Designing:

Plumbing:
Waste Disposal
water Supply
Components

MAFIJUR RAHMAN
Syed Azizul Haq
MEP Consultant

M.Engg.(Env.)
Executive Engineer
Public Works Department

ESCB, IEB, Dhaka 30 Aug.- 02 Sep. 2015

Introduction
Components of waste disposal system in a building
01. Piping
i. Branch drainage and vent pipe.
ii. Stacks.
iii. Rainwater down pipe (RDP)
iv. Building drains
v. Building sewer.
02. Inspection pit.
03. Septic tank.
04. Soak well.
Flow in pipes under gravity
Water flows in a pipe from a higher position to lower level due to the gravitation
force. The velocity of flow is computed by Mannigs formula.
V= 1/n R2/3 S 1/2 where V = Velocity of flow in ft/ see. For
circular pipe R = D/4 , S = Slope of pipe ft / ft.

Value of n for Flow in Channels

1. Earthen rough channels 0.05

2. (a) Regular-shaped earth channel

(b) Tubular steel 0.02

(c) Fine well-packed stone

3. (a) R.C.C. pipes 0.015

(b) Bricks in smooth condition

(c) Smooth stone

4. Stoneware pipes, Cast-iron pipes and Welded

steel pipes 0.013
5. Asbestos cement 0.012

6. Plastic pipes 0.011

Fixture drain and its size
All the fixtures have an outlet for discharging wastes into the drainage system

The orifice of the waste outlet is adequately sized to provide satisfactory rate of
flow for proper fixture drainage and scouring action in the fixture drain.
The fixture trap size is made equal to the fixture drain size..
Hence minimum fixture drain size is assumed to be the same as the minimum
size allowed for the fixture trap of various kinds of plumbing fixtures..

Fixture trap size for various fixtures.

Sl.no Fixtures Trap size
01 Basin 32 mm
02 Sink 1. without waste grinder 38 mm
2. with waste grinder 50 mm
03 Bath tub/ tray 38 mm
04 Water closet 75 mm
05 Urinal 38 mm
Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) Values for Fixtures
Sl. Fixture or group Fixture Trap
No. units size
Inch
A. Residential:
1 Automatic clothes washer, domestic Bathroom group consisting of a 3 2
lavatory, and bathtub or shower stall.
2 water closet having: i. Flushometer valve 8
ii. Flush tank 6
3 Bathtub (with or without overhead shower) 2 11/2
4 Bidet 1 11/4
5 Dishwasher, domestic 2 11/2
6 Floor drain (Public) 6 4
7 Floor drain (Private) 3 2
8 Food-waste grinder, domestic 2 11/2
9 Kitchen sink, domestic with dishwasher/ food waste grinder 2 11/2
10 Kitchen sink, domestic with dishwasher and food waste grinder 2 2
Kitchen sink and wash (laundry) tray with single 11/2-in (3.8-cm) traps 2 11/2
Kitchen sink and wash (laundry) tray with separate 11/2-in (3.8-cm) 3 11/2
traps
Kitchen sink and wash (laundry) tray with food-waste grinder 4 2
Lavatory, common 1 11/4
Laundry tray (1 or 2 compartments) 2 11/2
Shower stall, single head 2 2
B. Public toilet rooms:
Urinal, pedestal, siphon-jet blowout 6 3
Urinal, stall, washout 4 2
Urinal, wall [5.0-cm (2-in )min. waste] 4 11/2
Water closet, flushometer valve, trap arm only 6 3
C. Industrial:
Interceptors for grease, oil, solids, etc. 3 2
Interceptors for sand, auto wash, etc. 6 3
Lavatory, multiple-type (wash fountain or wash sink) 2 11/2
Showers, gang (one unit per head) 2 2
D Commercial:
Dishwasher, commercial 2 2
Food-waste grinder, commercial 3 2
Receptors (floor sink) for commercial sinks. 3 2
Sink, commercial, with food-waste grinder 3 2
Sink, commercial (pot, scullery / or similar type) 4 2
Sink (flushing-rim type, flush valve supplied) 6 3
Sink (service type with trap standard) 3 3
Sink (service with P-trap) 2 2
Washing machines, commercial 3 2
E. Medical :
Dental unit or cuspidor 1 11/4
Dental lavatory 1 11/4
Lavatory (surgeon's, barber shop, beauty parlor) 2 11/2
Sink (surgeon's) 3 11/2
F Miscellaneous:
Drinking fountain 1/ 11/4
2
Sizing Horizontal Branches and Drains
Horizontal branch drains receive waste from one or more fixture drains on the
same floor and finally discharges them into the drainage stack.
The waste load on any branch drain pipe is determined by summing up the
drainage fixture unit values of all the fixtures connected with that branch
drainage pipes. From this total drainage fixture unit value corresponding pipe
diameter at particular slope can be found.
Sl. Pipe diameter Any One stack of Stack more than 3 * No water closets
No horizontal 3 storeys or storeys in height permitted.
fixture less in height ** Not over two water
inch mm Total for Total 1
branch closets are permitted.
stack storey
*** Not over six water
01 1½ 38 03 04 08 02 closets are permitted.
02 2 50 06 10 24 06
03 2½ 63 12 20 42 09
04 3 75 20* 48** 72*** 20*
05 4 100 160 240 500 90
06 5 125 360 540 1100 200
07 6 150 - 960 1900 350
08 8 200 - - 3600 600
09 10 250 - - 5600 1000
Sizing Drainage Stack
The capacity of a drainage stack is determined by the pipe size, the waste load
entering at any point that is, with in a branch interval and the total load entering
the entire stack.
A branch interval is a vertical length of stack at least eight feet high (generally a
story height) within which the horizontal branches from one story or floor of the
building are connected to the stack.

Sl. Pipe diameter Stack of not Stack of more Total at 1 * No water closets
No more than 3 than 3 storeys storey or permitted.
inch mm storeys or or branch branch interval ** Not over two water
branch interval interval closets are permitted.
*** Not over six water
01 2 50 09 18 06
closets are permitted.
02 2½* 63 20 42 09
03 3 75 36*** 72*** 24**
04 4 100 240 500 90
05 5 125 540 1100 200
06 6 150 960 1900 350
07 8 200 - 3600 600
08 10 250 - 5600 1000
09 12 300 - 8400 1500
Sizing Branch Vent
The size of vents and vent stacks depends on the size of the pipe vented, the
fixture unit load and the developed length of the vent. The developed length of
a vent pipe is the length measured along the centerline of the pipe and the
fitting.
Table: Size and length of individual vent, branch, circuit, and stack
vents
Sl. Fixture Diameter of vent pipe inch (mm)
no Unit
1¼ (32) 1½ (38)# 2 (50) 2½*(63) 3(75) 4(100) 5(125)
connect
ed Maximum developed length of vent in foot (meter)
01 02 50 (15) Ul
02 04 40( 12 ) 200 (60) Ul
03 08 Np 150 (45) 250 (75)
04 10 100 (30) 200 (60) Ul
05 24 50 (15 ) 150 (45) 400 (120) Ul
06 42 30 (9 ) 30 (100) 300 (90) 500 (150)
07 72 Np 50 (15) 80 (24) 400 (120)
08 240 Np 50(15) 200 (60) Ul
09 500 Np 180 (54) 700 (210) Ul
10 1100 50 (15) 200 (60) 700 (210)
Ul: Unlimited length; Np: Not permitted; #: Except fixtures of 6 fixture unit.
Branch Interval

BI 4

BI 3
BI 2

BI 2

BI 1

BI 1 BI 1
Sizing Vent Stack

Table: Size and length of vent stack.

Sl. Size of Fixture Diameter of vent stack, inch (mm)
no stack Unit
1¼ (32) 1½ (38)# 2 (50) 2½*(63) 3 (75) 4(100) 6(150)
(soil/ww) conne-
in (mm) cted Maximum developed length of vent in foot (meter)
01 1¼ (32) 02 30 (10) Ul
Ul
02 1½ (38) 08 Np 150 (50) Ul
03 2 (50) 24 50 (45) 150 (50) Ul
04 2½*(63) 42 Np 100 (33) 300 (100) Ul
05 3 (75) 72 Np 80 (27) 400(133) Ul
06 4(100) 500 Np 180 (60) 700(233) Ul
07 6 (150) 1900 Np Np 700(233)
Ul: Unlimited length; Np: Not permitted
Developed Length: Developed length
Vent Pipe Vent stack and Main vent

Developed length
Individual vent
Sizing Building Drain and Sewer
The sizing of building drain and sewer is a function of the load from all stacks
and drainage branches. Minimum size of building drain sewer, carrying human
excrement is 100 mm (4 in) and the smallest drainage pipe, which does not
carry human excrement and is installed underground is 50 mm (2 in).

Sl.n Pipe Building drain and drain branch from stack

o diameter
Slope, inch/ft (mm/m)
In (mm) 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/2
01 2 (50) np np 21 26
02 2½*(63) np np 24 31
03 3(75) np np** 42** 50**
04 4(100) np 180 216 250
05 5(125) np 390 480 575
06 6(150) np 700 840 1000
* No water closets
07 8(200) 1400 1600 1920 2300 permitted.
08 10(250) 2500 2900 3500 4200 ** Not over two water
closets are permitted.
09 12(300) 3900 4600 5600 6700
Sizing Rainwater Down Pipe
Diameter of rainwater down pipe in mm based on catchment area (sqm)
and intensity of rain (mm/hr). Slope of horizontal portion of pipe is 100:1.

Diameter of Maximum Rainfall mm/hr (in/hr)

RDP mm (in.) 50(2) 75(3) 100(4) 125(5) 150(6)
75(3) 153 102 76 61 51
100(4) 349 233 175 140 116
125(5) 621 414 310 248 207
150(6) 994 663 497 398 331
200(8) 2137 1424 1068 855 706
250(10) 3846 2564 1923 1540 1282
300(12) 6187 4125 3094 2476 2062
375(15) 10126 6763 5528 4422 3683
 B Determining Catchments area

Catchment area for RDP1

A D Area ABCD of terrace T1

M
Catchment area for RDP2

F
Area EFGH of terrace T2 +
C
50% of wall W1 AFHM
H RDP
E
1

RDP Catchment area for RDP3

G 2
J Area IJKL of terrace T3 +
50% of wall W2 MJLC +
I L
Catychment area for RDP2
RDP (Area EFGH of terrace T2 +
K 3
50% of wall W1 AFHM)
Inspection Chamber or Pit and Manholes
The inspection chambers or manholes are square, rectangular or circular
chamber with 250 mm (10 inches) brick wall up to 1.5 m depth built mostly
under ground. In sanitary and combined sewer concrete bed at bottom called
benching is slightly sloped towards the half-round open channels, which is in
continuation of the sewer line. But in storm sewer the top of concrete bed at
bottom of chamber is made flat 3" (75 mm) below the outlet sewer.

The minimum internal sizes of the chambers

Sl.no Depth of Pit/manhole Size of Size of cover
Chamber
01 For depth of 0.3 m or less 0.5 X .5 m 450 mm (18 inches)
02 For depth between .3 m to .6 m 0.625 X .625 m Do
03 For depth between .6 m to .8 m 0.75 X .75 m 550 mm (22 inches)
04 For depth between .8 m to 2.1 m 1.2 X 0.9 m Do
05 For depth more than 2.1 m Circular of 1.4 24"
m diameter
Septic Tank

GASES: CH4 CO2 N2 H2 H2S CO etc.

SCUM
Liquid effluent: Fine
LIQUID
solids, high BOD,
odorous and dark color.
SLUDGE
Septic Tank Design
A septic tank is a horizontal continuous flow, one storey sedimentation tank
where sewage is retained until anaerobic decomposition is established to
transform organic matter into liquid and gaseous substances and reduction in
the quantity of sludge to be disposed of.

Detention time is determined by the ratio of volume of tank to the volume of

discharge per unit time. Detention time of 24 to 48 hours gives best effluent but
in municipal septic tank 4-10 hrs detention period is also used.

Maximum 300 users Septic Tank can be built.

Two chamber Septic tank is recommended but single chamber septic tank
can be used.

Short circuiting of sewage flow in tank shall be avoided by proper designing of

inlet and outlet pipe and maintaining low velocity of flow.
Septic Tank Sizing
The size and shape of septic tank are very important factors for its proper
functioning. The minimum and maximum recommended dimensions of septic
tank elements are as follows.

Sl. Element Size Comments

No. Minimum Maximum
01 Width 90 cm
02 Length 1.67 times 4 times of
width width
03 Liquid 1.2 m 1.5 m
depth
Scum 200mm 300mm
depth
Septic Tank Design (contd…)
If only water closets are connected to septic tank the sewage flow should be
considered 40-70 liter /capita/day. When sullage is discharged into septic tank
the sewage flow will be about 90-150 lcd.

The sludge accumulation is 30 liters per capita per year i.e. 1.06 cft /year.
The sewage volume is 80% of water consumption say 40 gpcd i.e. 6.5 cft/day
The volume of a 300 users septic tank would be 7.56 cft X300 = 2268 cft for
detention period 1 day and desludging frequency 1 year interval.
If 10 ft wide and 30 ft long septic tank is chosen then depth required
2268/300 = 7.56 ft.
Considering float of 1.0 ft depth total depth of tank would be about 8.5 ft.
 22"Ø M.H. 22"Ø M.H.

Soak Well
COVER. COVER.
FGL FGL
Tee Tee
Effluent Inlet Over flow pipe Effluent Inlet

Soak Well Does not work 3” 3” Filtered effluent

flow pipe
good when-
5'-0" DIA. 5'-0" DIA.

Soil is clay. 10“ Masonry wall 10“ Masonry wall

COARSE SAND
Water table is at high level F.M 2.5

i.e. near to ground level.

Soak Well surface area BRICK CHIP
1"~1/2"

A = Flow rate gpm / BRICK

BATS

Percolation rate gpm/sft

= D (ft) X L (ft)
BRICK CHIP
2"~1"
D= Diameter of Soakwell
L= Length of Soakwell

Soak pit is preferred where

percolation rate of subsoil is BRICK
BATS
more than 25min per Sq.cm.
and water table is below 180
cm. SOAK WELL for SANDY SOIL SOAK WELL for CLAY SOIL
Leaching Field Designing

The total subsurface area required for dispersion trenches is

Q == 13√t
Where Q= Maximum rate of effluent application in lpd/m2 of
leaching surface
t= Percolation rate in minute.