Materials Thermodynamics B161631

ASSIGNMENT -2
B.Lohith kumar
1. An monatomic ideal gas at 300 K has a volume of 15 liters at a pressure of
15 atm. Calculate a. The final volume of the system b. The work done by the
system c. The heat entering or leaving the system d. The change in the internal
energy e. The change in the enthalpy when the gas undergoes i. A reversible
isothermal expansion to a pressure of 10 atm ii. A reversible adiabatic
expansion to a pressure of 10 atm The constant-volume molar heat capacity
of the gas, c v ,has the value 1.5R

sol) state1; P1V1=nRT1 >> n=15*15\0.08206*300= 9.14 mol

sate 2 ;isothermal expansion ! P1V1 = P2V2

V2=15*15 \10 = 22.5L : T2=300k

state 1to2> adiabatic expansion ( ''''$=GAMA=5\3)

P1V1^$ = P3V3^$ > 15*15^5\3=10V3^5\3

V3 = 19.13L

T3 = P3V3\nR = 10*19.13\9.14*0.08206 = 255K

1.isothermal expansion,

i. V2 = 22.5L

ii. W=q=nRT lnV2\V1 =9.14*8.314*300*ln22.5\15 = 9244J

iii. q=W= 9244J

iv. deltT =0 :: deltV=0

v. deltT=0 :: deltH=0

2.adiabatic expansion,
 i. V3 =19,13L

ii. W=deltU= -nCv(T3-T1) = -9.14*1.5*8.3144*(255-300)= 5130J

iii. q = 0

iv. deltU= -W= -5130J

v. deltH=nCp(T3-T1)=9.14*5\2*8.3144*(255-300)= -8549J

2.One mole of a monatomic ideal gas, in the initial state T = 273 K, P= 1 atm,
is subjected to the following three processes, each of which is conducted
reversibly: a. A doubling of its volume at constant pressure, b. Then a
doubling of its pressure at constant volume, c. Then a return to the initial
state along the path P = 6.643 × 10– 4 V 2 + 0.6667. Calculate the heat
and work effects which occur during each of the three processes
sol. V1= nRT1\P1 =0.08206*273\1= 22.4L
a. 1 to 2; V2=2*22.4=44.8L ; T2=1*44.8\0.08206= 546K
b. 2 to 3; V3=44.8L ;P3=2atm &T3=2*44.8\0.08206=1092K
A. 1 to 2; W=P(V2-V1)=1(44.8-22.4)=22.4L.atm= 2270J
deltU=nCv(T2-T1)= 3\2*8.314*(546-273)= 3405J
q=deltU+W =3405+2270 = 5675J
B. 2 to 3; W=0 ; deltU=q = 3\2*8.314(1092-546)= 6809J
C. 3 to 1; W = ∫ PdV= ∫(6.643*10^-4V+0.6667)dv
=6.643*10^-4\3(V1^3-V3^3)+0.6667(V1-V3)
=-32.35L.atm = -3278J
deltU=3\2R(T1-T3) = 3\2*8.314*(273-1092)= -10214J
q=deltU+W = -10214-3278= -13492J
Wtotal = 2270 - 3278= -1008J
q total = 5675+6809-13492= -1008J
3.The initial state of a quantity of monatomic ideal gas is P = 1 atm, V = 1
liter, and T = 373 K. The gas is isothermally expanded to a volume of 2 liters
and is then cooled at constant pressure to the volume V . This volume is such
that a reversible adiabatic compression to a pressure of 1 atm returns the
system to its initial state. All of the changes of state are conducted reversibly.
Calculate the value of V and the total work done on or by the gas.
sol. n=P1V1\RT= 1*1\0.08206*373 = 0.0327mole
isothermal expansion: P2=P1V1\V2= 1\2= 0.5 atm
constant pressure compression to state 3 ;
P1V1^5\3=P3V3^5\3 ;, 1=0.5V3^5\3 : V3=1,52L
• 1 to 2; W=nRTlnV2\V1= 0.0327*8.314*373*ln2 = 70.3J
• 2 to 3; W=P( V3-V2)=0.5[1.52-2]= -0.24L.atm= -24.5J
• 3 to 1; -deltU= -nCv(T1-T3)= -0.0327*3\2*8.314(373-282)= -37.1J
Then the total work done by the gas is=70.3-24.5 = 8.7J
4. Two moles of a monatomic ideal gas are contained at a pressure of 1 atm
and a temperature of 300 K; 34,166 J of heat are transferred to the gas, as a
result of which the gas expands and does 1216 J of work against its
surroundings. The process is reversible. Calculate the final temperature of the
gas.
a
deltU=nCv(T2-T1)
32950=2*3\2*8.314(T2-300)
T2= 1620K.
5. One mole of N2 gas is contained at 273 K and a pressure of 1 atm. The
addition of 3000 J of heat to the gas at constant pressure causes 832 J of work
to be done during the expansion. Calculate a. The final state of the gas b. The
values of Δ U and Δ H for the change of state c.The values of Cv &
Cp for N2 Assume that nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas, and that the
change of state is conducted reversibly.
sol. a) V1=RT1\P1=0.08206*273\1= 22.4L
 W= 832=P(V2-V1)*8.314\0.08206 ::V1=22.4L
V2= 30.61L
T2=PV2\R= 1*30.61\0.08206= 373K
b) deltU=q-W = 3000-832=2168J
qat costant p=deltH=3000
c) deltH=Cp(T2-T1)
3000=100Cp= .Cp=30J\mole.K.
deltU=Cv(T2-T1)
2168=100Cv= .Cv=21.7J\mole.K.
6. Ten moles of monatomic ideal gas, in the initial state P 1 = 10 atm, T 1 =
300 K, are taken round the following cycle: a. A reversible change of state
along a straight line path on the P-V diagram to the state P = 1 atm, T =
300 K b. A reversible isobaric compression to V = 24.6 liters c. A reversible
constant-volume process to P = 10 atm How much work is done on or by
the system during the cycle? Is this work done on the system or by the system?
sol. n=10, P1=10, T1=300, V1=10*0.08206*300\10= 24.62L,
A) 1 to 2; P2=1, T2=300, V2=10V1=246.2L

W=area below the line

w={1\2[(10-1)(246.2-24.6)]+1(246.2-24.6)}
= 123.4KJ
B)2 to 3; P3=1, V3=24.62
W=P(V3-V2)*101.32
= -22.5KJ
deltV=0 ; w=0
Total work done by gas is 123.4-22.5=100.9KJ
7.One mole of an monatomic ideal gas at 25° C and 1 atm undergoes the
following reversibly conducted cycle: a. An isothermal expansion to 0.5 atm,
followed by b.An isobaric expansion to 100° C, followed byc.An isothermal
compression to 1 atm, followed by d. An isobaric compression to 25° C The
system then undergoes the followinreversible cyclic process: a.An isobaric
expansion to 100° C, followed by b. A decrease in pressure at constant volume
to the pressure P atm,followed by c. An isobaric compression at P atm to
24.5 liters, followed by e. An increase in pressure at constant volume to 1 atm
Calculate the value of P which makes the work done on the gas during the
first cycle equal to the work done by the gas during the second cycle.
sol. T1=298, P1=1, V1=0.08206*298=24.45L
FIRST CYCLE
a)1 to 2; T2=298, P=0.5, V2=2*V1=48.90L
W=RTlnV2\V1=8.314*298*ln2= 1717J
b)2 to 3; T3=373, P3=0.5, V3=0.08206*373\0.5= 61.22L
W=P(V3-V 2)=0.5(61.27-48.90)*101.32=624J
c)3 to 4; T4=373, P4=1, V4=0.08206*373\1=30.61L
W=RTlnv4\v3=8.314*373ln0.5= -2150J
d)4 to 1; W=P(V1-V4)=1(24.45-30.61)*101.32= -624J
SECOND CYCLE
a)1 to 2; P2=1, T2=373, V2=0.08206*373=30.61L
W= P(V2-V1)= 1(30.61-24.45)*101.32= 624J
b)2 to 3; deltV=0 :: W=0,
c)3 to 4; V4=24.5, P4=P,
W=P(24.5-30.61)*101.32= -619J
d)4 to 1; deltV=0;; W=0,
WORK DONE 1st CYCLE == -WORK DONE 2nd CYCLE
1717+624-2150-624= -624+619P,
P=0.3atm
8.Two moles of an ideal gas, in an initial state P=10 atm, V=5 liters, are
takenreversibly in a clockwise direction around a circular path
give by (V–10)2+ (P–10)2=25. Calculate the amount of work done by the
gas as a result of the process and calculate the maximum and minimum
temperatures attained by the gas during th cycle.
sol. This is closed integral so change in internal energy is zero deltU=0
To solve this we have
• Analytically integral ∫ PdV
• Area under the curve graphically
Given that (P-10)^2+(V-10)^2=25 in the P-V plane
center at (10,10) & radius 5 ; initial state the volume (V0,P0)

P-Vdigram
p=10+sqrootof(25-(V-10)^2); plus sign for upper half circle (P+(V)) &
Minus sign for lower half circle (p-(v))
Let V'=V-10
W= ∫ PdV ; limits vo=5 to v1=15
W=∫ P+(V)dV+∫ P-(V)dV ,;now change in limits v1'=5& v0= -5
W=∫ 10+sqroot(25-V^2dV')+∫ 10-sqroot(25-V^2dV')
W=25\2(3.14+8)+25\2(3.14-8) = 25*3.14L.atm
By this method work done by the system is 25*101.32J= 7956J.
The second method area under the cure &radius=5.so the area is
25*3.14L.atm. this work done by the system equal to 7956J
The max&min temperatures can be found from ideal gas law for 1mole,
PV=RT. Tmax attains when (PV) is max &Tmin attains when(PV) is min
Let P'=P-10 & V'=V-10
P'V'=f(P'(V'),V')= +\-sqroot(25-V'^2V')
df\dV'=0=+\-sqroot(25-V'^2)+V'*1\2*-2V'\sqrt(25-V'^2)
0==\-[25-V'^2-V^2\sqrt(25-V'^2)
The extrema for V'=+\-sqrt(25\2)
d^2\dV^2 > 0 & d^2\dV^2 <0
[h] V' P' V
P
max sqr(12.5) sqrt(12.5) 10+sqrt(12.5)
10+sqrt(12.5)
min -sqrt(12.5) -sqrt(12.5) 10-sqrt(12.5) 10-sqrt(12.5)
This lead to Tmax=(PV)max\R= 2203K &Tmin=(PV)max\R=502K.
if the no.of moles are double the work done by the system is still W=
7956J, but the max & min temperatures are decreased by a factor of two from
T = PV\nR & Tmax=1102K & Tmin = 251K.