Reforms were also implemented in urban industry to increase productivity.

A dual-price system
was introduced, in which (State-owned enterprise reform 1979) state-owned industries were
allowed to sell any production above the plan quota, and commodities were sold at both plan
and market prices, allowing citizens to avoid the shortages of the Maoist era. Moreover, the
adoption of Industrial Responsibility System 1980s further promote the development of state-
owned enterprise by allowing individuals or groups to manage the enterprise by contract.
Private businesses were allowed to operate for the first time since the Communist takeover, and
they gradually began to make up a greater percentage of industrial output.[15] Price flexibility was
also increased, expanding the service sector.[16]
in December 1978, Deng annouced a new policy, the Open Door Policy, to open the door to
foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China.[17][18] For the first time since
the Kuomintang era, the country was opened to foreign investment. Deng created a series
of special economic zones for foreign investment that were relatively free of the bureaucratic
regulations and interventions that hampered economic growth. These regions became engines
of growth for the national economy.[16]

China has achieved a rapid increase in the gross value of industrial output (used before China
switched to GNP accounting in 1986), which, according to official Chinese statistics, rose by
13.3% annually between 1950 and 1979. The greatest sustained surge in growth occurred
during the first decade, with the rate averaging 22% annually during 1949–60. During 1961–74,
the yearly growth rate fell to about 6%, partly as a result of the disruptions brought on by the
collapse of the Great Leap Forward(which accompanied the withdrawal of Soviet technicians in
mid-1960) and of work stoppages and transportation disruptions during the Cultural Revolution.
Growth averaged 10% from 1970 to 1980 and 10.1% from 1979 to 1985. Major policy reforms of
1984 further accelerated the pace of industrial growth, which reached 20.8% by 1988. After a
brief retrenchment period in 1989–90 as government policies prioritized inflation control over
other concerns, expansion of the country's industrial sector resumed apace, exceeding 20% in
1992 and 18% in 1994. Industrial output was officially up 13.4% in 1995, with state enterprises
contributing the majority.

China's industrial sector has recorded big gains in output, employment, and exports in the absence
of privatization, effective bankruptcy legislation, and other policy innovations widely seen as
prerequisites for successful reform. This essay reviews the accomplishments of Chinese industry
since the start of reform in 1978, focusing on the internal dynamics of the development process,
considers the future of partial reform, and discusses the implications of China's industrial reform
experience
Education

There has been two types of education system reforms in China since 1978. The first type is
school education system reform, and the second is education management system reform.
Practical implications – A point arising is how to reform the education system at the national
level. Originality/value – This is the first time the researcher has studied education system
reform and its characteristics in China since 1978, and it can help people to understand
education system reform in China systematically.