Catalysts used for PNA

Three main group of catalysts: Pt/Pd-Ceria, Pt/Pd-Al2O3 and Pd-zeolites

Metal oxides

Pt and Pd supported on CeO2, Al2O3, CeO2/ZrO2

CeO2

Temp. 120 and 1600C (Jones et al.,2016)

Pd/CeO2 more desirable

Pt Pd
NSE Higher NSE Low NSE
Storage mechanism Storage as nitrates which are thermally Storage as nitrites
stable
Nitrates decompose at higher temp. Nitrites can decompose as NO at low
hence regeneration is a problem temperatures
Effect of O2 Positive effect of O2 on NOx storage
Effect of sulfur Susceptible to sulfur poisoning Susceptible to sulfur poisoning
Promoter(lanthanides) Increase in NSE due to increase in ceria Increase in NSE due to increase in
oxygen vaccancies ceria vaccancies
Promoter(lanthanides) Intolerable to HTA Intolerable to HTA
Easier to regenerate
Effect of O2 and H2O Formation of nitrites desirable for low Formation of nitrites desirable for low
temperature trapping temperature trapping

CZO (Theis et al., 2016)

Max doping of Ce-20% above that NSE decreases (Crocker et al., 2017). Using a bimetallic Pt-Pd-CZO
after hydrothermal aging, the NSE performance increases because it exhibits similar behavior to Pd-CZO

Pt Pd
NSE
Storage mechanism Adsorption of NOx on Pt then spillover Adsorption of NOx on the surface in
of NO on metal oxides at low the form of nitrites which decompose
temperatures easily at low temp.
At high temperatures NOx is directly
adsorbed on metal oxides
Change in oxidation state of Pt due to
MSI
Effect of reductants No improvement at low temp. but No improvement at low temp. but
(H2 or C2H4) significant storage at temp. 100-1900C significant storage at temp. 100-1900C
Effect of C2H4 Higher levels of NO2 and N2O at temp. High levels of NO2 and N2O at temp.
above 1200C than Pd-CZO above 1200C
Effect of CO/H2 NSE increases NSE increases
Effect of loading NOx release below functional temp. NOx release below functional temp.

Effect of H2O H2O suppreses NOx storage below
1000C due to blockage of sites by
condensed H2O
Reduced Pt/CZO behaved better then
oxidized catalyst
Effect of C2H4 and H2O Decrease in NSE
In the absence of both, it shows
highest NSE at temp.>200
Detection of NCO during co-fed CO
and NO
Reduction in PdOx in presence of NO
and a reductant
H2O suppreses NOx storage below
1000C due to blockage of sites by
condensed H2O
In the presence of both, it shows
highest NSE at temp.<200

Al2O3 (Theis et al., 2016)

Pt Pd
NSE Higher NSE Low NSE
Storage mechanism Storage as nitrates which are thermally Storage as nitrites
stable
Nitrates decompose at higher temp. Nitrites can decompose as NO at low
hence regeneration is a problem temperatures
Effect of O2 Positive effect of O2 on NOx storage
Effect of sulfur Susceptible to sulfur poisoning Susceptible to sulfur poisoning
Promoter(lanthanides) Increase in NSE due to increase in ceria Increase in NSE due to increase in
oxygen vaccancies ceria vaccancies
Promoter(lanthanides) Intolerable to HTA Intolerable to HTA
Easier to regenerate
Effect of CO2 and H2O NSE increases in the absence of both Formation of nitrites desirable for low
gases temperature trapping
The amount of NOx desorbed is higher
in the absence of both gases than in
their presence
NDE decreases at low temperature in
their presence

Pd-BEA Pd-CHA Pd-ZSM-5