Isabela State University

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Cauayan City, Isabela

Chapter I
Review of Related Literature

Local Literature
Attendance Monitoring System

The attendance monitoring system provides registration and complete processing of the

employees’ attendance, and can be interlinked to other information systems. It is intended

for all

organization types, ranging from state administration bodies to banks to industrial

companies. Data is stored in an SQL server database (MS SQL Server, Oracle 8i, Sybase SQL
Anywhere), allowing distributed data processing within a computer network. Users can also
utilize a thin client – the intranet application eKriváň, for attendance data processing (employees
can use the application for attendance data viewing). The solution involves bi-directional
interface to personnel and wage system.

Identification is carried out by means of attendance readers with a display and keypad (to
enter flags such as business matter, medical appointment, holiday etc.), which are able to identify
a person based on the identification element. A person is identified in the control software by
being assigned a means of identification, which can be and ID card or biometric characteristic.

The software can be supplemented with a monitoring program, providing real-time on-
line information on employee presence status.

The attendance system allows:

* monitoring of the employees’ presence at any moment

* individual configuration of work calendar for each employee

* calculation of actual hours of work and recording of overtime hours

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

* calculation of monthly total hours worked

* automatic calculations for late arrivals (due to business matters, medical appointments)
or earlier leaves from work (working time interruption), assessment of half-day holiday leaves.

* recording, calculation and classification of working time interruptions (basic and

additional interruptions) counting of interruptions (effect of an interruption on the working time)
can be configured in the system easily

* monitoring of observance of breaks at work

* bulk data inputs...

Teachers Attendance Monitoring System

Nowadays many schools are using a manual monitoring system and most of the time they
accidentally loss there attendance sheet so that they cannot properly monitor the attendance of
their Teachers.

Attendance Monitoring System is a gate pass management system by inputting their user
name and password that will monitor the presence of the teachers of the school. This will lessen
the work of the school personnel in checking the identity of every teacher. It maintains the daily
record of the teachers in log in and log out from school. This study is conducted for the
enhancement of the existing manual attendance recording in form of a fully developed
monitoring system of Children of Fatima School Inc.

Children of Fatima School Inc. was founded and established in October 1995. The
persons behind were MA. PRESENTACION G. PINEDA and WILFREDO R. JESALVA (who
became its first principal), with the support of MR. ALEJANDRO F. PINEDA, and MRS.
VICTORIA G. PINEDA

The School started to operate and open classes in June 1996, after ut had established its

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

credibility and had met all the requirements, of Children of Fatima School Dau was
issued government recognition E-023 s 1998 and s-004 s 1998. The school offers Nursery,
Kindergarten, Pre-Elementary and Secondary Education. Children of Fatima School Inc. is
contributing tremendously to the promotion of its objectives of providing for the intellectual,
socio-cultural, moral, and spiritual upliftment of the pupils/students not only in Dau, but also in
other towns in Pampanga. Thus, Children of Fatima School of Mabalacat with government
recognition E-078 s 2004, s-031 s 2006 was opened in school year 2002-2003, and Children of
Fatima School of Sto. Tomas opened in school year 2005-2006 with government recognition E-
058 s 2007, S-062 s 2007 to cater to the people of Sto. Thomas and its environs.

In this study, the proponents aim to provide a better way of monitoring the attendance of
Children of Fatima Inc. In order for the Administrator can handle faster and easy way of
recording and monitoring the daily attendance of the teachers. The system will provide an
efficient way of record keeping activity. This study aims to provide better results of Teachers
attendance Monitoring System that can cover up with the school needs.

Theoretical framework is the combine idea of the proponents to the stated system.

The study of this procedure is important because many school’s encounter the same
problem during their attendance monitoring. It may become stepping stone in a more organize
and productive system of procedures in the future. This study wants to help other school’s to be
innovated involving the use of computerization inside the campus and also for future proponents
that will be involve in this kind of study..

Church Attendance

Scholars have noted the positive influence of church attendance on voting

participation(Milbrath and Goel 1977; Macaluso and Wanat 1979; Hougland and Christenson
1983;Martinson and Wilkening 1987; Peterson 1992; Harris 1994; Verba, Schlozman, and Brady
1995).However, church attendance was negatively or unrelated to demanding forms of political

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

partic-ipation (Hougland and Christenson 1983; Martinson and Wilkening 1987; Harris 1994;
Verba,Schlozman, and Brady 1995; Calhoun-Brown 1996). One explanation for the differential
betweenelectoral and nonelectoral participation is that current scholarship fails to accurately
understand,conceptualize, and analyze prior processes that influence a respondent’s church
attendance de-cisions. Some congregants attend church frequently, while others rarely attend
services. Thesedifferences matter in analyzing political data.The participation literature has
largely ignored the fact that church attendance is a volun-tary, nonrandom act. The religious and
political beliefs of frequent attenders differ from thoseof infrequent attenders. The decision to
attend services is partially motivated by factors such asa respondent’s fundamentalism beliefs.
These beliefs have important consequences for politicalbehavior. However, the local political
participation literature has primarily treated church atten-dance as a random process (Martinson
and Wilkening 1987; Peterson 1992; Harris 1994; Verba,Schlozman, and Brady 1995; Calhoun-
Brown 1996; Cassel 1999).In a “classical” experiment studying the effects of church attendance,
respondents wouldhave an equal probability of being assigned into the various treatment
(attender) and control(nonattender) groups (Campbell and Stanley 1966; Cook and Campbell
1979). Extending thislogic, the effects of church attendance would then be examined for
influences on local nonelectoralparticipation. In actuality, congregants’ beliefs about
fundamentalism affect how often they attendchurch services. When these beliefs determine
which respondents appear in churches, then churchattendance is no longer exogenous. To
properly understand the influence of church attendanceon political participation, scholars need to
first model the attendance decision process and thenmodel a respondent’s political behavior.

Foreign Literature

Airline Reservations Systems

In the arena of global competition, organizations in all over the world are competing
through the use of the most comprehensive and advanced technological feature. The most
common example of innovation is in the area of information technology and communication.
Various industries are using the technologies and the advancements of software and internet to
maintain and monitor their business transactions. In the application of the informative systems,

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

the airline industry is the most common users of the system. The purpose of the application of
system is to easily manage and organize all the reservations and bookings of the clients and gain
the competitive advantage. Some of the popular airlines that use the various reservations systems
are the British Airways, Virgin Atlantic Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and Qantas,
and many others. All of the airlines are founded in different years, following different routes,
having unique organizational structure and models and yet covers the system that gained them
popularity.

Reservations Systems

Because of the effect of the September 11th attack, each airlines began polishing the
system and holding the importance of the airline reservation system. It has a purpose in
enhancing the risk assessments among the flights from the point of embarkation to the point of
destination. This process is known as the Passenger Name Record (PNR). As traced into the
early reservation systems done by the travel agents, the electronic systems are here emphasized.
The operation of the reservation system might have different requirements from the competing
companies. The earliest versions of the reservation system were not designed to support the
exchange of data between operators, as the concept of interlining (transport involving two or
more carriers under a single ticket) was not yet fully developed. When the exchange of data was
required, it often involved the use of other processes outside of the carrier's own reservation
systems. This promotes in the construction of the PNR that systematically records each of
passenger's travel requirements which contains all information necessary to enable reservations
to be processed and controlled by the booking airline and the airline(s) participating in the
carriage (IATA, 2004). The record includes the following:

1. The passenger's name (or names, as a PNR can be for a single traveler or for a group of
many);

2. Itinerary or routing;

3. Received from (the person making the reservation);

4. A phone contact (which is basically the number of Travel Agent made the booking); and

5. Ticketing information

On-Line Reservations

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

Because of the rapid spread of the internet, the airlines adopted a reservation system that
is a strong factor to gain new sales. The airlines began to introduce their own on-line reservation
system. These systems allowed airlines to avoid commissions by bypassing travel agents. Thus,
it has a tendency for the users to repeat the business transactions. The airline reservation systems
are frequently liked to the various programs and special offers which adds to their ability to
capture the travel and leisure market. These are some strategies that the online travel agencies
and travel agents cannot achieve because of the limitation in their services. However, this system
also experience drawbacks. Most of the airline sites do not allow for easy price comparison,
some will only book reservations on the airline which owns the site. Itineraries which require
travel to cities not served by that carrier usually cannot be booked (Kearney & Robinson, 2004).

On-Line Travel Agencies

There are many traditional travel agencies that are operating on-line, but only few are
known by the passengers. The transaction between the travel agents and airlines is through the
commission basis. However, because of the direct booking of other passengers the commission
basis is slow diminishing and they have to charge the customers for the service fee. The usual
offers they give depend on their strategy and advertisement and not part of the airlines (Kearney
& Robinson, 2004).

Differences in Airline Reservation Systems

The reservation systems contain the information concerning the passengers and his
transportation. This information can be exchanged between the carriers through the facilitation of
well-defined method. The differences of the methods are based on the way wherein the various
systems interact with the airport system during the operations. For some instances, the
passenger’s records in the reservation system can be updated with the information and check-in
operations.

Some carrier includes the additional information or has no formal structured PNR and
sometimes the risks occur. For example the Tour Operator entered the contact of the passenger
that may lead to the security of the clientele. In today, many carriers do not operate in their own
reservation systems, and instead rely on the products and systems developed by the commercial
Computerized Reservation Systems (CRS) or Global Distribution Systems (GDS). In these cases,
a carrier operating from one country may be relying on a CRS for reservations and check-in

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

services that is based in another country - and accordingly - potentially bound by differing laws
(IATA, 2004).

What is ARS?

Airline Reservations System ARS is a computerized system used to store and retrieve
information and conduct transactions related to air travel. The systems was originally designed
and operated by airlines, but were later extended for the use of travel agencies. Major ARS
operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as

Global Distribution Systems (GDS)

Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who
make their systems accessible to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSes typically
allow users to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets.

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (GDS)

Global Distribution Systems (GDS) are subsystems connected to Airline Reservation

Systems (ARS) which allows users access to information on flight scheduling and reservation
stored in the Airline Reservation System (ARS) database.

History of AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM (ARS)

American Airlines was the first to establish an automated booking system in 1946. Using
a system to track information and improve efficiency was a highly appealing aim in the industry,
and drew the attention of other airlines worldwide. The system endured years of development
and alterations. Trans-Canada Airlines developed a computer-based system with remote
terminals that eventually took over operations in 1953. The same year, American Airlines
worked closely with IBM to develop an improved system, and the Airline Reservation System
(ARS) and the Semi-Automatic Business Research System (SABRE) launched thereafter in1960.
The network completed set-up in 1964, and it was recognized as the largest data processing
system in existence. Later, other airlines invested more in research and development to launch
improved systems, and through the late 1960s and early 1970s, airlines established their own
systems. United Airlines developed the Apollo Reservation System, and shortly after allowed
travel agents access. The Apollo system was the foundation for many further developments,

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

which spread from just US airlines to European airlines as well. The research and development
of Airline Reservation System became a significant aspect of the industry and all its air carrier
companies, and partnerships between airlines and technology gurus emerged. (Morrison,
Winston 1995)Other airlines soon established their own systems. Delta Air Lines launched the
Delta Automated Travel Account System (DATAS) in 1968. United Airlines and Trans World
Airlines followed in1971 with the Apollo Reservation System and Programmed Airline
Reservation System (PARS), respectively. Soon, travel agents began pushing for a system that
could automate their side of the process by accessing the various ARSes directly to make
reservations. Fearful this would place too much power in the hands of agents, American Airlines
executive Robert Crandall proposed creating an industry-wide Computer Reservation System to
be a central clearinghouse for U.S.travel; other airlines demurred, citing fear of antitrust
prosecution. (Wikipedia, 2010)

Airline deregulation occurred in 1978, magnifying the importance of computerized

airline reservation systems and their accessibility. During the early 1970s, as travel agents
pushed for access to reservation systems, and certain airline executives made investments for the
sake of accessing the systems of other airlines, antitrust laws came into focus. The purpose of the
1978Airline Deregulation Act in the U.S. was to eliminate government control over commercial
aviation, and ensure competitive behavior and fair business practices in the airline industry.
Passengers could gain knowledge of market forces and new market entry in the industry.
Information on specific airlines and the industry as a whole became more widely and readily
accessible, evolving the airline reservation systems from "standalone" operations toward GDS.
(European Parliament, 2008) of the major types of airline reservation systems, most are linked to
GDS to provide information to travel agents, employees of other airlines, and the passengers or
potential customers, directly. The major systems include SABRE, World span, Galileo, Patheo,
and Abacus. American Airlines now uses SABRE, also used by Expedia, Lastminute.com, and
Travelocity. Abacus is used by over 450 individual airlines, over 80,000 hotels, and over 25
countries in Asia. Companies like Expedia share their system accessibility directly with
consumers. Today, about six major airline reservations systems are used by international airlines.
(Winston, Clifford 1995)

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

Chapter II
Introduction

The rapid pace of globalization over the past decade has been largely driven by
developments in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). IT specialists are
increasingly in great demand in several areas, one of which is providing software solutions for
business.
The development of software solutions to improve business productivity encompasses
many different skills and disciplines. Key to these is an awareness of the fast changing nature of
the industry and the ability to keep up with the rapid pace of change.
IT software solution professionals always work closely with clients to modify existing
systems or create new systems. They may modify “off the shelf” software and integrate it into
the existing systems. They often work as part of a team of software professionals responsible for
the requirement specification, system analysis and design, construction, testing, training and
implementation, as well as maintenance of a business software system.
An airline is a company that provides air transport services for
traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may
form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline
companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental
aviation body.
Airlines vary in size, from small domestic airlines to full-service international airlines. Airline
services can be categorized as being intercontinental, domestic, regional, or international, and
may be operated as scheduled services or charters.
WCC Aviation, Inc., operating as Sky Pasada, is an airline based in Binalonan,
Pangasinan, Philippines and owned by the Guico family of Pangasinan. Its corporate
headquarters is located at the World City Medical Center in Cubao, Quezon City. The airline is
primarily serving the aeronautical highway of northern Luzon with flights to Basco, Itbayat,
Palanan, Maconacon and Binalonan.
Skypasada: Booking system with automated calculation of Fare and Luggage makes the
traditional manual writing and solving of records much easier. The user will just input all
necessary information such as name, destination, departure date, and number of passengers and
weight of luggage, the Skypasada: Booking system will automatically calculate the fare and
luggage. Pressing save will record the data in database. User can search and print the lists of
passengers within specific departure date and destination.
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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

Skypasada: Booking system with automated calculation of Fare and Luggage is a huge
benefit to the company because of less written documents, more convenient means of searching
of lists of passengers and faster computation of fare and luggage.

Purpose and Description

The purpose of this project is to develop a computerized booking system with automated
calculation of fare and luggage for Skypasada airlines. The system will help the company to
record passengers, less written documents, more convenient means of searching of lists of
passengers and faster computation of fare and luggage.
Skypasada: Booking system will automatically calculate the fare and luggage. Pressing
save will record the data in database. User can search and print the lists of passengers within
specific departure date and destination. User may save, edit, and delete record based on his
preferences or instruction given to him.

Objectives of the Study

A Booking system with automated calculation of fare and luggage aims to modernize the
traditional form of recording data from written to computerized one. Make the search for lists of
passengers faster and readily available. It will help employees to make their work easier and
more efficient.

Specifically:
1. Save and Delete employee records.
2. Search passenger records.
3. Automatically computes fares and luggage.
4. Search specific list of passenger records base on departure date and destination

Scope and Limitations

The scope of this software system is to record and monitor the employee, registester the
emplyee’s so the user can monitor who are attending the LGU the limitations of this software is
if the person did not register you cannot monitor it and you cannot see their local status.

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

Definition of terms

Skypasada Airlines – local domestic airline that provides air transport services for traveling
passengers and freight.
NoZero – number of 0 month up to 1 year old child
RateZero – rate of 0 month up to 1 year old child
FareZero – fare of 0 month up to 1 year old child
NoTwo– number of 2 years up to 3 years old child
RateTwo – rate of 2 years up to 3 years old child
FareTwo– fare of 2 years up to 3 years old child
NoFour– number of 4 years up to 7 years old child
RateTwo – rate of 4 years up to 7 years old child
FareTwo– fare of 4 years up to 7 years old child
TotChild – Total number of Children
AmoChild – Total amount to pay for children
NoAdult – number of adult
RateAdult – rate of adult
FareAdult – fare of adult
NoSen – number of senior citizen
RateSen – rate of senior citizen
FareSen – fare of senior citizen
NoStud – number of student
RateStud – rate of student
FareStud – fare of student
TotAdult – Total number of Adult, Senior citizen, student
AmoAdult – Total amount to pay for Adult, Senior citizen, Student
NoOfPax – Total number of passengers
Weight – weight of luggage in kg
NoWeight – number of luggage
RateWeight – rate of luggage
FareLugg – fare of luggage
Totfare – total fare to pay

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

Chapter III
Methodology

Gantt Chart

Prototype

Rationale

The developers of SKYPASADA: BOOKING SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATED

CALCULATION OF FARE AND LUGGAGE suggest to conduct research about the target
company where the software system will be deployed so that it will follow the company’s
policies and terms.

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 Isabela State University
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cauayan City, Isabela

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