Research - is a careful, detailed and systematic study of a specific problem, concern, or issue

to establish facts. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the
intent of the research to answer the question. When is a research practical? Practical research
means actual doing or using of something rather than theories and ideas. It involves inquiry
methods and immersion activities in order to achieve the correct information.

The Scientific Method

1. Ask a question- state the problem

2. Research- collect sources
3. Hypothesis- an educated guess (If I will…it will…)
4. Experiment- design and perform to test hypothesis and variables
5. Data/Analysis- record observations, analyze the data, prepare a graph or table
6. Conclusion- accept or reject hypothesis, communicate results

Questions that Delimits Research

1. What is the meaning of life?

2. What is the origin of God?
3. Is the universe finite or infinite?
4. When did time begin?
5. Why is the future unknowable?
6. Why do we fear the unknowable?
7. Why are there exceptions to every rule?

Types of Research

1. Qualitative- used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and

motivations. Used in social science and natural sciences

2. Quantitative- deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance. Quantitative research

focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather than
divergent reasoning. Used in psychology, marketing and political science

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

1. Objective- impartial, unbiased and neutral

2. Clearly defined questions (What, Which, how much)
3. Structured research instruments (surveys, questionnaires, software)
4. Numerical data and statistical treatment (unbiased results)
5. Large sample size (represents a population)
6. Replication (high reliability—stable and consistent)
7. Future outcomes (new concepts and further studies)

Kinds of Quantitative Research

1. Causal-comparative research attempts to determine the cause or consequences of

differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.

a. Female and male employees and their job satisfaction

b. Gender causes on differences in abilities
2. Correlational research determines the extent of a relationship between two or more
variables using statistical data.

a. Relationship between intelligence and friendliness

b. Student’s hours of study and their stress level

3. Descriptive research provides systematic information about a phenomenon.

a. The attitudes of scientists regarding global warming

b. Impacts of Qatari diplomatic crisis on OFWs

4. Evaluation research provide a means to judge actions and activities in terms of values,
criteria and standards

a. Performance of newly-hired SH teachers in MMC for S.Y. 2017-2018

b. Water quality assessment of Boac River

5. Experimental research uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship
among a group of variables

a. Levels of heavy metal bioaccumulation of Nypa fruticans from Boac River

b. Solar purification for water potability

6. A survey is a brief interview or discussion with individuals about a specific topic

a. Acceptance of Boakenos to Boac cityhood

b. Approval rate for Duterte Cabinet members

Strengths
1. Fast speed data collection (sampling methods)
2. Findings can be generalized (if sample is from a population)
3. Easy to analyze data (use of statistical data)
4. Consistent and reliable data (use of research manipulations—experiment, surveys etc)
5. Can be anonymous (for sensitive topic)

Weaknesses
1. Requires a large number of respondents
2. Costly and expensive
3. Secondary data may be unavailable
4. Many info are difficult to answer (sensitive topic)
5. More structured research instruments