren’t, ww w
doesn’t, don’t, didn't, won’t, www can’t, wouldn’t, www
i✓. O . rshouldn’t,
O grg couldn’t, mustn’t,gneedn’t, oughtn’t, daren’t.g
i .O . r rgsubject, followed byi.question
O O . r rg mark (?).
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i Then, add the pronoun l a of
a i the l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa ✓ Use comma (,)dbetween a
d
l
saasa a statement and adquestion a
d
l
saasa tag. d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ✓ Question w ww
w tag should be in small letters. w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
.O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg .O rgrg

saasal alia i .
Format O of the l
saasa a li
question
a i . O tags: l
saasa a lia i . O
saasal alia i . O
saasla
aad a
d aad a
d d a
d
a aA negative question tag aad ad aad a
d
ww.P.P .P.P
A positivewstatement
w ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w

i
(goes
a . i . O
ww w
Ragu goes to the shop.
O r=grdoes
w
g + go)
a i . O
i .
lai
O
verb
ww w
Auxiliary
rgrg
w
Add ‘not’

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w
Pronoun of the
subject
Add ‘?’

a i . Oi . rgrg
O
wwww

saaslala saaslala Does saaslala saas?lala saasla


sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d
n’t a
d He a d ad a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Ragu = He
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
rgrg Statement rgrg grg
rquestion rgrg
da

l a a. O
A iNegative
i . O l a ia. O
i . O A positive
l a ia. O
i . O tag
l a ia. Oi . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Ragu does not go to d
a ad
the shop. Auxiliary d
a ad
Don’t add ‘not’ Pronoun of d
a ad
the Add ‘?’ d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w.P.P
w
w
www wwww verb wwww w
www
subject w
www
Pa

rgrg Does
rgrg rgrgHe ? rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.O i . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Table - 1
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Subjectrgof rga sentence Pronoun rgrgin rgrgExample rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.O i . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
the l
saasquestion
a
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w tag w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Plural noun (referring they The toys in the box are not new, are they?
to people
i . O . rgrgor animals or
O i . O . rgrg The young should
O i . O . rglearn
O rg to take up responsibilities,
i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala in plural) a i a i a i
d a
d saasthings d a
d saaslala shouldn’t
d a
d slala
saathey? d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Someone a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa has arranged a picnic, a a
.P.Phaven’t a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w wSomeone
w w w ww
w
they?
www
w
ww Somebody w w w w Somebody entered the garden, w w didn’t they? ww
Anyonergrg rgrg No one was interested rgrg in it, were they? i.O.O rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i
a saasal
Anybody
a saasal Nobody
a saasal
lives in this house, do they?
a saasal a s aasla
d
a ad No one d
a ad They Nobody d
a ad has seen God, have they?d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w P.P
.they? w .P.P
w
w
www Nobody wwww wwww Everybody has left, w
www
haven’t w
www
Everyone Everybody was upset, weren’t they?
i .O
Everybody . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg These weren’t iyours,
O .O . rgrgwere they?
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aal a l a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
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Exercises:
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www Add suitable
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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saas1.aThe children are very d a
d
l
asa today.
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d a
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l
saasa are very happy dtoday, a
d
l
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w ww
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w w w ww w w w
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ww 2. You have ww not returned my books w w
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3.laWe a i enjoyed l a a i l a a i l a a i
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sa weekend. Let’s
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ww ww ww ww ww
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5. My mother
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la never comes late


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a
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i . O isn’t there?l a ia. O
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12. I am not as smart as you are. I am not as smart as you are, am I?


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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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d a
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d a
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a a Task 2 -( Text Page
.P.P .P.PaNo:
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ww Correct the ww error found in the question ww tag in each of the following. ww ww
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vegetables in the
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still
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i
la village head understood a i
la intention of the politician, a a i ala i
d a
d saas3.aThe d a
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d saasla
a
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.P.PI?a a
.P.P–adon’t I? a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w w www w ww
w www
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l a a i
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a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
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la
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l
as11. a a i
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isn’t there? l a ia.Oi . O
d a
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saasbylalaavowel) lala aslala lala


-o (preceded s Bamboo bamboos, cuckoo cuckoos, curio curios,
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a d a
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da

i . O . O volcanoes,
i . O . O O . O
l a
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l a a i embryo
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l a a i l a a i
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d
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sa–asplays,
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d a
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a a a vowel)
.P.P .P.Paa aa
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w ww
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w key – keys, toy w w–toys
w w w ww
w wwww
ww Vowel+y=s ww ww ww ww
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O – l a ia.–
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i . O l a ia i
saasla
a consonant)
l l
armies, lorry lorries, variety l varieties l
d a
d saasConsonant
a
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
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w ww
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a i a i a i a i
d a
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d
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saasshelf d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Exception: a
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wwww wwww Brief – briefs, www w – beliefs, chief –wchiefs, w ww
w – www
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i . O . rgrg
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proof . O . O grg
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O g kerchief –
i .O . rgrg
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asall a a i l a
al a
askerchiefsi l
asal a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad -us
.P.P a ad Alumnus – alumni,
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abacillus
.P.P a adstimulus –
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w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www stimuli, focus www – foci, terminus – termini, www nucleus – nuclei, www
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l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . Og l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
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aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
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ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
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w
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i .O . rgrg
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l a a i circus
l a a i l a a i l a a
d adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasgenera
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d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa A
.P.P aa
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.ae aa
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w ww
w w ww
w Alumna – alumnae, w ww
w alga – algae, larva w –w ww
larvae, antenna – w ww
w
ww ww antennae, w w – formulae, nebulaw–wnebulae
formula ww
i . O . rgrg
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i . O . rgrg
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O i . O . rgrg
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a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d
lala – areas, arena – arenas,
saasArea d ad
a
saaslaldilemma d d aaslala
– dilemmas,sdiploma
a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa – diplomas, drama a

.P.Pa dramas a
.P.Pa a
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wwww wwww Addendumw–w ww
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bacteria, corrigendum – corrigenda, erratum – errata,
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O gr g . O rgr–gstrata, memorandumi.O
O –i.O rgrg . O–.O rgrg
asall a ia i . l a i
stratum
a i . l a a memoranda, symposium
l a ia i asla
a sa a sa al
assymposia a saasal a saasal a sa
d
a ad d
a ad Exception: d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
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i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
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saasa l -ix ices/xes
d a
d saasa l
Apex –apexes, apices,
d ad saasa
index- l indexes, indices, vortex
d a
d

saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Pa a vortexes, vortices, aa
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w ww
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i .O . rgrg
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O
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
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d a
d
l
saas–ahypotheses, thesis –da theses,
d
l
saasa oasis –oases d a
d saasa l
d a
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lala O
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s as s asneutrons, s as s as saasla
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Internal change Foot-feet, goose-geese, man-men, woman-
r gr g r gr g rgrg mouse-mice, tooth-teeth, rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O women, louse-lice,
l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. Oi . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal
Child-children, s asal
ox-oxen, cow-cows/kine,
a a a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
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a ad d
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w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P
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w
w
www Same pluralwand
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wwsingular w
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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d saasa l drawers,
d ad
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w ww
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singular,
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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d a
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saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
poetry, work, food, bread, fish, machinery
d a
d saasCompound word d a
d d ad
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daughters-in-law d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
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ww ww ww ww ww
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asall a ia i . l
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.P.P aa
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rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
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l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
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a sa
Despite
asal (Preposition)
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a
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a saasal a saasla
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w .P.P
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Despite working hard, she failed the exam.


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w ww
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d a
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enjoyed
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a i a i a i a i
d a
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d a
d
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saasoflalthe d a
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a a Instead of
.P.P a a in the place of somebody/something
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w (preposition) w ww
w He used Latin w ww
w
terms instead of English w www
ones in a letter. wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
We just had soup instead of a full meal.
i .O . rgrg
O Youi.O . rgrg picked up my keys
O
probably i .O . O grg of yours.
rinstead i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saaIswilll
a try to make friendsasinstead
d d a
l
asa of enemies.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P a a I'd like to have tea.Pinstead
.P.P a a of coffee. .P.Paa aa
.P.P
ww ww ww.P ww ww
w
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a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w We learnedw
I’ll buy ran
a i . O
i . O
lai w
w w
Russian instead of French.ww
grgiPhone instead of a .Samsung
a i O
i . O
w w
rgrg phone.
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
wwww

saaslala
Instead (Adverb)
slala couldn't go to thedameeting,
in
saaRagu the place of
saaslala so I said I'd go instead.
somebody/something
saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.Pa .P.Pa We didn't have w .P.Pamoney for a movie,wso .PPa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
ww ww w
enough ww www.we went to wwwwww
the park instead.
rg rg rgrggo to Madurai. Instead, rgshe
rg went to Palani. i.O rgrg
da

i . O
i . O Sheididn’t
. O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
s l
asal a a s l a
al
aTeacher,a Don’t punish Peter. s l al a
asaPunish me instead. asaasal l a a s asla
d a a d a a s d a a d d a a
a ad
.P.P a ad He didn’t buy a pen.
.P.P .P.P ad
aInstead, he bought two P.Pa ad
.pencils. .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www He didn't reply. wwwInstead, he turned on w w and left the room. www
hiswheel
Pa

Otherwise rgrg(Adverb) to connect rgrgtwo clauses wherei.the rsecond


grg clause shows the bad
rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
saasla
l thing l that would happen if the
l first clause doesn't happen.
l
d a
d saasa d a
d saaMy
sa parents lent me thedmoney. adsaasa Otherwise, I couldn't d a
d saahave
sa d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w afforded the w ww
trip.
w w www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
You need the proper license. Otherwise you can't do business.
i .O . rgrg
O You’lli .O . O grg to go now, otherwise
rhave i .O . O grg miss your bus. .OO
ryou’ll i . rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saaWalk l
sa slowly on the ice,dadotherwise saasa l you'll fall.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P a a Turn off the gas when
.P.P .P.Pa athe milk boils. Otherwise .P.Pa ait will be spilt. .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www wwww
ww ww I felt really w w last night; otherwise, w
sick w have come to yourww
I would
party.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i Hurry
a la i up; otherwise, you'll be ala i
late. a i
d a
d saasWhereas d
(Conjunction) a
d slacontrast
saain with/ to d
sayadsaaslaalthough
that something d a
dis slalaof one
saatrue d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa thing, it is not true .P.Pa a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w ww
w of another w www www
w
ww ww We thought she
w w was arrogant, whereas in w wfact she was just very w w
i . O . rgrg
O shy. .OO
i . rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l a a i
al old system was fairly
asThe l a
al a i
acomplicated whereas the l a a
asalsystem
new i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa s d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad is really very simple.
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www Summer is w ww warm whereas winter
extremely www is very cold. www
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrIgam a vegetarian, myi.O
O . rgrg family eats meat. i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i Whereas
l a a i l a a i
whole l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s a s laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
ww w www w My husbandwis w w
wallergic to dogs, whereas w w
wwI'm a dog lover. w
ww w
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i .O . rgrtwo
O g
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
(connect
l a a i thing
l a a imentioned. l a a i l a a i
d ad
a l
saascontrasting sentences)d a
d saaIslike l
a playing football. On
d a
d saathe l
sa other hand, my brother d a
d saasa l
likes d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w playing basketball. w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww This privatewschool w is very expensive. w Onw the other hand, ww
i . O . rgrg
O education
i . O . rgrof
O g the school is very well.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d slala
saaWe had no money but, onsthe
d a
d a
a hand, we were svery
aslalother
d a
d a
a
aslalhappy.
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Nevertheless (Adverb) a
.P.Pa in spite of a factww a
.PPayou have just mentioned
that .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww Syn. However wwwwww Many marriages ww wwfail.. Nevertheless, people ww wwwcontinue
w to get ww
ww
ww
Nevertheless is more married.
formal . O r gr g
than ‘however’
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O g working asaaia.teacher O rgrg in 2016. Nevertheless,
O . O rghe
O rg
l
asal a ia i . Murugan
l a ia i . l i . l a ia i . asla
a sa a sa s al
aremained active in his a sa asal
research. a saasal a sa
d
a ad d
a ad There was little chance d d
a aof d d
a awe d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P success. Nevertheless, w .P.P
w didn’t give www .P.P
w
www w
www wwww www w www
up.
i .O . rgrg
O
The place
i .O . rgrg
O
was so beautiful; nevertheless,
i .O . rgrg we did not wanti.to
O O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
spend
saasa l our holiday in here.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P a a They lost the game;
.P.P .P.Paa
nevertheless, they continued
.P.P a ato play. aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w It is a very w ww
w
crowded city. Nevertheless, w ww
w
thousands of migrants w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
come to the city each year.
.O rgrg
O
Notwithstanding
i . In spitei .O . rgofrgsomething
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saas(preposition,
a Adverb) dasaa
d He l
sa continues to exhibitdathe d saassame l
a behaviors, our asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasla
a a In spite of something
.P.P a a warnings notwithstanding.
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
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a i . O
i . rgrg
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www w Notwithstanding
game. rgrg
a i . O
i .
lai
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w w
ww two players getting red

a i . O
i . rgrg
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w w
wwcard, the team won the ww

a i . O
i . rgrg
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w w

saaslala slalanever forgot her hometown,


The
saaShe bad weather
saaslala her fame and fortune
notwithstanding, the event was a
saaslala
great success.
saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa notwithstanding. ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww ww ww
ww
Adding
r gr g rg r g rgrgtoo rgrg
da

As well
l a ia. O
i . O as(preposition) in
l a ia O
addition
. i . O to somebody/something;
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saaThey
s al sell books as wellaassaanewspapers. s al a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad We need to look at.Pthe d d
a apositive d
a ad points. d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w .P as well as the w .Pnegative
w .P w .P.P
w
w
www w
www She published w w
wwhistorical novels as wellwas w
ww scientific fictions. w
www
Pa

Moreover
i . O . rgrg(Adverb)
O
In addition
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
More
saasa l formal
d a
d
It
saaThe l
was a very
sa whole report is badly
long journey.
d a
d
asa l
Moreover,
sawritten. it was uncomfortable.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.bad
P Moreover,
.P .Paa
it's inaccurate. aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w Smoking givesw ww
w
you breath. Moreover, w witw
w is harmful to your w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
health.
i .O . rgrg
O There i .O . rgrga man immediately ibehind
was
O .O . rgrgher. Moreover, he was
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
saaobserving
sa her strangely.asaasa
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P a a She was a talented.Pactor.
.P.P aa aa
.Pwell. aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww.P Moreover, shewsang
w ww
w
.P w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Too (Adverb) rgrg Also, in addition
rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O It’sa i .aO
i . O
more efficient system a
andi . O
i .
it’sO cheaper too. a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala d a
d
lala
saasThere were people d
from a
d
aslala
sall
a over Africa, and d
America a
d
lala
saastoo. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Can I come too? a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Furthermore (Adverb) in addition to what has already been said
Syn.i.O . rgrg
Moreover
O Thisi.chairman
O . rgrg is an incompetent
O i . O . rgrg Furthermore, hisi.O.O
leader.
O rgrg
l
asal a a i l a
al a
amanagement i l a
al a i
airresponsible. l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa s is financially
d a sa s d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad Reading is an excellent
.P.P .P.P d to increase your.PP
a away .a a
d a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www vocabulary.wFurthermore, ww it can help w wwimprove your
you www
grammar.g
i . O . rgrg
O i O r rg is beautiful. Furthermore,
O
.furniture
. i .O . rgrg it is cheap.
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i Thel a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
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w 13 | Page
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
ww w www w • This house w w
isw w
on the best street in the ww w w w
ww w
neighborhood; furthermore, it has easy access to the highway.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O grg
rcold i .O . rgrg he was hungry.i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i Hel awas
a i and tired, and, furthermore,
l a a i l a a i
d ad
a l
saasBesides (Adverb, d a
d saaIn l
saaddition to; moreover d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.Pbesides
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w preposition) ww ww She knows French w ww
w Spanish. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww She knows w w hundred words besideswnumerous
four w proper nouns. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Adverbs: a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Meanwhile : in the meantime Meanwhile we had little chat.
. O r
O gr g . O r
O gr g
another possibility.aia.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l ia .
Alternatively
a i : It is used to propose
asal You can play football. l a ia i .
asalAlternatively, you can l i .
asatol the cinema with me. l
asala ia i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a sago d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P P.P
.take d
a athe .P.Pagoadby car. a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w We could
w w w train or alternatively w w w w w w w w w
www Subsequently: wwwmeans "following closely wwwin time or order."; afterwards; www following that; www
.O O grgsubsequently became
rHe .O rgrg
chairman
O
of the party.
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l He apologized
d a
d
l
subsequently.
saasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Consequently: means
.P.P .P.Pa a“as a result of” .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww We w w late for the meeting; consequently,
were ww we missed the wwreading of the minutes. ww
Conversely g : It is used to express g an idea that is different from
g or opposite the other idea
i O r
O r g
. i. before. i O
. i. r
O r g
i O
. i. r
O r g
i .O . rgrg
O
mentioned
l a a l a a l a a l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa I thought she would d a
d saasnot l
a come to the party; aconversely,
d d saasa l
she came to d
thea
d a
l
asa with her
sparty d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w mother.

Subsequently:
a
lalai . O
i . rgrg
O
www w
meanwhile:
a i . O
i
lai
. rgrg
O
www w
correspondingly:
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w
Alternatively:OO
a i . i . rgrg
w
ww w

saasconversely: saaslala
eventually: finally:saslala saaslala
similarly: saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d
.P.Pa Especially: ww .PPain particular: .P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwww . wwwwww
wwww ww ww
ww
ww
Such as – for example ('Such as' is used in the middle of the sentence, followed by two
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

i
nouns.)
l a a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa al
asChildren should avoid a sa
eating
l
asajunk food such as a s
burgersa
l
asaand chips. a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w Cartoon characters w .P.P
w such as Mickey Mouse w .P.P
w
and Snoopy are still popular. w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
Pa

For instance
i .O . rgrg / For example –i.for
O O . O grg
rexample (use at the start ofrg
i .O .
argsentence)
Oavoid i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
Children should eat less
d a
d saasa
junk l
food. For example,
d a
d saasa
they l
should eating saasa
burgers
d a
d
l
and
d a
d saasla
a a chips.
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
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w 14 | Page
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
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d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
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ww ww PART w–wII (SAMPLE)ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasPoetry
a l
Appreciationd a
d saasa l
Questions:- d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
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rgrg rgrg Unit – III rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala Poem: All d a
d sathe
aslalaWorld’s a Stage
d a
d saasla–la William Shakespeare
d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
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ww FOR BRIGHTwSTUDENTSw w w ww w w
Answer the questions given below. Text Page No: 91,
92aia . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad 1) What is the world
.P.P .P.P d
a acompared to? a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www The world is ww w
compared to a stage. www www www
2)a“And
i .O . rgrthey
O g have their exits .and
i O . Orgtheir
rg entrances” - What i .O . Ogrgthe words ‘exits’ and
rdo i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saas‘entrances’ mean? d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ‘Exits’ meanswdeath ww
w and ‘entrance’ means w w
w w
birth. w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3) Whatgis the first stage of a human’s life?
i .O . r rg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
Infant
l is the first stage of human l life. l l
d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
a a 4) Describe the second
.P.P a a stage of life as depicted
.P.P a aby Shakespeare. .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w The secondwstage
interest.rgrg
a i . O
i . O
w w
w of life is the school boy.
a i . O
i
lai
. Orgrg
w w

a i . i . O
w w
ww Like a snail, he moveswtowthe school without
O rgrg
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
ww ww

la does a man playsaaslover’s


saas5)laHow lala role? saaslala saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.Pa As a lover, he composes .P.Pa sad songs (ballad)wfor .PPa Paattention.
.P.her .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww wwww
wwwww. his beloved and longs wwwwwfor
w ww wwww
6) Bring out the features of the fourth stage of a man as described by the poet.
rgrgstage of man is soldier. grgbecomes aggressive.O
rHe rgrambitious
g rgrg
da

The
l a ia. O .
fourth
i O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia .
and
i O in his pursuit
l a ia. O
i . O
of
a sa al He endangers hisalife
asglory. sa al the fame.
asfor a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
www 7) When does www w a man become a judge? w w
wwHow? w
www wwww
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In the fifth rgrgstage, a man becomes argjudge.


rg He is firm and iserious rgrgabout his opinions. iHe rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a. O
i . O l a a.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
quotes many proverbs
d
and
a
d saasa l
modern instances.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a 8) Which stage of.Pman’s
.P.P aa a athe “shrunk shank”?.P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww.P life is associated
w w ww
w with w ww
w wwww
ww The sixth stage
ww of man’s life i.e, old age wwis associated with the “shrunk ww shank”. His legs haveww
grown i .O . rgrg
narrower
O with age. i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saas9)aWhy is the last stage d a
d a asa
scalled l
second childhood?d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w The last stage w wthe
is
w w end of man’s life. He
w ww
is
w like a child without wsight
teeth,
w w w and taste in this wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
stage.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalaFind out the meaningsasfor a i
lalathe phrases used in this ala i a i
d a
d saas10) d a
d a d a
d saaslapoem:- d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww • ‘jealous
w w in honour’ w w – w
The young manwtakes great care of his w w
honour. He becomes ambitious in the pursuit of the glory.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal • ‘sudden andaquick l a a i
asal in quarrel’ – asaAasman l a a i
al becomes violent and l a
al a i
aaggressive asla
d a sa d sa d d a sa s in d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w thew w
pursuit
w of the glory. w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . r•grg‘seeking the bubblei.O
O . Orgrg
reputation, even in the cannon’s
i .O . rgrg mouth’ – He is ready
O i .O . Ogrg
rto
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
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w w w ww
w w ww
w www
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ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w
stand w in front of guns for a w w
short-lived
ww glory. www w www w

i .O . r•grg‘lean and slipperedi.O


O O rgrg
pantaloon’
. – a man i .O rgrg lean and thin in ithis
O
becomes
. .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l stage. He looksd a
d
l
saasaafunny old man in hisdloose a
d
l
saasaclothes. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww • w w shank’
‘shrunk –ww Man’s legs became weak ww and thin. ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
i i i i
d a
d saaslala • ‘oblivion’
a
completely dina
d sthe
a
a
aslala
last stage.
– Man forgets
d a
d
a
saaslalacompletely and hedisadsforgotten
a
a
aslala
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
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11) “Then
i . O . rgrga whining school by
O i . O . Orgrghis satchel
with
i . O . rgrg
O Text Page O
i . No:
. rgr93
O g
l
asAnd a a i
al shining morning a face l a
al a
ascreepingi like snail l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Unwilling to go to
.P.P a ad
.P.school”.
P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www i. Which stage wwwof life is being referred wwtowhere by the poet? www www
The second stage of lie i.e the school boy is being referred to here by the poet.
i
ii.aWhat .O . rgrare
O g the characteristics
i .O . O
ofrgrthe
g stage?
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasInnocence, carefreeness, d a
d a asa l
shappiness a
are the characteristics
d d
l
saasa of the stage. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a iii. How does the.P
.P.P .Pa ago to school? .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w wwboy
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww The uninterested ww school boy walks slowly ww like a snail while goingwto w school. ww
iv. Which
i . O . rgrgfigure of speech has
O i . Obeen
. Orgrgemployed in the second i . O . rgrline?
O g
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
Simile
saasa l is employed in
d
the
a
d
second
saasa l line.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww w“Then
w ww ww ww
w
ww w 12)

Jealous
a i . O
i . rgin
O
ww w
...................

lala the bubble reputation


w a soldier
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like a pard,
rghonour, sudden and
a i
lai
. O
i O
quick
.
ww w w
rgrg in quarrel
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

saasSeeking saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla


sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Even in the cannon’s ww.P.Pamouth”................ ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww i. What is the w w w
wsoldier ready to do? w w w w www w w w
w w
The soldier rgrg is ready to die for name and
rgrg fame. rgrg rgrg
da

ii.
l a ia. O
i
Explain. O ‘bubble reputation’.l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a sa asal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Reputation is as d
a ad
short-lived as the life of a bubble.d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w wP.P
.distinguishing w .Pthis
w .P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www iii. What are
www wthe featureswwww of stage? w
www w
www
Pa

A man in this stage is very aggressive and ambitious. He has a beard like a panther. He is
quick i .O to
. rgtake
O rg up any argumentiand .O . Orgrisks
rg his own life for ai.short-lived
O . rgrg reputation. i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a 13) “And then the
.P.P aa
.P.justice
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww In fair round wwbelly with good caponwlin’d w ww ww
With eyes grgsever and beard of.formal
Full i . O
of. rwise
O saws and modern i O . Orgrg cut
instances”; i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasi. aWhom does justicedrefer a
d saasato?l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P P.P
.man aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w Justice refersw waw
tow in his fifth stage. ww ww w ww
w wwww
ww ii. Describe his
ww appearance. ww ww ww
He isO
i . fat
. rgrand
O g huge. He has a pot.O
i . rgrg serious look and a iformal
belly,
O . O . rgrgbeard.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a does he behaveswith a i
aslalathe people aroundahim? a i a i
d a
d saasiii.lalHow d a
d a d dsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa He behaves impressively a a a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww w.P.P as a learned man.
hewdo to show his wisdom? wwww ww ww wwww
ww iv. What does ww ww ww ww
He quotes many proverbs and modern instances to show his wisdom.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a d a s a
a ad 14. Identify the figure
.P.P .P.P a adof speech in the following .P.Pa adlines:- a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www wwthe
a) All
w world’s is a stage www ww- w Metaphor. www
.O rb)grgAnd all the men andi.O
O
women
Orgrg merely players i.O.O rgrg - Metaphor. rgrg
ia.O
l a ia i . l a a i . l a a i l a i.O
d a
d saas a l
d a
d sa as a l
d ads aas a l
d ads aas a l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 16 | Page w wKSJ
w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
wwshining morning face, creeping
c) And www w like snail w
ww- w Simile. wwww
d) Full of strange oaths, and bearded like a pard - Simile.
i .O . re)grg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg -
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i Seeking the bubble l a a i
reputation l a a i Metaphor.
l a a i
d ad
l
saasa f) His youthfuldhose, a
d
l
saasawell sav’d a world too d ad
asa
sawide l - d a saasa l
Alliteration.
d d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P amanly
P.P
.big a a atowards childish treble
.P.P a-Personification.
.P.P a aa
.P.P
w ww
w ww
g) andwhis
w voice, turning w wagain
w w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
15. Pick
i . O . rgrout
O g the words in Alliteration
i . O . rgrg in the following lines
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala a) and all the men d a
d saand a
aslalwomen merely playerssalala
d ad a s -
d ad a ala
mens–almerely.
smany. d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa b) And one a
.P.Pa
man in his time plays many a
.P.Pa
parts - a
.P.Paman – a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww
c) Jealous in honour, sudden and ww
wquick
w in quarrel ww
w- w quick – quarrel. ww wwww
ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asFor a a i
al Late-Bloomers: l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www The world is ww w
compared to _____ www A stage www www
The meaning rgrg of exits and entrances? rgrg Exits – death; Entrance rgrg – birth rgrg
What
l a ia. O
i . O i
is the first stage of a lhuman’s
a a. O
i . O life? Infant lala i . O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasWhat l
a is the second stage
d a
d saaof l
saa human’s The
d a saasa boy
school
d d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
ww life? ww ww ww ww
w
ww w How does awman
w w
w play a lover’s role? ww w w He composes sad verses
w w
ww and longs for her. wwww
What are rgrgthe features of the fourth rgrgstage The fourth stage rgrisgsoldier; aggressive and rgrg
i
oflaman?
a. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O ambitious. l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasWhen l
a does a man become
d a
d
l
saasaajudge? a
Hedbecomes
d
l
saasa a judge in the fifthdstage ad
l
saasathrough d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
his wisdom.
aa
.P.P .P.Paa
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w ‘shrunk shank’
______stage.
The a
lalai . O
last
i . rgstage
O
w w
ww is associated with ww
rg is the second childhood.
a i . O
i .
lai
rgrg
O
w w The sixth stage of man’s

He takes the
a i . O .
role
i O
w w
ww life
rgrofg child once again. Hei.isO.like
a i
rgrg
O
wwww

saasWhy? saaslala slala teeth, sight anddtaste.


saawithout saaslala saasla
sa
d a d a adchild
a a d a
a d
.P.Pa What are the characteristics a
.P.Pa d of the
a
.P.P a d
Innocence, carefreenessw
a
.P.P
and a d
happiness
a
.P.Pa d
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w w w wwww
ww schoolboy stage? ww w w w w ww
How does the boy go to school? He walks like a snail and goes to school
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O unwillingly.i.O
l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa al is the soldier ready
asWhat a saato
s l
ado? ready
a sa asa
to
l
die for name and fame. as aasal a saasla
d
a ad Explain ‘bubble reputation’. d
a ad d
a ad dad
abubble d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w short-lived reputation like w .P.P
the
w w .P.P
w
w
www Describe the w w
wwappearance w
of justice. www He is fat and huge. w w w a pot belly, serious www
Hewhas w
Pa

look and a formal beard.


How i .Odoes
. rgrgJudge behave? i.O.O
O rgrg As a learned i .Oman
. rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasWhat l
a does Judge do toashow
d d
l
saasa his wisdom? Bydquoting ad
l
saasa many proverbs and dmodern a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
instances in his speech. .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
asall a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
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w 17 | Page
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w w w ww
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w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal a l a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
Reported Speech i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d
l
saasa(Text Page No:14, 15, d a
d a
l
asa215, 216)
s16, d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Direct Speech .P.P
.P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww It repeats the wwexact words of the speaker. ww ww ww
e.g. Thergteacherrg said to the students, rgrg“I shall take you to the museum
rgrg tomorrow.” i.O.O rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Indirect Speech / a
.P.Pa
Reported Speech a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww It reports the w ww
w
words spoken by the speaker. wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
e.g. The teacher informed the students that he would take them to the museum the next day.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al the reporting verbasof
asWhen l a a i
al speech is in the present
asdirect l a a i
asal tense, we don’t make l a
asal ina i asla
d a sa d a d a sa d a sachanges d a sa
a ad the tense.
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www e.g. Directw ww
speech - Uma says,w w chocolates.”
“Iwlike www www
i . O . rgrg speech - Uma
Indirect
O i . O . rgrgthat she likes chocolates.
says
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasWhen
a l
d a
d
l
sisaasinapast tense, we mustdchange a
d
l
saasa the tense. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P the reporting
.P.Paa
verb aa
.Pchocolates.”
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w e.g. Direct w ww
w
speech - Uma said, “Iw ww
like
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Indirect speech - Uma said that she liked chocolates.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saas1.aChanges in Tensesdadsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a S.NO.
.P.P Direct .P aa
.P
Speech .P.Pa a Indirect Speech .P.P aa aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w 1

a i . O
i . O
w w w
w Present
Simple
rgrgSindhu said, “I playi.O
a
lai
chess.”
i . rgrg
O
ww w w Simple past ww
Sindhu said
a i . O
i . O
w w
rgrgthat she played chess.
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

saaslala lala aslala lala saasla


2 Present continuous Past continuous
saas“I saJayashree saasworking
sa
a d a
d Jayashree a d a
said,
d am working in a a d a
d said that she
a d a
d
was in a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww
school.”
.P.Pa ww .P.Pa school. ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
w w w ww w w w
w w w w
w w
3 Present perfect Past perfect
rgrgSatya said, “I havei.completed rgrg my rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O Satyai.O
l a a
said
i . O that she had completed
l a ia. O
i . her
O
a saasal work.” a sa asal a sa asal
work. a saasal a saasla
d
a ad 4 d
a ad continuous d
a ad Past perfect continuous d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w Present
w w.P.perfect
P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w w
wwsaid to me, “I have been
Bala w w
wwlearning Bala told mewthat w
wwhe had been learningwww w
Pa

i . O . rgrgEnglish for seven months.”


O i . O . rgrg
O
English rfor
i . O . Ogrgseven months.
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
5 l Simple past l Past l perfect l
d a
d saasa Madhu d
said, a
d saasbought
“I
a
a pen d a
d
asa
saMadhu said that she d
had a
d saasa a pen
bought d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
yesterday.”
w w ww
w yesterday. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
6 Past continuous Past perfect continuous
i .O . rgrgMadhu said, “I wasi.walking
O O . rgrg along the Madhu
O i .O . rgrgthat she had been walking
said
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l street.”
d a
d saasa l
d a
d
l
asa the street.
saalong d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa 7
.P.P Pastw .P.Paa
perfect .P.Pa a Same tense .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww w w said, I had taken swimming
Vijay ww Vijay said that wwhe had taken swimming ww
rgrg lessons before. rgrg lessons before.
rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala aslala aslala la
saaslaliving saasla
8 Past perfect continuous Same tense
d a
d Nisrin said,
d a
“I
d sahad been living in d a
d saNisrin said that she hadd a
d
been in d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Namakkal for two a
P.Pa
.years. a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
Namakkal
w for two years.” ww ww w ww
w w ww
w
ww w w w w w w w w
9 Simple future Conditional
i . O . rgrgJoseph and Mary said,
O i . O . Ogrg will go
r“We Joseph i . O . rgrgMary said that theyi.would
and
O O . rgrg
O
asall a a i shopping tomorrow.” l
asal a a i l al a i
asashopping l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a s ago the next day.
d a s a d a s a
a ad 10
.P.P Future .P a ad
.P
continuous .P.Pa ad Conditional continuous .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www w ww said, “I will be playing
Albert w
wwcricket Albert said that www he would be playing www

i . O . rgrgnext week.”
O i . O . rgrg
O
cricket the
i . O . rgrgfollowing week. i.O.O
O rgrg
11l a a i Future perfect l a a i a a
Conditional
l i perfect l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
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aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w 18 | Page
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w w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
Kathir
w w said, “I will have completed wwww my Kathir said that w w
ww he would have wwww
work by tomorrow.” completed his work by the following day.
i .O . rgrgFuture perfect continuous
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrgperfect continuous i.O.O
O rgrg
12l a a i l a a i Conditional
l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
Rafiq said,d a
“I
d
l
asahave been working asaRafiq
sawill d d
l
asa said that he wouldahave
d d
l
saasabeen d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
P.P
.project .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w ww
onwmy
w for three months wwwnext
w working on hiswproject ww
w for three months ww ww
ww w w
month.” ww the followingwmonth. w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
ala i a i
aslala Speech a i a i
d a
d saas2.laModals in Direct andsIndirect
d a
d a d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa S.No Direct Speech a
.P.Pa a a
.P.PIndirect Speech a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww 1. Can` ww ww Could ww ww
2.
3.lalia.O . rCould
O grg
i . O . rgrg
O
Could
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
as4.a Might i May l
asala a i Might l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
Might
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w 5. Shall w w w w w w Should w w w w ww
www 6.
www
Should
www Should www www
7. i.O.O grg
rWill .O rgrg
O Would i.O.O rgrg .O rgrg
O
l a a i l a ia i . l a a i l a ia i .
d a
d
l
saas8.a Would d a
d saasa l Would
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa 9
.P.P Must ww aa
.P.P .P.PaMust/had
a to .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
3. Changes
l in Pronouns l l l
d a
d saasDirect
a
Speech d a
d saasa Speech
Indirect d adsaasa d adsaasa d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P aa
.P .P.Paa
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w
I
Youi.O
a i
lala(object)
rgrg
O
(subject)
.
www w Masculine
He
He i.O
a i .
lai
rgrg
O
wwww Feminine
She
She
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
ww w w Plural
---
They
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
wwww

saasYou saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla


sa
a d a
d a d a
Him
d a
Her
d ad Them
a d ad a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Your ww.P.Pa His ww.P.PHera
ww.P .Pa
Their .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww My w w
w w His wwww Her w w w
w Their wwww
Myself rgrg Himself rgrg Herself rgrg Themselves rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal
We ---
a sa asal ---
a sa asal They
a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Us d
a ad--- dad
a--- d
a ad
Them d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P
w .P w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www wwww w
www
Pa

4. Changes in Adverbs
.O O grg
rSpeech .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Direct
l a ia i . l a ia i . Indirect l a ia i .
Speech l a ia i .
d a
d saasThis
a l
d a
d saasa l
a
That
d dsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w These w ww
w w ww
w Those w ww
w w ww
w
ww Now ww ww Then ww ww
Ago OO
l a ia. i. rgrg l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O Before OO
l a ia. i. rgrg l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
d a
d saasHere
a l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa
There l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Thus
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.PaSoa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Today ww ww That day ww ww
Tonight g g That night
i . O . rr
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
Yesterday
lala i a i The a
previous i day / the day before a i
d a
d saasTomorrow d a
d saaslala d a
Thed
aslala
sanext day / the following d adsaaslala
day d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Last night a
.P.Pa a
.P.PThea a
.Pa before
.Pnight a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww previous night ww
w/ w
the wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Next day The following day
Next . O r
week
O gr g . O r
O gr g The following . O rgrweek
O g / the week after .O.O rgrg
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i asla
a sa al week
asLast a sa asal The
a sa asal week / the weekabefore
previous saasal a s a
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www w
www wwww w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w 19 | Page
w wKSJ
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w www w wwww
5. Verb conversions in Direct and Indirect Speech
i .O . rgrsentences
O g
i .inO. Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Types
l a a i of Verbs l a a i Direct Verbs in l a a i
Indirect Conjunction l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a saasa
Speech
d
l
a saasa
Speech
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P .Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w I. Statementww ww Says/said w ww
w Says /said w ww
w That wwww
ww ww Says to/said toww tells/told ww that ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasII.lalQuestion d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 1.Yes or no typeww a
.PPa Said/said to a a
.P.Pasked .P a
If.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww 2. Wh-typeww ww . Said/said to ww wwww asked wwwwww Same wh-word wwwwww
III. Imperative
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O to + V1 laia.O . rgrg
O
al a
asimperativei
1.laPositive Said/said
l a
asal to a i to requested/ordered
l
asala a i asVa1 l i asla
d a sa d a sa
Said/said d a sa not to
d a+sa d a sa
a ad 2. Negative
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www imperative ww
w www www www
(Don’t+V rgr1g) rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia O
.Hurrah
i . O l a ia O
.with
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa
IV. l Exclamatory
d
Said…
a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa
exclaimed l joy that
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P a a Said… Alas aexclaimed
.P.P a with .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w sorrow w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O .
I. aStatementsrgrg in Direct Speech
O i .O .
andrgrgIndirect Speech i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasS.No.
a l Direct Speechda d saasa l
d a
dIndirect
l
saasa Speech d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.“IP.P aa
.P.P .Pwon
.Paa aa
.P.P
ww 1 She said, ww have won the first prize.” ww She said that shewhad ww the first prize. www
w
ww w
2

a i . O
i . O
w
Kowsalya
grg
w
ww said, “We watched w
ryesterday.”
a i . O
i
lai
. rgrg
O
ww w
a film Kowsalya saidwthat
film thatOday
a i . i . O
w
w they had watched a ww
rgrgbefore.
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
w

saas3lala Sundar said todme, lalasee you later.” Sundar


saas“I’ll saaslalatold me that he would lalame later.
saassee saasla
sa
a d a
d a a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
wDirect
w ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww II. Questions ww winw Speech and Indirect ww ww Speech wwww wwww
S.No. Direct Speech Indirect Speech
grg
rShankar rgrgknow rgrg me if I knew him.i.O.O rgrg
da

1lalia.O i . O said to me, l“Do


a ia. O
i O
you
. Shankar
l a ia. O
i . O
asked l a a i
a saasa me?” a saasal a saasal a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w 2 Zuber .Pto
said
w w .P Saira, “Are you living
w .P.P
w Zuber asked Sairaw .P.P
w
whether she was living ww.P.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
here?” there.
Pa

3 OO grg said, “Where is.the


. i. rSenthil O rgpost
O rg office?” Senthili.O rgrg where the post office
enquired
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa
was. l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa 4
.P.P Shanthi said.P.P atoaBaskar, “What are you a a Shanthi asked Baskar.P.what
.P.P a a he was doing
P aa
.P.P
w ww
w doing w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww wwnow?” ww then. ww ww
i O rgrg in Direct Speechi.O
O
.Requests
. . rgrgIndirect Speech i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
III.
l a a i l a a i
and l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasS.No.
a l
Direct Speech d a
d saasa l
d a
d
asa l
saIndirect Speech d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
w ww
w 1 The oldw wwoman
w w said to the boy, w ww
“Please
w The old woman w w
w w
requested the boy to wwww
ww ww
help me.”
ww help her.
ww ww
2 .OO grg librarian said to the.O
rThe rgrg “Speak The ilibrarian
students,
O . O rgrg instructed the students
O . O rgrtog
O
a i i . a i i . a i . a i i .
d a
d saaslala softly.” d a
d saaslala d a
d
aslala softly.
saspeak d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 3 Raj said to a
Pa
.P.Sukumar, “Please drop me a
.P.atPa Raj requested Sukumar a
.P.Pato drop him at ww a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w ww
ww thew station
w tonight.” w w the station w w
that night. ww
4 Banu said, “Do not spoil the eco-system.” Banu requested me not to spoil the eco-
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala
system.a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
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.P.P .P.P aa aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w www w wwww
IV. Exclamatory Sentences in Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
.O Ogrg
rDirect .O Orgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
S.No.
l a i
a i . Speech l a ia i. Indirectl a ia i .
Speech l a ia i .
d adsaas1 a l
They said, a
“Hurrah!
d d
l
saasaWe have won the dThey a
d
l
saasaexclaimed with joy that d a
d
l
asa had won
sathey d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w match” w ww
w w www match. w ww
w wwww
ww 2 He w w “Alas! My friend metwwith
said, w an He exclaimed with ww sorrow that his friend ww
. O Ogrg
raccident.” . O rgrg
O had met with
. O rgran
O g accident. . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d a
d saas3lala He said, “Whatdadasadreadful aslala idea!”
d d aaslala
Hesexclaimed
a d d saaslalanight.
that it was a dreadful
a d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 4 She said, .“How a a a
.P.PaShe exclaimed that w a
Pa was very a
.P.Pa
ww wwP.P beautiful the roseww is!”
w the.Prose
www. ww
ww
ww wwww ww w beautiful. ww wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Task
l a a i1
al what these people
asRead l a
asaandl a i l
asal a a i Page
l
asala a i
15
asla
d a sa d a sa
say rewrite as d a s
sentences.a d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w Answer w w w w w w w w w w ww
www 1. I am verywbusy. ww www Raja said that he was w wwbusy.
very www
2. I have
.O rgcompleted
O rg my work.
.O rgrg
O
Satya said that sherghad
.O
completed her work rgrg
Ohergdid not like to go out. ia.O
3.
l aI i i
don’t
a . like to go out. l a ia i . l a ia i . l a i.O
d a
d saas4.
a I
l
have just come backd a
d saa
froms a l
Chennai.
Johnson
Rehanad a
d sa
said
as
said
a l that
that she had just comed a
d sa
back
as a l
from d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w Chennai w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww 5. I am learning ww English. ww Jayan said that he waswlearning w English ww
6. I bought
i . O . rgrga pen yesterday. i.O.O
O rgrg Madhu said that he
i . O . rgrhad
O g bought a pen the previous
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
day l
saas7.aWe will go for shopping tomorrow.
d a
d saasa l
Josephd a
d saasMary
and
l
d d a
l
asa the next
a said that they would go forasshopping
d a
d saasla
a a day.
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w 8. We can’t attend
9. How are you?
10.aIi.O i
am. O
w w
ww the party.
rgfine.
rg Thank you.
a i . O
i
lai
. rgrg
O
w w
ww Afsar and Ayesha said that
Satish asked how he was
Victor said a i
that. O
i .
hergwas
O
w w
wwthey could not attend the partyw.w
rg fine and he thankedi.him.
a O
i . rgrg
O
ww

saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla


sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Task 2 - Read w the
w Pa
.P.following dialogue and ww .P.Pa the report in the
complete ww .Pa provided.
.Pspace .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww w w w w w w w w w w ww
a) Priyaw: Where are you going? w w w
grg : I am going to the.ORailway
rVijay rgrg station. rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal Priya : Why are
a
you
saasal going there?
a saasal a sa asal a saasla
d
a ad Vijay : I want d
a atodreceive my uncle who d d
aisacoming from Bengaluru. d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
Pa

Priya asked Vijay where he was going. Vijay replied that he was going to the Railway
station..O Ogrg further inquired why
rPriya .O rghe
O rg was going there. Vijay .O rgsaid
O rg that he wanted toireceive .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i .
d a
d
l
saashisa uncle who was coming d a
d saasfroml
a Bengaluru.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww b) ww : Why are you late? ww
Teacher ww ww
i . O . rDivya
Ogrg : I missed the bus.rgrg
i .O . Oreached the bus stoplaon i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i a i l a a i
d a
d
l Teacher
saasa Divya : Mydgrandmother : You should
a
d saasa lhave
is ill. So, I hadd a
d
to
saatake l time.
sa her to the doctor. dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P aa
P
.am .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w Teacherw w:w
w I sorry. What ails w ww
her?
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Divya : She has high fever.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lalateacher asked Divya swhy a i
a was late. Divya replied a i a i
d a
d saasThe d a
d aaslalshe
d a
d saaslalathat (a) she had missed d a
d
lalabus.
saasthe d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa The teacher toldwher a a (b) she should have.P
.P.Pthat a
.Pa the bus stop on a a said that her .P.Pa
.P.PDivya a
wwww w w w w wwwreached w
time.
w
w w wwww
ww grandmother w w was ill so she had to take her w w to the doctor. The teacher w w felt sorry and further ww
asked her
i . O . rgrg(c) what ailed her. Divya
O i . O . rgexplained
O r g that she (d) had g
i . O . r high
O r g fever.
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al 3 - Change the following
asTask l a a i
asal sentences into indirect l a a
asalspeech.i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P P.P
.to a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.9P.p.m.”
P .P.Pa ad
w w w a) The pilot said
w w w the passengers, “Thew w plane
w will land in Delhi w w
at w w w w
www w w
The pilot toldwthe passengers that the plane
wwwwould land in Delhi atw9wp.m. w www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
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.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
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w 21 | Page
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w w w www w ww
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ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w b) The Principal w w
ww said, “Young students w w
ww must think about the w w
waysw
w to control the use ofww ww
plastic band in the school campus.”
i O rgrg said that young students
O
.Principal
. i .O . Orgrg must think about the i .O . rgrg to control the use of
O i .O . rgrg
O
The
l a a i l a a i l a a i ways l a a iplastic
d adsaasband l
a in the school campus.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a c) Gowtham said.Pto.P
.P.P aa a a but I am better now.”
.Pweek,
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww me, “I was very illwlast
w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Gowtham told wwme that he had been ill w w week, but he was betterwthen.
last w ww
d) Priya rgrsaid,
g “I want to give .my rgsister
rg a present.” i.O rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O
lala said that she wantedsato a i Oi . O a i . O a i . O
i . O
saasPriya la her sister a present.
slagive saaslala saaslala saasla
a d a
d e) Madhu said to me,
a d a
d
“I aam so happy you have
a d a
d
completed your project.”
a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa .P.Pa
wthat
w ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Madhu toldwme w
w w he was happy I had
w ww w
completed my project. w w
w w wwww
f) The manager said, “I will speak to you on Friday.”
O
Thei.manager. rgrg said that he would
O i . O rgrg to me on Friday. i.O.O
O
speak
. rgrg i . O . rgrg
O
l al
asg)aMania i l a a i
alshall improve, if you
as“I l a a
asal me.” i l
asala a i asla
d a sa said to his coach, d a sa d a saguide d a sa d a sa
a ad Mani told his coach
.P.P .P.P adhe would improve if.Phe
athat ad him.
a guided
.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www h) My mother www said to me, “You can w w
gowswimming tomorrow.”www www
My mother
i . O . rgrg told me that I couldi.O
O
gorg
. O
swimming
rg the next day. rgrg
i .O . Owith me?” i .O . rgrg
O
i)l a a i
Sandeep said to John, “Would
l a a i you like to watch al movie
a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasSandeep d a
d
l
saasahe would like to watch d a
d
l
saaasmovie
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P asked John
.P.Paawhether P.P
.to aa with him. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w j) Geetha asked
w ww
w Angel, “Will you help w ww
me
w pack my bag?” w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Geetha asked Angel whether she would help her to pack her bag.
k) The .O O grg
rlibrarian said to the students,
.O rgrg “You are not allowed
O .O rgrtog scribble anythingi.on
O O O grg
rthe
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i .
d a
d
a l
saaslibrary books.”
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a The librarian told.the
.P.P aa a aallowed to scribble anything a a on the library aa
ww wwP.Pstudents that they were ww.P .P
not ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w books.
l) The motorist
The a
lalai . O
i . rgrg
O
motorist
ww w w

asked
said
me
to me,
whether
“Can
a i . O
i
I
lai
. O
you
rgrg
could
ww w w
direct
direct
me
him
to
to
the
the a
post
i .
post O
i . O
ww
office.
w
office?”
rgrg
w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
wwww

saasm) saaslala“Could you makedme la


saasalacup saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d Umar said to hisa d a
mother,
d a a
d of coffee?” a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Umar asked hiswmother .P.Pa whether she couldw
w w
make
a
.P.Pher a cup of coffee.ww ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww w w w w w w w w ww
n) The little w boy said to me, “Alas! Mywdog is dead.” w w
rgrboy
g exclaimed sorrowfully rgrgthat his dog was dead. rgrg rgrg
da

The .little
O O . O O . O O . O O
l alia i .
aso)aGrandmother said to l a ia i .
asalgrandson, “May God
her l a ia
asal you.”
bless i . l
asala ia i . asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Grandmother prayed
.P.P .P.P ad God might bless her
athat a ad
.P.grandson.
P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
Pa

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
a
PART
d d
l
saasa – III (SAMPLE) d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
Explain rgrgwith reference toi.O context:
rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasa l
a saasa l
a saasa l
a saasa l
a saasla
aa
.P.P
d d 6. Incident of the
.P.Paa d d
French Camp – Robert
.P.Paad d Browning aa
.P.P
d d .P.Paad d
w ww
w i. “Then off w ww
there
w flung in smiling joy, w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
And held himself erect”
Context:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
lala lines are taken from a i
la poem, ‘Incident of a i
lalaFrench Camp’ written a i
la Robert
d a
d saasThese d a
d saaslathe d a
d saasthe d a
d saaslaby d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Browning. ww a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww Explanationw w : w w w w ww
Napolean
i . O . rgrgwas standing on a mound
O i . O . rgrand
O g he was anxious about
i . O . rgrthe
O g results of the war. .AO.O
i rgrg
young
asall a
soldiera i appeared from the l
asala a
battery i - smokes. Riding l
asal
at a a
great i speed, he jumped l a a i
asal horse.
off his asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad He was smiling out
.P.P .P.P d He stood straight.Pwith
aofajoy. a adthe help of the horse’s
.P ad He rushed to .P.P
amane.
.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www the spot to www
announce the news of the www
victory of the French army. www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w 22 | Pagew wKSJ
w w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w www w
.O
ii.la“I’m Ogrg Sire!’ And, his Chief
rkilled, .O O rgrbeside,
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
ia i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
d ad
a l
saasSmiling, the boy fell dead”.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Context:
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
ww These linesww are taken from the poem ww‘Incident of the Frenchww Camp’ written by Robert ww
Browning.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a
lala i a i a i a i
d a
d saasExplanation :
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa When Nepoleon a
.P.Pa
inquired whether the boy a
.P.Pa
was wounded, the a
.P.Pa
boy-soldier replied with a
.P.Pa
wwww contradiction. ww
wThe
w boy soldier proudlyww wwww
declared that he was killed, ww
wnot
w wounded. He felt joy wwww
ww ww ww ww
and satisfaction in giving his life for his country. Finally, he fell dead with a smile.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asiii.al“To see your flag-bird l a a i
asal his vans l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a saflap d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Where I, to heart’s.P.desire,
.P.P a ad Perched him”!’ .P.P
P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Context : www www www www
These lines rgrg are taken from the rpoem
grg ‘Incident of the .O French
rgrg Camp’ written by Robert
rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d a
d
l
Browning.
saasExplanation
a
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P :
.P aa
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w The soldier w
feltwaw
w special kind of joy w
andwpride
w w in the fact that he,w www
with his own hands, hadw ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
flown the French flag over Ratisbon. The flag had the figure of the bird, eagle on it. Thus,
when i .O rgrflag
the
. O g fluttered in the air,
i .O . rgseemed
itO rg as though the ibird .O . rgwas
O rg flapping its wings.i.O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
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saasNa Poem & Poet dadsaaslala aslala


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l a ia. O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
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O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
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d
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d a
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d a
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d a
d saasa l
gallantly, giant, scarf, saasa
crimson,
d a
d
l Bird,
d a
d saasla
aa
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.P.Pa a to my soul”, .P.P a a bee, casement, baboon, a apuny, kokilas,
.P.P aa
.P.P
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2
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a i a i a i a i
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d
aslala distant lands, wraith,
saspeech, d a
d
la
saaslaFrance, d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
P.Pa sleep for aye repose”.
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.P.Pa Italy, sublime, tranced a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww Who now in
ww ww wwww w www wwww
ww ww ww Fain, consecrate w w , repose, borrowdale, w w
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asall a a i l
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a ad
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i .O . O grg parts”
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like isnail . rgr–gwoeful ballad – oaths
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. rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
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O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
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aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
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ww – quick in quarrel ww ww
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–O rg lined – wise saws i .O . O gg
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l a a i l a a i mouth
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d
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saslippered a
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aa
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O i . O . Orgrg
a i a i a i a i
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d saaslalaeverything”. d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
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O i . O . rgrg
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l
asala a i l
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asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
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aname; a ad
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O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l a a i dull it is to pause, l a
to a i
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l end,
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa To rust unburnished,
aa not to shine in use”! aa Drink life, Hungry aa
heart, Rust, aa
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
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ww ww
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i . rgrg the utmost bound iof
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rstrive, i .O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d
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saSavage, Hoard, Travel, Lees,
d a
d
l
saasaShore, d a
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rgrgGleams, Unburnish’d,
a i . O
i . Orgrg
ww

saaslala saaslala aslala saaslala saasla


Eternal silence, Three suns, Gray
saspirit,
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d Knowledge, d a
d
Telemachus,
a a d a
d
.P.Pa Pa the slow moonwclimbs:
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.P.Ppeople, .P.Pa
ww
ww
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wwww w w
day
ww www. ww wwww Port,
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the deep Vessel, Mariners, Oldage, Newer
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r r round with many voices”. g
rr g rgrg Furrows, Sunset,i.Baths, rgrg
da

i . O . O i . O . O world,i . O .Smite,
O O . O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l a a i
asal isles, Achilles, Fate, l a
al
asSeek, a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a saHappy
d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P “It may be we.Pshall a adtouch the Happy Isles,
.P a ad Find, Yield
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w ww w ww
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Pa

i .O .
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rgrgare not now that strength
O i .O . rgwhich
O rg in old i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa days d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P P.P
.andaa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w Moved earth w ww
w heaven”; w ww
w wwww wwww
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O g to seek, to find,.O
i
and
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O g to yield”.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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aa
.P.P ‘A Father to his .P.PaSon’
a - Carl August Sandburg aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww wwww
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and guide him among sudden betrayals
i . O . rgtighten
O rg him for slack moments. i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg
a i
and a i a i a i
d a
d saaslalaBrutes have been dgentled a
d
a
saaslalwhere lashes failed.
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa Guide, Brutes, w a
.P.Pafollies, time for ww a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w ww w
cheap ww
ww 5 w
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i . O . rgrg to repeat none of the
hoping
O i . O . rgrg follies
cheap
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P He will be lonely .P.P d
a aenough a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www to have www
time for the work www www www
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6 ai.‘Incident
O i .O . rg-rRobert
O g Prone i .O . rgrg – smiling joy – flag-bird
O
brow i .O . Orgrg
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w 24 | Page
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w w w ww
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg
aal al a i aal a l a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
ww w Browning ww w w ww w w – mother-eagle w w
ww – you are wounded –ww w w
“Then off there flung in smiling joy, I’m killed, Sire! - Stormed Ratisbon –
i O
.And. rgrheld
O g himself erect” .O.O
i rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
–out-thrust – my plans i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i mound
l a a i l a a i
that
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad
l
asa – rider, army-leadera–saafull-
sasoar d d sa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww “I’m killed, w wwSire!’ And, his Chief beside, w ww galloping – lips w wcompressed
w – shot in www
ww w w
wwthe boy fell dead”. ww w w
ww– His plans soared up ww w
Smiling, two – Emperor
rgrg rgrg like firer–grg pride touched to the quick rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala“To see your flag-bird d a
d
lala his vans
saasflap d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa Where I, to a
heart’s
.P.Pa desire, Perched him”!’ a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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Prosei . O . rgrg answer:
O
Short i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w
www
w w Lesson –
www w w
5 w wwww w w wwww w w w
www
w w

iI..O rgrg the questions ini.Oone


O
Answer
. . rgrgor two sentences based
O i .O . rgon
O rg your understanding i .O . rofgrg
O the
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a a l
sas lesson. d a
d
a
sas a l
d ad
a
sas a l
d a
d
a
sas a l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1. Which ww is considered the oldest wwwork in Tamil? When was ww it written? ww
i . O . rThe
O grg Tolkappiyam is the.O
i
oldest
. rgrgwork in Tamil. It was
O i . O .
written
rgrg about 200 BCE.i.O.O
O rgrg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa 2. What is the evidence d a
d
l
saasa that support the findings d ad
l
saasa of the oldest Tamil d a
d saasa
work? l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P a a Tamil inscriptions like
.P.P
The earliest a olaichuvadi
.P.P a a a for the oldest .P.P
.P.P
are the evidence aa
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w

a i
3. rMention
. O
i . O grg
ww w
Tamil w work, the Tolkappiyam.
the Tamil worksrg
a i . O
i . O
lai ww
that
w w
rg date to the first two
a i . O
i . O
ww w
rcenturies
grg
w
of the current era.
a i . O
i . rgrg
O
www w

saaslala current era. dadsaaslala saaslala saaslala saasla


The Sangam anthologies and the Pattupattu date to the first two centuries of the
sa
a d a
d a a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 4. Name ww wthe
w Tamil work that speaks ww ww volumes on ethics. ww ww wwww
The greatest Tamil work ‘Thirukkural’ speaks volumes on ethics.
r grg rgrg rgrg rgrg
da

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal 5. What are the other
a saasal classical languages
a saasal
mentioned by the author?
a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Sanskrit, d
a ad
Greek, Latin, Chinese, Persian d
a ad
and Arabic are the other d
a ad
classical languages. d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
wwdefine and list the themes w
www explored in the Tamil w w w
www
6. Canwyou wwLiterature? Why?
Pa

.O O grg I can define. The themes


rYes, .O rgrgare Tamil Hinduism,i.O
O rgrg culture and tradition,
Indian
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l Indian sensibility,
d a
d saasa
ethics l and different facets
d adsaasa
of l
human existence. Tamil,
d a
d saasa
the lonly pre-
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P modern Indian a aliterature, dealt with the
.P.P asubaltern
.P.P a extensively. .PP aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww.
w w ww
w
ww w
7. What iswunique about Tamil andwits sources?
w ww ww
i .O . rgrg Tamil is the only
O i .O . O grg literary tradition.O
rIndian i that
. rgrgis not derived fromi.Sanskrit.
O O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa Tamil is also done a
d
l
asathe primary independent
saof d a
d saasa l
sources of modern Indian
d a
d
l
saasaculture and d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P tradition. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 8. Modern ww Indian languages arewproductive w on earth. Why ww does the author say so?ww

i . O . rgrg Modern Indian ilanguages


O . O . rgrg are the most fertile
O i . O . O grg productive languages
rand i . O . ringrgthe
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala literature can stand
world. They have
d a
d
a
saasonlalpar
begotten their own modern
d a
d
la
saaslaliteratures
literature. Each such
d a
d saaslala
modern Indian
d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa with any of a
the
.P.Pa major of the a
world.
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 9. Whichwlanguagew is as old as w
Latin? w w w w w
Tamil language is as old as Latin.
i . O . rgrg is it said that Tamil
O i . O . rgrgthe most independent
O i . O . O grg
rtradition? i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala10.
a i Why l a
asamostl a i has l a
asaon l a i l a
asal ofa i asla
d a sa Tamil arosed a
as sa
the independent a sa
tradition
d its own with no a sa
influence
d d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.Pother
.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Sanskritw w w
or Indian languages. w w w w w w w ww
www 11. What ww w
is the role of classical Tamil wwwin modern Tamil andwMalayalam? ww www
.O O grg
rClassical Tamil is the source
.O rgrlanguage
O g of modern Tamil
.O rgrgand Malayalam. Linguists
O .O rgrguse it as the
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
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w 25 | Pagew wKSJ
w w w ww
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l a l a i aal a l a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
ww w touchstone w w
wwto understand the nature w w
and w
w development of Dravidian. www w wwww
II. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each.
i .O . rgrg works in Tamil elevate
O i .O . Orgrgto be treated as sacred i .O . rgas
O rgVedas. How? i .O . rgrg
O
a i
a)laSupreme l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasThe l
a great sacred worksaofsaasTamil
d d
l
a Hinduism beganawith
d d
l
saasathe Sangam Anthologies. d a
d
l
saasaTheir ideas d a
d saasla
a a were taken into the
.P.P .P.PaBhagavata
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w ww
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d a
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a d a
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a
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.P.Pa
wwww Tamil is the ww
wsource
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ww ww ww w ww
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l
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d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad c)How do you correlate
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alanguage a ad
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w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www The richness www of Tamil language is www
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d a
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d a
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.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
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i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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a a Dialogue is a conversation
.P.P .P.Pa a between two or more .P.Pa apersons in a narrative style. aa
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ww w w w w w w ww
w
ww w Asking a question

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w w

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ww and offering a replywiswcommon in dialogue. ww
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a i . O
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wwww

saasala Extend the dialogue: saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla


sa
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ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa Question ww.P.Pa ww P.Pa
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da

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l
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l a a i verb ? l a a i l a a i l a a i
l l l l saasla
3
d a
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d saasa d a
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d
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l A: Hai, How
d a
d
l
asayou?
saare d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P B: .P.P
I am a a What about you? .P.P
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ww A: wwMe too fine. How is your wwlife getting on? ww ww
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d saaslala d a
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d saaslala d a
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.P.Pa a
Payou. Feel free to contact
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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l a a i
al terms:
asUseful l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad Good morning. I am
.P.P .P.P ad to What are you.P
aglad a ad
doing?
.P a ad
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How are.you? a ad
.P.P
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d a
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w
tired/stressed. wwww
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i .O . O g
r rthing i O
.You . O g
r rare i .O . rgOf
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I lam
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sure will get l a a i right. l a a i l a a i
d adsaasbetterl
a soon.
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
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w ww
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.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
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wwww w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww 1. Write a dialogue w w between a passenger w w and a railway staff regarding w w the cancellation w w
of the reserved tickets.
i . O . rgrg : Good Morning,i.O
O . rgrWhat
O g
i . O . rgrgmy reservation? i.O.O
O rgrg
Passenger
l a
al
asRailwaya i l a a i
Sir. should
al me the date of trip,ayour
astell I do to
l al
asaname a i
cancel l
asala a i asla
d a sa staff : Could d a
yousa d sa and phone d a
number? sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w Passenger w :w w
Arun, 9876543210. My w w
reservation
w begins on 14 th
w w w
April. w ww
www w w
Railway staffw: Let me check it. Please w
w
w wait for a minute.
www www
Passenger
i . O . rgrg : Yah, sure. i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasRailway staff : I can seesyour
d a
d a
l
asa reservation on my computer.
d ad
l
saasa Let me hit the delete d a
d
l
saasbutton
a and
d a
d saasla
a a your reservation will
.P.P abe
.P.P a cancelled. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww w
Passenger ww: Thank you. I’ll makewanother w w
w w w w
w w wwww
ww w reservation as soon ww as I can. ww
Railway staff : It’s been my pleasure to help you.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saas2.aWrite a dialogue between d a
d
l
saasa two friends aboutdthe ad saaNSS l
sa camp which theydadare l
saasgoing
a to
d a
d saasla
a a attend.
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
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ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w Ragu : Are
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a i . O
i . O
lala : Have you packed
w w
wwyou ready to join with me?
g I am getting ready.
a i . O
lai
i . rgrg
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ww w w

a things for the NSSsacamp? a i . O


i . rgrg
O
ww w w

a i . O
i . rgrg
O
wwww

saasRagu lalthe
saasall la
slamedicine. saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa Vimal : Yes, I
ww .P.Pa
have packed everything .P.Pa
including
ww
some
ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww Ragu : Medicine? ww ww For what? ww ww ww ww wwww
Vimal : We can’t predict our health condition as it is a two-week programme.
r:grg grgit from you in case of.Oemergency?
rget rgrg rgrg
da

Ragu
l a ia. O
i . O You are correct. Shall
l a ia. OiI.O
l a ia i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a sa al : Sure. Where ashould
asVimal saasal we assemble for theainauguration? saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad Ragu : We have.P.toP d d
a aassemble d
a ad itself. The in-charge d
adguide us.
awill d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w in the school w .P
w .P
campus w .P.P
w w.P.P
w
w
www Vimal : OK. wwww Let us make a move. www
w wwww w
www
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
d a saasla
aa
.P.P d a a PART – IV (SAMPLE)
.P.P d .P.Paa d aa
.P.P d .P.Paa d
w ww
w w www w ww
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Prose Paragraph:
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa LESSON – 3 (for dBright a
d
l
saasastudents) d ad saasa l
d a
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d a
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aa
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w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ‘In Celebration ww of Being Alive’ is an wwextract from a speech w ofwDr. Barnard. He tells an ww
incidentrgabout rg two critically illi.O rgrg and their zest ofi.life
children rg
that
rg transforms him. The rgrg
doctor
a i . O
i . O a i . O a O
i . O
He was against his a i . O
i . O
a saaslala
had started thinking about
a saaslala
suffering since the car
a aslala
accident.
sa a saaslala view
father’s
a saasla
a d d on suffering i.e ‘God’s
a d d
way of testing to make one
a d dnoble’. In his a d
hospitalization,d he witnessed a d d
.P.Pa an incident in awChildren’s .PPa hospital. The two .P .Pa boys took over awbreakfast a
w.P.P trolley. One boyww w.P.P
a
ww
ww
ww
ww www. ww wwww little wwww ww w
was 7 years old who lost both eyes due to his mother’s misthrow of lantern. The blind boy
servedi . O . rasgrgthe mechanic of thei.O
O . rgrg Another boy suffered
trolley.
O i . O . rgfrom
O rg a hole in his heart i .O . Ogrg a
rand
l a a i
al of the bone. His
astumour l a
al
ashouldera i l
asal a a i l a a i
al of his
ashope asla
d a sa d a sa s and arm wereasa
d amputated. There was little
d a sa d a s a
a ad recovery. Yet, this.P.one-armed
.P.P a ad
P boy served w .Pthe
asw .P
d of the trolley. They
a adriver .P.P d
a apushed it all over ww .P.Pa ad
w w w w w w w w w w w
www the ward and w
wwenjoyed the game. The w ww too laughed with w
patients wwThis incident made him
joy. www
understand rgrgthat rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O One cannot l a ia O
.enjoy
i . O life unless one a i .Oi
experiences
l a . O suffering. l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w 27 | Page w wwKSJ
w w ww
w w ww
w www
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ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s a slaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
ww w w w
ww We must be happywwith w w
w what we have left with. ww w w ww w w

i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasLESSON
a l
– 3 (For d a saasa l
late-bloomers)
d d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 3. In Celebration
ww of Being Alive – Dr.Christiaan ww Barnard
ww ww
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala ➢ Dr.Barnard thinkssover
d a
d aaslalasuffering in ‘In Celebration
d a
d saaslala of Being Alive’.dadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa ➢ He was against a
.P.Pahis father’s view onwsuffering a
.PPa i.e ‘God’s way of a
P.Pa to make one
.testing a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww noble’.
ww ww ww
wwwww. ww ww ww
ww wwww
➢ He witnessed an incident in a Children’s hospital.
➢. O O grg two little boys took.O
rThe rgrga breakfast trolley. i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O
l a ia i .
asal➢ One boy sufferedasafrom l a ia i .
over
asal a hole in his heart and l al a
aasatumour i l
asal a ia i . asla
d a sa d d a sa of the bone. d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P ➢ His shoulder .P.P adarm were removed..P.P
aand a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www ➢ Yet,wthis wwone-armed boy servedwas ww the driver of the trolley.ww
w www
➢ rAnothergrg boy was 7 years.Oold rgrwho
g lost both eyes due rgrthe
to g burns. rgrg
l a ia.Oi . OThe l a ia i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l ➢ blind boy
d
served
a
d saasa l
as the mechanic of the
d a
d saasa l
trolley.
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P ➢ They pushed .P.P aitaall over the ward, enjoyed .P.Pa aand made all the patients .P.Pafeel
a happy. aa
.P.P
w ww
w ➢ The w ww
w
author learned from the w ww
w
incident that w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
▪ One cannot enjoy life unless one experiences suffering.
i .O . Orgrg ▪ We must i .O be
. rghappy
O rg with what weihave .O . rgrleft
O g with.
i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
w
ww w Poem Paragraph:
i . O
i . Orgrg
ww w w (For Bright w
i . O
i
lai
. rgrg
O
w
w w
Students)
i . O
i . rgrg
O
ww w w

i . O
i . rgrg
O
ww w w

saas5.lalA
a a Father to his saaslaSon
a la – Carl August saaslala Sandburg
a a
saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d “A Father to a d
his
a
dSon” by Carl August a d a
d
Sandburg captures a loving a d a
d
father’s invaluable a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww advice to his ww wson.
w The poet gives his w w
w w
worldly wisdom to his son w w
at
w w
his manhood. He advisesw w
w w
his son to face life’s challenges and sudden betrayals confidently like a rock. Life is like a
rgrgBeing gentle, one can rgrg life fruitful. One should rgrghave a deep desire and rgrg
da

fertile
l a ia. O
i . O
soil.
l a ia. O
i . O
make
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
strong
a sa al to achieve. Greed for
aswill a sa s al is a deadly thing.asaEven
amoney asal good men have fallen a sa al in quest
asprey a saasla
d
a ad for easy money. Time d d
a afor d
ad poet advises his son
a The dadto feel ashamed .P.P
anot d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w leisure is not a waste. w .P.P
w w w.P.P ww
w
www for unknown
w w when seeking knowledge.
wwthings w
www He should learn w w
wwhis mistakes and never
from wwww
Pa

repeat them.
i . O . Orgrg The poet asks hisi.son O . rgtorgintrospect often andi.accept
O O . rgrghis shortcomings. He
O i . O . rgrg
should
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
avoid
saastime
a l white lies to protect
d a
d
l
self against other
saastoa be creative. Final d people.
a
d
l
The poet encourages
saasa are taken in silentdadrooms. his l
saasa Thespare
son to
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P for solitude.
.beP.Paa
It helps
.P.Paa decisions
.P.Paa poet aa
.P.P
w ww
w wants his son w ww
w
to unique and different w ww
w
from others. The poet w ww
w
motivates his son to find hiswwww
ww ww ww ww ww
inherent abilities and seek what he is born for. He asks his son to use free imaginations to
bring i .O . Orgrg to the world. Hei.Owants
changes . rgrg his son to be on his
O i .O . rgrg The poet advises his
own.
O i .O . rgrgto
son
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saaswork l
a hard to achieve like
d a
d
a l
saasShakespeare, the Wright
d a
d
l
saasbrothers,
a Pasteur, Pavlov
d a
d saasand l
a Michael
d a
d saasla
a a Faraday.
.P.P .P.P aa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
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ww Poem Paragraph: ww (For Late-bloomers) ww ww ww
i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i
a Father to his a i
la - Carl August a i a i
d a
d saas5.lalA
d a
d saaslaSon d a
d saaslala Sandburgdadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa ➢ The poem.P a
.PaFather to his Son”wdescribes a a a
.P.Pa advice to his ww a
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ww ww“A w.P.P a loving father’s winvaluable ww .
ww
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➢ The grg poet gives his worldly
i➢. O . OrHe asks him to face life’s
i . O . rwisdom
Ogrg
challenges
to his son at his manhood.
and sudden i . O . rgrg confidently like a irock.
O .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal➢ The poet advisesahis l a
asasonl a i l
asal a a i
betrayals l
asal a a i asla
d a sa d sa to take life as it d a sa
comes. d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P .P.anda ad
P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad a ad
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w w w ➢ Deep w w w
desire strong will is w w
necessary
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www ➢ Greed wwfor w
money is a deadly thing. www www www

l a ia. i.Ogrg for leisure is not


➢OrTime
l a
aO
ia i . rgrg
. waste.
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
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d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
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i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aa d ad a aa d ad a aad a
d a aad a
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ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
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w
ww w ➢ Thewpoet’s w w
w advice to his son: ww w w ww w w ww w w
▪ Never feel ashamed for unknown things.
i .O . rgrg
O ▪ Learnla i .O . O grgmistakes and never repeat
rhis i .O . rgrgthem.
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i from
a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
ad
l
saasa often and acceptdthe
▪ dIntrospect ad
l
saasshortcomings.
a
d a
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d a
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aa
.P.P a aSpare time for solitude.Pto
.P▪.P aa aa
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w ww
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w w www.Pbe creative. w ww
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ww ww ▪ Be unique. ww ww ww
rgrg ▪ Find inherent rgrabilities.
g rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
d a
d saaslala ▪ Use
d ad
lalaimaginations to bringsachanges
saasfree d ad a slala to the world. dadsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa ▪ a
.P.Pa Work hard to achieve. .P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
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wwww Supplementary ww ww Paragraph: ( for ww
wBright
w students) ww ww ww wwww
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3.laThei . O . rgrg of Truth- PercivaliWilde
O
Hour . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asThe a i
al one-act play is an intense l
asal a a i l a a i
asal influence of money on l a a i
asal The play asla
d a sa d a sapsychological study of the d a sa
corrupting d a sa
people. d a sa
a ad explores greed and .itsP.effects
.P.P a ad on individuals and also
P .P.P ad and its rewards on the.P
avirtue a ad persons. Baldwin .P.P
.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w truthful w w w
www leads a simplewlife wwwith his wife, Marsha andwhiswson w John and daughter Evie.wHe ww is working as the secretaryw ofw
w
the national
i .O . rgrgbank. He is a man of principles.
O i O
.He . rgrgHe is an honest, hardworking
O i .O . rgrand
O g loyal employee. But,.O
i . rgrg
Gresham
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
is
saasa l
the President of the national
d ad
bank.
saasa l is corrupt and selfish.
d ad
He
saasa l
misappropriates money
d
from
a
d saasa l
his own bank.
d a
d saasla
a a So, he is arrested. Gresham
.P.P .P.Pa a offers Mr. Baldwin one.Phundred .Pa a thousand dollars as bribe a ato say three words ‘I .P.P
.P.P aa
w ww
w don’t remember’ w w
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the trial. All the members w
ofww w
Baldwin’s family change w
their w
w w
outlook for money and w
insist ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Baldwin to give false testimony at the trial. But, he strongly rejects the offer of one hundred thousand dollars.
.O
Mr. iGresham . rgrg feels ashamed of his imoral
O .O . rgrcorruption.
O g He is forced to i .O rgrg his crime. At the end,i.Baldwin’s
O
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. O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
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saashonesty
a is rewarded with a ajobsaain
d d
l
sathe Third National Bankdaby dsaits l
asapresident, Marshall. Thus,athe
d d
l
saasplay
a highlights
d a
d saasla
a a the evils effects of money
.P.P .P.Pa aand the reward for being honest. .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
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a
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a i . O
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a i . O
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saasSupplementary saaslala ( for Late-bloomers)


Paragraph: saaslala saaslala saasla
sa
a d a
d a d ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 3. The hour w w
ofw w
truth - For slow-learners ww ww ww ww ww ww
➢ This one-act play is a study of the corrupting influence of money on people.
grg leads a simple life .with
rBaldwin rghis
rgwife, Marsha. rgrg rgrg
da

i➢. O
i . O i O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
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d
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a
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aand d
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a ad a a d
a ada a
w .P.P
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w w w w w.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www ➢ But,w
w
ww the President of a bank,
Gresham,
w
wwiswcorrupt and selfish. wwww wwww
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➢ rHe grgmisuses the bank money..OSo, rghe


rgis arrested. rgrg rgrg
l a i➢
a. O
i . O l a ia i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l Baldwin
saasa ➢ Gresham offers one is the only
d ad
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saasa thousand dollars todBaldwin ad
l
saasato give false testimonydinadtrial. saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa hundred
.P.P aa aa
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w ww
w ➢ Baldwin’sw wfamily
w w members insist him w
toww w
accept the bribe. w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
➢ But, Baldwin strongly rejects the bribe even if he loses his job.
➢.O O grg confesses his crime.
rGresham .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
d
l
saasa ➢ Marshall gives Baldwin d ad
l
saasaa job in the Third National d ad
l
saasafor his honesty.
Bank
d a
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d a
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aa
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Supplementary rgrg One-word Questions: rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
la
saas3.laThe la
saaslaWilde saaslala saaslala saasla
a d a
d Hour of Truth -
a d ad
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ww.P.Pa 1. “The Hour ww of Pa is written by Percival
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2. The scene is set at Baldwin’s cottage.
i3.
. O . rItgrisgSunday afternoon. i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal4. Gresham is the President l a a i
asalof the national bank. asaasal l a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P 5. Gresham is.arrested P.Pa adfor the misappropriation .P.P d bank money.
aofathe a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
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7. Baldwingrg lives with his wife,.Marsha and his son John and daughter
i . O . rBaldwin’s
O i O . rgrg the
O i . O . rgrg atEvie.
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a 8.
a i son, John Gresham
l a a i meets assistant cashier,
l a a i
Donovan the Athletic Club. l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
PUBLISHING HOUSE 9488757598/9865315131
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
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w 29 | Page w wKSJ
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
ww w 9. Donovan w w
ww is working in the bank forw w
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years. ww w w wwww
10. Baldwin’s son, John Gresham is named after John Gresham, the president of the bank.
.O O grg works in the bank .ofOGresham.
rBaldwin O rgrg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a i11.
a i . l a ia i. l a ia i . l a ia i .
d ad
l
saasa 12. Baldwin’s salarydisad60saadollars l
sa a week. d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P a aBaldwin low salary for the
.P.paid
P a a35 years.
.P.last
P aa
.P.P aa
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w ww
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w w w ww
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ww 14. Gresham ww offers Mr. Baldwin one hundred ww thousand dollars to give wwfalse testimony. ww
. O grg insists Mr.Baldwin.OtoO
15. rGresham
O grgthree words ‘I don’t remember’
rsay . O rgrg at the trial.
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
d a
d saaslala 16. Baldwin’s honesty prompts
d a
d saaslalaGresham to confessdhis ad
aslala
saguilt. d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa 17. John Gresham, a
.P.Pathe president of the bank, a
.P.Pa
sponsored John’s baptizing. (Baldwin’s
a
.P.Pa son) a
.P.Pa
wwww 18. All the ww
wmembers
w of Baldwin’s family ww ww
tried to convince Baldwin to accept wwwthe
w bribe. Their arguments wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
are as follows:
.
19.O r
O grg
Martha’s argument : theiri.son, O OrgJohn
rg bore Baldwin’s friend . O rgrgJohn Gresham. If he was
O
name, . O rgrg it
O
jailed,
l a ia i .
asal would be a disgraceafor l a a i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
a sa sa al son. At present, John awas
astheir sa albreadwinner of the family.
asthe a saaSo,
s l income
ahis a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w.P.P
was not enough.
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
w
www 20. Evie’s
w w
wwargument: Depositors wouldwhate
w
wwBaldwin if the settlementw w
ofw w was done immediately.
money
w
www
21. rJohn’s
grg argument: Baldwin.O couldrgrgbecome John Gresham’s rgrg partner if he was notifound
business rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O “Nobody l a ia i . O punished”. l a ia. O
i . O l a a.Oi . O
d a
d
l guilty.
saasa 22. Baldwin’s full name wants
d a
d
to l
see
saisasRobert
a him
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.his
P Baldwin. P.Paa
.‘liars’ aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 23. Baldwin w w
w w
calls family members ww
‘shams’
w w ‘hypocrites’ w ww
‘thieves’.
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
24. Mr. Marshall is the President of Third National Bank.
.O
25. O grg offers Baldwin a job
rMarshall .O rghis
in
O rg bank. .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
d a
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d a
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d a
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.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
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a i . O
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a i . O
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a i . O
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saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla


sa
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.P.Pa Dr. Karthisuresh J,
d d d d d
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aal al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
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