Non-critical thinking – happens when
Rapid Reading – aims to locate
you simply accept the things you are told
without examining them; leads people to
jump to conclusions without proof or
evidence.
Critical Thinking – involves a series of
complex thought processes which allow you
to make reasoned judgements, asses the way
you think, and solve problems effectively.
LEVELS OF THINKING
Lower-Order Thinking Skills
1. Remembering – aim to define,
memorize or state information.
2. Understanding – discuss, describe,
paraphrase, or explain information.
3. Applying – demonstrate, solve, or
use information
Higher-Order Thinking Skills
4. Analyzing – compare, integrate or
structure information
5. Evaluating – judge and test an idea
based on certain rules or standards
6. Creating – does not only mean
making something concrete; aim to
produce, design or construct new
information or ideas.
READING PROCESS
 Pre-reading stage – aims to
introduce the readers’ motivation to
read and to activate their schema or
background knowledge
- previewing, freewriting, surveying
questioning, making assumptions
about the author, identifying the
purpose, and selecting a reading
system such as SQ3R (survey,
question, read, recite, review)
 While-reading stage – you may
reread the text until you fully
understand its meaning
- getting the meaning of words
through context clues, predicting,
inferencing, monitoring
comprehension, annotating the text,
and reflecting.
 Post-reading stage – you have to
check your understanding of the text.
TYPES OF READING
- reflecting, summarizing,
paraphrasing, drawing conclusions,
making graphic organizers, and
journal writing.
BASIC READING SKILLS
1.
specific information or main ideas in
a very short span of time
a. Skimming – type of quick
reading that aims to get the main
idea and and to get an overview of
the material.
b. Locating the main idea –
involves the identification of the
central message of a reading
selection
c. Scanning – quick reading
strategy which aims to get specific
information from a given text.
2. Previewing – a reader looks over a
material and focuses on the
information he/she finds relevant. It
allows readers to set the purpose and
link the content of the material to
their background knowledge. (pre-
reading stage)
- Reading the title and headings
- Browsing: inspecting hurriedly
the table of contents,
introduction, or summary
3. Literal reading – involves the
understanding of ideas and facts that
are directly stated in the printed
material
- Note-taking, paraphrasing,
summarizing (post-reading
stage)
a. Summarizing – involves
condensing lengthy text into a
shorter passage which is usually
15 to 30 percent of the source
material.
b. Paraphrasing – involves
restating ideas from the original
text; focuses on the details, not on
the main idea
4. Inferential reading – process of
deducing facts and ideas not directly
expressed in the text
- “reading between the lines”
- Includes making generalizations,
inferences, and conclusions
(while-reading)
5. Critical Reading – close and
thorough evaluation of the claims in
the terms of relevance, validity and
logic. (while-reading stage)
1. Developmental reading – a
systematic instruction which aims to
develop the students’ reading skills
 2. Pleasure reading – amore passive
type of reading that primarily aims to
provide enjoyment and
entertainment
3. Functional reading – designed to
help students learn basic functional
reading ability
4. Remedial reading – aims to
correct the effects of poor teaching
poor learning
Brainstorming – tool in generating
creative and rich ideas. It helps establish
patterns of ideas, develop new ways of
thinking, activate background knowledge,
and overcome mental block.
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
- Visual representations of concepts that help
us structure information into organizational
patterns
- helpful tools for brainstorming, facilitating
reading and writing, promoting active
learning, and accessing previous knowledge
and experiences.
Types of Graphic Organizers
1. Venn Diagram – used to compare
and contrast ideas and events. It uses
two or more overlapping circles to
show similar and different attributes.
2. Network Tree - is used to represent
hierarchy, classification and
branching. It is useful in showing
relationships of scientific categories,
family trees, and even lineages.
3. Spider Map (sematic map) – used
to investigate and enumerate various
aspects of central idea, which could
be a concept, topic, or theme.
4. Problem-Solution Map – displays
the nature of the problem and how it
can be solved. This map usually
contains the problem’s description,
its causes and effects, and logical
solutions.
5. Timeline – used to show how events
occurred chronologically through a
long bar labelled with dates and
specific events.
6. Plot Diagram – used to map events
in a story.
a. Exposition – the initial part
where the characters, settings,
and relationships are established
b. Inciting moment – the part
which brings about the change or
the conflict
c. Rising action – the section
where the conflict and the
characters are developed
d. Climax – the highest point of the
story where the major events are
confronted.
e. Falling action – the events
immediately following the climax
which lead to the closure of the
conflict
f. Resolution – the conclusion or
closure of the story
7. Series of Events Chain – used to
show the logical sequence of events
8. Fishbone Map – used to better
understand the casual relationship of
a complex phenomenon. It shows the
factors that cause a specific event or
problem, as well as details of each
cause.
9. Cycle – describes how a series of
events interact to produce a set of
results repeatedly.
10. Persuasion Map – used to map out
arguments and evidence that prove a
viewpoint. This map is especially
useful when processing persuasive or
argumentative texts.
OUTLINE
- a tool for organizing ideas.
- Decimal outline only uses numbers
as labels; Alphanumeric outline uses
both letters and numbers as labels
Four principles in making an effective
outline
 Coordination – requires ideas of
the same relevance to be labelled in
the same way
 Subordination – shows that minor
details have to be placed under their
respective major details
 Division – requires that no cluster
should contain only one item
 Parallel construction – requires
all entries in each cluster to use the
same structure and format.
Kinds of Outline According to
Structure
1. Topic outline – uses words and
phrases as its entries; used if the
 ideas being discussed can be
arranged in a number of ways.
2. Sentence outline – uses complete
sentences as its entries; used when
the topic being discussed is
complicated and requires details.
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT
- logical arrangement of ideas
- helps you follow ideas easily and
understand a text better.
1. Definition – helps to clarify and
explain concepts by answering the
question “What does it mean?” This
pattern explains the information
through the use of illustrations,
examples, and descriptions.
2. Exemplification – presents the
general statement and then provides
specific and concrete examples to
expound on the main idea.
3. Description (Sensory and
Spatial) – provides details on the
idea by using either a sensory or
spatial pattern.
Sensory – ideas are arranged based
on one or all of the five senses
Spatial – arranges ideas by location
or physical space
4. Chronology/Procedure
organizes ideas or events according to
time.
Narration – sequences events in the
order in which they occurred in time
Process – organizes details based on
stages or steps
5. Listing – Organizes ideas using
enumeration; does not require to be
sequenced chronologically.
6. Comparison-contrast – organizes
ideas based on how events, places,
people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one
another.
7. Classification and Division –
organizes ideas into categories or
divisions based on criteria and
standards.
8. Cause and effect – organizes
details based on the cause, the
reason, and the result
consequences of a certain
phenomenon.
9. Problem-solution – organizes
ideas into problems and proposed
solutions.
10. Persuasion – organizes ideas to
show how a set of evidence leads to a
logical conclusion or argument.
- Presents the issue, the position,
and the supporting evidence
that supports the position.
INTERTEXT VS. HYPERTEXT
Intertext – refers to work whose meaning is
shaped by referencing or calling to mind
other texts.
Hypertext – characterized by external links
embedded in a text by the writer.
TYPES OF CLAIMS
1. Claim of fact – an arguent about a
quantifiable topic
- NOT fact; only asserts a stand
regarding a debatable topic.
2. Claim of value – argues whether
something is good or bad. It is based
on judgement and evaluation on a
philosophical, aesthetic, or moral
standpoint.
3. Claim of policy – an argument
– which asserts the implementation of
a certain policy.
A critical reader:
- Questions
- Compares
- Evaluates (right or wrong; valid
or invalid)
or