Indo WSi

NE a
Budi Utomo, The Noble
Endeavor
 The first Indonesian nationalist organization. It was
founded on May 20, 1908, a day now designated by the
Indonesian government as the Day of National Awakening.
Budi Utomo originated through the efforts of Mas
Wahidin Sudirohusodo (1852–1917), a
retired Javanese physician who, attempting to elevate the
Javanese people through the study of Western knowledge as well
as their own cultural heritage, sought to obtain support for a
scholarship fund for Indonesian students. His efforts were
supported by Dutch-educated Javanese students in Batavia (now
Jakarta) and later by Javanese aristocrats and priyayi (elite).
They met in Yogyakarta in 1908 and founded Budi Utomo,
which aimed at improving the cultural and economic status of the
Javanese.
As a Javanese cultural organization, Budi Utomo
grew rapidly, and by the end of 1909 it claimed to have 40
branches with 10,000 members, most of them students and civil
servants. Their expressed objectives went far beyond Wahidin’s
interest in improving educational opportunities for Indonesians;
they called for the encouragement of agriculture and trade and the
dissemination of humanistic thought. However much its members
emphasized Javanese culture, Budi Utomo assumed that
progress meant adopting the social and political institutions of the
West. The leadership was held by conservatives who resisted
political activity by the group, but they were increasingly opposed
by younger and more aggressive members. The effectiveness of
Budi Utomo was finally undercut by the appeal of those who
favoured direct action against the West and by more radical and
expressly political organizations such as the Sarekat Islām, a
proto-nationalist party. Membership in Budi Utomo fell off
sharply after 1910, but the organization was important as a model
for later nationalist groups. It was dissolved in 1935.
Islamic Association AKA
Sarekat Islam
The first nationalist political party in Indonesia to gain
wide popular support. Founded in 1912 the party originated as
an association of those Muslim merchants who wanted to advance
their economic interests in relation to Chinese merchants in Java,
but the association became political. It quickly gained mass
support and started working for the self-government of the Dutch
East Indies. The party’s most prominent leader was Omar Said
Tjokroaminoto.
Its religious appeal helped the Sarekat Islām to grow
rapidly. By 1916 the organization claimed 80 branches
throughout Indonesia with a total membership of about 350,000.
The Dutch authorities did not attempt to suppress the
organization, presumably because they wanted to channel the
increasingly radical movement into a constitutional stream.
The Sarekat Islām, however, became more and more
involved in revolutionary activities. Communist elements entered
the organization, and the struggle for power between the religious
leaders and the communists culminated in the division of the
Sarekat Islām in 1921. Before the division the orthodox
Marxist party, the Indies Social Democratic Association,
changed its name to the Indies (after 1924, Indonesian)
Communist Party (PKI). In 1920 the communists tried to
draw the movement into the orbit of the international communist
movement. The religious leaders of the Sarekat Islām, Agus
Salim and Abdul Muis, aware of the communist activities, urged
a motion, passed in 1921 at a national party congress, that no
member of the Sarekat Islām could hold dual party membership.
This led to the departure of the left wing of the party. The latter
group set up the Sarekat Islām Merah (Red Islāmic
Association), which later changed its name to the Sarekat Rakjat
(People’s Association), to serve as the mass organization of the
PKI. The split severely undermined the Sarekat Islām, which
eventually declined into a secondary party.
Madiun Affairs
Communist rebellion against the Hatta-Sukarno
government of Indonesia, which originated in Madiun, a town in
eastern Java, in September 1948. The Indonesian Communist
Party(PKI) had been declared illegal by the Dutch following
uprisings in 1926–27; it was officially reestablished on Oct. 21,
1945, when an independent Indonesia was proclaimed
after World War II. The communists resumed political
activities, and some of their leaders held high positions in the new
republican government. In January 1948 the left-wing
government was replaced by one headed by Mohammad Hatta.
Hatta’s government planned to demobilize those guerrilla units
under communist control. The communists opposed the program;
the PKI propagated the formation of a communist national front
and advised the armed units to challenge the demobilization. The
PKI also criticized the republican government’s concessions to
the Dutch in the Renville Agreement (Jan. 17, 1948). While
communist leaders were on a propaganda tour, a local communist
commander in Madiun took the initiative on Sept. 18, 1948, and
seized power in Madiun. The communist leaders, taken by
surprise, were trapped by their own propaganda and had
no alternative but to support the rebellion. The Hatta-Sukarno
government took firm action. The rebellion was put down within
three months, and most of the PKI leaders were killed or
imprisoned.
The rise of nationalism
Indonesian nationalism in the 20th century must be
distinguished from earlier movements of protest; the Padri War,
the Java War, and the many smaller examples of sporadic
agrarian unrest had been “prenationalistic” movements, the
products of local grievances. By contrast, the nationalism of the
early 20th century was the product of the new imperialism and
was part of wider currents of unrest affecting many parts
of Africa and Asia that remained the subjects of Western
colonialism. In Indonesia nationalism was concerned not merely
with resistance to Dutch rule but with new perceptions of
nationhood—embracing the ethnic diversity of the archipelago and
looking to the restructuring of traditional patterns of authority in
order to enable the creation of Indonesia as a modern state. It
derived in part from specific discontents, the
economic discriminations of colonial rule, the psychological hurt
arising from the slights of social discrimination, and a new
awareness of the all-pervading nature of Dutch authority..
The formation in 1908 of Budi Utomo (“Noble
Endeavour”) is often taken as the beginning of organized
nationalism. Founded by Wahidin Sudirohusodo, a retired
Javanese doctor, Budi Utomo was an elitist organization, the
aims of which—though cultural rather than political—included a
concern to secure a mutual accommodation between
traditional culture and contemporary society. Numerically more
important was Sarekat Islam (“Islamic Association”), founded
in 1912. Under its charismatic chairman, Omar Said
Tjokroaminoto, the organization expanded rapidly, claiming a
membership of 2,500,000 by 1919. Later research suggests that
the real figure was likely to have been no more than 400,000, but
even with this greatly reduced estimate, Sarekat Islam was
clearly much larger than any other movement of the time. In 1912
the Indies Party (Indische Partij)—primarily a Eurasian
party—was founded by E.F.E. Douwes Dekker; banned a year
later, it was succeeded by another Eurasian party, calling itself
Insulinde, a poetic name for the East Indies.
In the absence of firm party discipline, it was common for
individuals to belong simultaneously to more than one
organization, and, in particular, the presence of Indies Social
Democratic Association members in Sarekat Islam enabled them
to work as a “bloc within” the larger movement. The idea that the
time was not yet ripe for communist parties to assume
independent leadership of colonial nationalism later led the
Soviet-founded Communist International (also known
Comintern or the Third International) to formulate the strategy
of cooperation with anti-imperialist “bourgeois” parties.
At the end of World War I, the Dutch, in an effort to give
substance to their promise to associate the
Indonesian community more closely with government, created the
People’s Council (Volksraad). Composed of a mixture of
appointed and elected representatives of the three racial divisions
defined by the government—Dutch, Indonesian, and “foreign
Asiatic”—the People’s Council provided opportunities for debate
and criticism but no real control over the government of the East
Indies. Some nationalist leaders were prepared to accept seats in
the assembly, but others refused, insisting that concessions could
be obtained only through uncompromising struggle.
In 1921 the tension within Sarekat Islam between its
more conservativeleaders and the communists came to a head in a
discipline resolution that insisted that members of Sarekat Islam
belong to no other party; this, in effect, expelled the communist
“bloc within,” and there followed a fierce rivalry between the two
for control of the grassroots membership of the organization. The
PKI, once it had committed itself to independent action, began to
move toward a policy of unilateral opposition to the colonial
regime. Without the support of the Comintern, and even without
complete unanimity within its own ranks, it launched a revolt in
Java at the end of 1926 and in western Sumatra at the beginning
of 1927.
The defeat of the communist revolt and the earlier decline of
Sarekat Islam left the way open for a new nationalist
organization, and in 1926 a “general study club” was founded
in Bandung, with a newly graduated engineer, Sukarno, as its
secretary. The club began to reshape the idea of nationalism in a
manner calculated to appeal to Indonesia’s new urban elite. After
the failure of the ideologically based movements of Islam and
communism, nationalist thinking was directed simply to the idea
of a struggle for independence, without any precommitment to a
particular political or social order afterward. Such a goal, it was
believed, could appeal to all, including Muslims and communists,
who could at least support a common struggle for independence,
even if they differed fundamentally about what was to follow.
Nationalism, in this sense, became the idea that the young
Sukarno used as the basis of his attempt to unify the several
streams of anticolonial feeling. The ideas of the Bandung Study
Club were reinforced by currents of thought emanating from
Indonesian students in The Netherlands. Their organization,
restructured in 1924 under the self-consciously Indonesian (as
opposed to Dutch) name Perhimpunan Indonesia (Indonesian
Union), became a centre of radical nationalist thought, and in the
mid-1920s students returning from The Netherlands joined
forces with like-minded groups at home.
The new nationalism required a new organization for its
expression, and in July 1927 the Indonesian Nationalist
Association, later the Indonesian Nationalist Party (Partai
Nasional Indonesia; PNI), was formed under the
chairmanship of Sukarno. The PNI was based on the idea of
noncooperation with the government of the East Indies and was
thus distinguished from those groups, such as Sarekat Islam,
that were prepared to accept People’s Council membership.
On Oct. 28, 1928, a number of representatives of youth
organizations issued the historic Youth Pledge (Sumpah
Pemuda), whereby they vowed to recognize only one Indonesian
motherland, one Indonesian people, and one Indonesian
language. It was a landmark event in the country’s history and
also is considered the founding moment of the Indonesian
language.
At the end of 1929, Sukarno was arrested with some of his
colleagues and was tried, convicted, and sentenced to four years in
prison. He was released at the end of 1931, but by then the united
movement he helped to create had begun to disintegrate. The
PNI dissolved itself and reformed as Partindo. A number of
other groups came together to form a new organization, the
Indonesian National Education Club, known as the New
PNI. While Partindo saw itself as a mass party on the lines of
the old PNI, the New PNI, under the leadership
of Mohammad Hattaand Sutan Sjahrir, aimed at training cadres
who could maintain continuing leadership of the movement should
its leaders be arrested.
In 1933 Sukarno was arrested again and exiled to Flores;
he later was transferred to Bengkulu in southern Sumatra.
Repressive action followed against other party leaders, including
Hatta and Sjahrir, who were also exiled. In the later 1930s
nationalist leaders were forced to cooperate with the Dutch, and
such moderate parties as Parindra accepted People’s Council
membership. In 1937 a more radical party, Gerindo, was formed,
but it considered support of The Netherlands against the threat
of National Socialism (Nazism) more important than the
question of independence.
The Years Of Constitutional
Democracy
The initial federal constitution of 1949 was replaced in
1950 by a unitary but still provisional constitution. It was
parliamentary in character and assigned an essentially figurehead
role to the president. From the revolutionary period, Indonesia
had inherited a multiparty system. The main parties after
independence were the major Muslim party, Masyumi
(Masjumi); the Muslim theologians’ party, Nahdlatul
Ulama (NU), which seceded from Masyumi in 1952;
the Nationalist Party (PNI); the Communist Party (PKI);
the “national communist” party, Murba; the lesser Muslim
parties, Perti and Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia (PSII);
and the Socialist Party (PSI). Until the first elections were
held, in 1955, the parliament was filled by appointment under an
informal agreement between parties as to their probable electoral
strengths. The elections of 1955, a remarkable and technically
successful experiment in the exercise of political choice by a
largely nonliterate population, confirmed the position of
Masyumi, NU, the PNI, and the PKI as the country’s four
leading political parties.
With the exception of the PKI, the parties did not
represent clearly opposing interests or programs, although some
broad patterns of occupational, regional, and cultural support
could be seen. The PNI was particularly strong in the ranks of
the civil service, while Masyumi tended to find its support in
market towns and among the trading classes; NU was stronger
in rural areas. The PSI, an influential party until it was
virtually eliminated in the elections, had strong support in the
higher ranks of the army and bureaucracy. In terms of the
regional distribution of party strengths, the PNI, NU, and the
PKI were essentially Java-based parties, while Masyumi drew
most of its strength from outside Java, particularly from western
Sumatra and southwestern Celebes. Masyumi’s support within
Java was to be found mainly in the province of West Java (Jawa
Barat), the home of the Sundanese, as opposed to the
ethnic Javanese population. (When resistance reached the point of
open revolt in 1958, the regional character of Indonesian political
rivalry was especially important.) Party affiliations also to some
extent corresponded to a broad cultural opposition between the
hierarchical rice-based society of Java and the more strongly
Muslim areas where commerce rather than agriculture was (and
still is) dominant. Major social streams (aliran) in Indonesian
society that spanned various interests, classes, and regions were
similarly reflected in political parties and their suborganizations;
the division within Java between the santri (devout Muslim)
and abangan (syncretic Muslim) orientations was integral to the
rivalry between NU and Masyumi on the one hand and the
PNI and the PKI on the other.
In the early and mid-1950s, there was a rapid succession
of governments under a series of prime ministers: Hatta
(December 1949–August 1950), Mohammad Natsir (September
1950–March 1951), Sukiman Wirjosandjojo (April 1951–
February 1952), Wilopo (April 1952–June 1953), Ali
Sastroamidjojo (July 1953–July 1955), Burhanuddin Harahap
(August 1955–March 1956), and Ali once again (March 1956–
March 1957). This instability created a growing disillusionment
with the fruits of independence and a sense of contrast between the
heroism of the revolution and the self-seeking party rivalry that
followed it. In particular, conflict between the export-producing
outer islands and the heavily populated island of Java was
becoming more marked. In December 1956 these factors of
discontent led to movements of regional dissidence, supported by
local military commanders, in western Sumatra,
the Minahasa Peninsula of northern Celebes, and elsewhere.
EDITORIAL
Breaking the Mafia Generation
at PSSI
The Antimafia's Task Force The National Police Ball
has opened the veil of how dilapidated Indonesian football
governance is. The work of the National Police task force shows
that the mafia has long resided in the body of national football,
from upstream to downstream.
Mafias have been free to organize and manipulate football in the
country is not a new story.They have for decades made the game
of national football an object to make profits through gambling.
 This outbreak of match-fixing seems to be a chronic disease the voters. Reach cow trade practices in the selection of the
PSSI Chairperson. Transactional practices will only invite the
that is difficult to cure. Not only at the club level, the main body of
mafia to support the candidates, which in turn makes the PSSI
the national football organization, the Indonesian Football
fall back on the same mistakes.
Association (PSSI), is also inseparable from the diseases that
KLB must produce PSSI management who has the idea of
kill our sportsmanship and football achievements.
developing football. That way, it is not impossible that
Now, the highest leader of the PSSI is entangled in a case
Indonesian football will enter a new phase for the better.
related to the soccer mafia. Joko Driyono, Acting Chair of the
In addition, it is certainly necessary to revamp the national
PSSI, was named a suspect by the Antimafia Bola Task
football governance that can be started by conducting a thorough
Force for allegedly stealing, eliminating, and damaging evidence
and investigative audit of the finances and operations of PSSI,
in a match-fixing case.
including managing the club and organizing the league.
With the status of Joko Driyono, PSSI finally decided Of course we also have to continue to give full support to law
to hold an extraordinary congress. The KLB which will be held enforcement to clear up the national football mafia
has two agendas, namely forming an election committee (KP) network. Determining the status of the suspect Joko Driyono
and election appeals committee (KBP). The second agenda is the must be the key to eradicating the ball mafia to its roots. The
determination of the date of the congress selection of new police must arrest all parties involved in the case of setting scores
management. indiscriminately. Likewise with PSSI, which must open data
KLB is a vehicle for total reform, even if necessary the PSSI and information about anyone who plays.
revolution. Do not let KLB only replace the chairman as before,
while the mafia is still comfortable mastering national football.
With KLB at PSSI, as well as revamping governance
and law enforcement efforts against the soccer mafia, football
Not only this time, the outbreak was held in the spirit of lovers in the country should float optimism that someday this
reform, but in fact only the general chairman was replaced, while country's football will be full of achievements.
the ill-advised figures of the ball mafia network were never
completely eliminated.
As stated in this forum, that the PSSI in the future must be
clean of parties that have been entrenched for a long time because
the 'failed' stamp has been embedded in their performance.PSSI
must be run by a truly new, fresh, and free from the football mafia
circle that has been making PSSI a land for bribes or profit.
It's been too long for national football to bow at the feet of
the mafia. For this reason, all stakeholders must be firm in
deciding the generation of mobsters in national football, including
 (September 13, 1916 –
February 8, 1967) was born in Sawahlunto, West Sumatra.
He was an Indonesian government minister and vice prime
SOCIETY PAGE minister during the Sukarno presidency. He was a close
confidant of Sukarno, whom he had helped persuade to declare
Chairul Saleh Indonesian independence in 1945. He lived in
the Netherlands from 1952–1953, but returned to Indonesia
after being expelled. He joined Sukarno’s circle of advisers in
1955. [1]
One week before the abortive coup on 30 September 1965, Saleh
went to China with a delegation of 45 to celebrate China's
national day on 1 October.[2] He is buried in Karet Bivak
Cemetery, Central Jakarta.

Sukarno
born Kusno Sosrodihardjo, ; (6 June 1901 – 21 June
1970)[3] was the first President of Indonesia, serving
from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of his country's struggle
for Independence from the Netherlands. He was a
prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement
during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade
under Dutch detention until released by the
invading Japanese forces. Sukarno and his fellow
nationalists collaborated to garner support for the
Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for
Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon
Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad
Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August
1945, and Sukarno was appointed as first president. He
led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization
efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch
acknowledgement of Indonesian independence in 1949.
Author Pramoedya Ananta Toer once wrote "Sukarno
was the only Asian leader of the modern era able to unify
people of such differing ethnic, cultural and religious
backgrounds without shedding a drop of blood."[4]
 After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy,
Sukarno established an autocratic system called "Guided
Democracy" in 1957 that successfully ended the
instability and rebellions which were threatening the
survival of the diverse and fractious country. The early
1960s saw Sukarno veering Indonesia to the left by
providing support and protection to the Communist
Party of Indonesia (PKI) to the irritation of the
military and Islamists. He also embarked on a series of
aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-
imperialism, with aid from the Soviet Union and China.
The failure of the 30 September Movement (1965) led to
the destruction of the PKI and his replacement in 1967
by one of his generals, Suharto (see Transition to the
New Order), and he remained under house arrest until
his death.
HEADLINE
Sukarno Goes Quietly
President Sukarno's political career ended quietly today
when the Indonesian People's Congress formally
stripped him of all powers.
The military Head of Government, General
Suharto, was named acting President until a new
President is chosen after next year's general elections.
To prevent trouble from Dr Sukarno's supporters,
who are still numerous, Congress took a moderate line
in ordering the President's dismissal. Although many of
the legislators wanted Sukarno put on trial, alleging that
he took part in the attempted coup 18 months ago,
Congress decided to leave the matter to General Suharto.
He will decide later whether to order an investigation into
Dr Sukarno's role in the coup.
Although the cautiously worded Congress resolution
made no reference to Dr Sukarno's dismissal, it left no
doubt that he would have no political role to play. He
seems to have lost even his most cherished title, "Great
Leader of the Indonesian Revolution." The resolution
dropped all reference to him as President and referred to
him instead as "Doctor Engineer" Sukarno.
Dr Sukarno's political decline began in October,
1965, when a Communist attempt to seize power was
thwarted. Last month, facing strong pressure to resign,
he signed away all powers to General Suharto.
Congress in effect simply ratified this agreement today.
 In his first speech as acting President, General
Suharto told Congress that the decision of the session
was the result of the unity of the new order. "With the
ending of the political conflict we can direct our effort to
realising the Cabinet programme in establishing political
and economic stability, and the welfare of the people."
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Mr. A. J. McWHIRTER has a house for rent.
1885
Business And Finance
Dutch East India Company
Updates
Dutch East India Company, byname of United
East India Company, Dutch Vereenigde Oost-Indische
Compagnie, trading company founded in the Dutch
Republic (present-day Netherlands) in 1602 to protect
that state’s trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in the
Dutch war of independence from Spain. The company
prospered through most of the 17th century as the
instrument of the powerful Dutch commercial empire in
the East Indies (present-day Indonesia). It was
dissolved in 1799.
The Dutch government granted the company a trade
monopoly in the waters between the Cape of Good
Hope at the southern tip of Africa and the Straits of
Magellan between the Atlantic and Pacificoceans with the
right to conclude treaties with native princes, to build
forts and maintain armed forces, and to carry on
administrative functions through officials who were
required to take an oath of loyalty to the Dutch
government. Under the administration of forceful
governors-general, most notably Jan Pieterszoon
Coen (1618–23) and Anthony van Diemen (1636–45),
the company was able to defeat the British fleet and
largely displace the Portuguese in the East Indies.
In 1619 the company renamed Jacatra Batavia
(now Jakarta) and used it as a base to conquer Javaand
the outer islands. By the late 17th century the company
had declined as a trading and sea powerand had become
more and more involved in the affairs of Java. By the
18th century the company had changed from a commercial
shipping enterprise to a loose territorial organization
interested in the agricultural produce of the Indonesian
archipelago. Toward the end of the 18th century the
company became corrupt and seriously in debt. The
Dutch government eventually revoked the company’s
charter and in 1799 took over its debts and possessions.

Spice Trade Routes
It refers to the trade between historical civilizations
in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. Spices such
as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper,
and turmeric were known and used in antiquity for
commerce in the Eastern World.[1] These spices found
their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the
Christian era, where the true sources of these spices were
withheld by the traders and associated with fantastic
tales.[1] Early writings and stone age carvings
of neolithic age obtained indicates that India's southwest
coastal port Muziris, in Kerala, had established itself as
a major spice trade centre from as early as 3000 BC,
which marked the beginning of the spice trade. Kerala,
referred to as the land of spices or as the "Spice Garden
of India", was the place traders and explorers wanted to
reach, including Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama,
and others.[2]
The Greco-Roman world followed by trading
along the Incense route and the Roman-India
routes.[3] During the first millennium, the sea routes
to Sri Lanka (the Roman – Taprobane) and India were
controlled by the Ethiopians who became the maritime
trading power of the Red Sea and the Indians.
The Kingdom of Axum (c. 5th-century BC–AD 11th
century) had pioneered the Red Sea route before the 1st
century AD. By mid-7th century AD after the rise of
Islam, Arab traders started dominating the maritime
routes.
 Arab traders eventually took over conveying important.[3] Indonesia's cuisine may include rice, noodle
and soup dishes in modest local eateries to street-side
goods via the Levant and Venetian merchants
snacks and top-dollar plates.
to Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Turks cut the
route again by 1453. Overland routes helped the spice Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and
trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to has many different influences.[2][4][5] Sumatran cuisine, for
tremendous growth in commercial activities.[1] During example, often has Middle Eastern and Indian
the high and late medieval periods Muslim traders influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such
dominated maritime spice trading routes throughout the as gulai and curry, while Javanese cuisine is mostly
Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in East Asia and indigenous,[2] with some hint of Chinese influence. The
shipping spices from trading emporiums in India cuisines of Eastern Indonesia are similar to Polynesian
westward to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, from and Melanesian cuisine. Elements of Chinese cuisine
which overland routes led to Europe. can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such
as noodles, meat balls, and spring rolls have been
completely assimilated.
HOME AND CULTURE
Indonesian Cuisine
It consists of the various regional cuisines in parts
of Indonesia; there are a wide variety of recipes and
cuisines in part because Indonesia is composed of
approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 17,508
in the world's largest archipelago,[1][2] with more than 300
ethnic groups calling Indonesia home.[3] Many regional
cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and
foreign influences.[2] Indonesia has around 5,350
traditional recipes, with 30 of them considered the most
 Throughout its history, Indonesia has been
involved in trade due to its location and natural
resources. Additionally, Indonesia’s indigenous
techniques and ingredients were influenced by India, the
Middle East, China, and finally Europe. Spanish and
Portuguese traders brought New World produce even
before the Dutch came to colonise most of
the archipelago. The Indonesian islands The
Moluccas (Maluku), which are famed as "the Spice
Islands", also contributed to the introduction of native
spices, such as cloves and nutmeg, to Indonesian and
global cuisine.
Indonesian cuisine often demonstrates
complex flavour,[6] acquired from certain ingredients
and bumbu spices mixture. Indonesian dishes have rich
flavours; most often described as savory, hot and spicy,
and also combination of basic tastes such
as sweet, salty, sour and bitter. Most of Indonesians
favour hot and spicy food, thus sambal, Indonesian hot
and spicy chili sauce with shrimp paste, is a staple
condiment at all Indonesian tables.[7] Seven main
Indonesian cooking methods
are frying, grilling, roasting, dry
roasting, sautéing, boiling and steaming.
Indonesia is the home of sate;
one of the country's most
popular dishes, there are many
variants across Indonesia.
Opor ayam (curry
style), gulai, ketupat, diced potatoes with spices, and
fried shallotsserved during Lebaran (Eid al-Fitr) in
Indonesia
Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi
goreng, gado gado, Satay,and soto are ubiquitous in the
country and considered as national dishes. The
official national dish of Indonesia however, is tumpeng,
chosen in 2014 by Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and
Creative Economy as the dish that binds the diversity of
Indonesia's various culinary traditions.[3] However,
later in 2018, the same ministry has chosen 5 national
dish of Indonesia; they are soto, rendang, satay, nasi The Indonesian archipelago is a collection of islands that holds untold
goreng, and gado-gado.[13]
treasures in its diversity of cultures, landscapes, and cities. With nearly

Today, some popular dishes that originated in 13,500 islands under its jurisdiction, Indonesia offers an adventure for
Indonesia are now common to neighbouring countries, everyone, from exploring ancient temples and hiking active volcanoes to
Malaysia and Singapore. Indonesian dishes such diving in largely untouched waters. You can wander the busy streets of
as satay, beef rendang, and sambal are favoured
Jakarta, or take a step back in time with a visit to the remote villages of
in Malaysia and Singapore. Soy-based dishes, such as
variations of tofu and tempeh, are also very popular. Tana Toraja;
Tempeh is regarded as a Javanese invention, a local indulge in the
adaptation of soy-based food fermentation and production. bliss of Bali,
Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways
or come face
to tempeh but using a variety of bases (not only soy),
created by different fungi, and particularly popular to face with
in West Java. the volatile

SBS Australia stated that Indonesian food is "one of Anak

the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world, full Krakatau.
of intense flavour."[14]Kira Jane Buxton
Whatever you
of Mashed described it as "eclectic" and "diverse"
choose, the

experience is
TRAVEL AND TOURISM sure to be one filled with awe and appreciation for a country as steeped in

history and natural beauty as this one.

Top Tourist Attractions In
Beaches of Bali
Indonesia For many people, Bali is beaches. Arguably Indonesia's most
popular vacation spot, Bali has a number of cultural landmarks and
traditions that make a visit here worthwhile. But anyone who travels
to Bali is going to have warm sand and blue water on their mind, and
Orangutans of Borneo
the island doesn't disappoint. Kuta is the best known beach, and is
great for those who like to combine sun, surfing, and socializing. No trip to
Indonesia would
Because of its popularity, you'll find no shortage of restaurants and
be complete
activities here. If you're looking for something a little quieter and less
crowded, Nusa Dua is still a beauty, but draws fewer without seeing
some orangutans,
tourists. Sanur is the place to go for a little more culture as well as
and Borneo is a
great water sports.
great place to visit
these beautiful and
Borobudur endangered
creatures. Though

This ancient temple is one of the most

famous and culturally significant
landmarks in Indonesia. Borobudur
orangutans still live in the wild,
was built in the 8th century and
several sanctuaries rescue and
constructed in the shape of a
protect orangutans as land
traditional Buddhist mandala. It is a
development infringes on their
UNESCO World Heritage site,
natural habitat. Tanjung Puting
and is considered one of the greatest
National Park in Kalimantan,
Buddhist sites in the world. The
Borneo, is home to the largest
massive temple was forgotten for
orangutan population in the
centuries, when it is believed that
world, as well as other primates,
much of the population moved to
birds, and reptiles. If you don't
eastern Java due to volcanic
make it to Borneo, you can also
eruptions. But it was rediscovered in
see orangutans at the Bohorok
the 1800s and, today, is one of the
Orangutan Centre in Bukit
main draws in Java. Visit at sunrise
Lawang, a tourism village in the Sumatran jungle.
for a torch-light climb up the temple and for the breathtaking experience
of watching as the complex is bathed in sunlight. Borobudur lies
near Yogyakarta, an old Javanese city known for its rich cultural and
historical offerings.
Gili Islands Komodo National
The Gili Islands are a major draw
in Lombok, which has risen in
popularity among backpackers and
tourists in recent years. These
picturesque islands offer beaches that
rival those of Bali in their beauty, as
well as opportunities for diving and
even snorkeling at a turtle sanctuary.
If you're looking for more turtle
action, you can check out a turtle
hatchery where hundreds of these
creatures are born each year.
Kayaking is also popular in the Gilis,
and if you're seeking a place to
reconnect with your mind and body, Park
you will find several options for yoga classes. The Gili Islands
provide a more relaxed, though still stimulating, alternative to popular Who hasn't dreamed of seeing a dragon at least once in their life? The
Bali. komodos of Indonesia are no mythical creatures, however they are
fierce and deadly animals. Komodo National Park, a UNESCO
World Heritage site, encompasses five main islands and a number of
smaller ones, as well as the surrounding marine areas. The waters
off these islands are some of the richest and most diverse in the world.
The komodo dragons are the stars of the show on any visit to the park,
but visitors can also hike, snorkel, go canoeing, or visit small villages
on the islands. Visitors must arrive by boat, and there is an entrance
fee plus additional costs for transportation, guide services, and other
activities.

Mount Bromo
Indonesia sits on the Ring of Fire, an area with
some of the most active volcanoes in the world.
Many of the country's volcanoes, such as Mount
Merapi, are famous for their violent eruptions and
their stunning, but dangerous beauty. Mount
Bromo is among the best known, thanks largely
to its incredible views, particularly when seen
standing over the caldera at sunrise. Bromo's
peak was blown off in an eruption, and you can
still see white smoke spewing from the mountain.
The volcano is part of Bromo Tengger Semeru
National Park, which also includes Mount
Semeru, the highest peak in Java. The park is home to the Tengger
people, an isolated ethnic group who trace their ancestry back to the
ancient Majapahit empire.
Tana Toraja
A visit to
Tana
Toraja in
South
Sulawesi Province will not only feel like you've stepped far back in
time, but also offers a look at the richness and diversity of Indonesia's
long-standing cultures. The architectural style of Tongkonan, boat-
shaped houses and other buildings, are immediate standouts, but the
people are what make this piece of natural paradise so special. They
are, by many accounts, the friendliest and most welcoming people you
could hope to meet while traveling. The Toraja approach to death is
one of reverence and celebration. Funerals are elaborate ceremonies
involving plenty of food and traditional dance, and the dead are buried
in graves built into surrounding caves. Travelers to the area can visit
villages and connect with locals, or trek in the notoriously lush and
pristine countryside.
 Lake Toba
Kalimantan, Borneo
Few places suggest wild, untamed adventure
like Borneo. One of the most ecologically
diverse places on earth, Borneo is home to
orangutans, exotic birds, Sumatran rhinos,
pygmy elephants, and an array of other
creatures. In Kalimantan, in Indonesian
Borneo, you can travel down the Kapuas River,
the longest in Indonesia; visit villages of the
indigenous Dayak people; and observe foreign Another of Indonesia's natural
influences from China, Malaysia, and wonders, Lake Toba is both a
even Europe in the ports and cities along the body of water and super volcano.
way. You can also go trekking in the rainforest for a chance to see The lake, which sits in a crater,
some of Borneo's famed wildlife in person. Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya was formed between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago and is believed to
National Park is a conservation area in West Kalimantan that have been the result of a catastrophic eruption. The lake is 1,145
includes two of the highest mountains in Borneo and supports wildlife square kilometers and 450 meters deep. Volcanic activity is still
such as orangutans, clouded leopards, slow lorises, sun bears, and regularly recorded here and has pushed some islands above the water's
many other species. surface. Lake Toba is a study in beauty and the powerful forces at
work on the planet. Here, you can go swimming, water skiing,
canoeing, or fishing, or stick to wandering the surrounding area on
foot or bike.
 crested cockatoo, and other exotic species. Guided treks are available,
Mount Krakatau and you can camp overnight in the
park. The park does caution that
Surely, the eruption of Indonesia's most treks are strenuous, so if you plan
famous volcano, Krakatau, in 1883 was
to hike the mountain, you should be
the largest in recorded history. The
in good physical health and be
eruption severely impacted climate prepared with the appropriate
conditions around the world and took a
equipment.
devastating toll on human life on nearby
Java and Sumatra. Anak Krakatau,
"Child of Krakatau," is the youngest of Pura Tanah Lot
the islands formed by the 1883 eruption,
and forced itself above the surface in 1930.
This young and volatile volcano continues
to rise higher out of the sea and have
significant eruptions. Anak Krakatau still
This is one of Bali's most popular
belches smoke and fire, and tourists can visit Krakatau's child for a
temples, built on a rock formation
reminder of the awesome, unseen power just beneath the surface at
in the sea. The original formation
every turn in Indonesia.
began to deteriorate at one point, so
a portion of the rock is now
Gunung Rinjani artificial. Still, Pura Tanah Lot
draws
Another of Indonesia's famed volcanoes, people in droves, particularly in time to
Gunung Rinjani is a top attraction on catch the sunset. This temple compound is
Lombok. Rinjani itself does not see the found on the southern coast of Beraban
eruptions and activity that some of the others village, and you can walk out to the temple
have, but its caldera-forming eruption in the at low tide. Once the sun goes down,
late 13th century is believed to have been one browse the stalls at Tanah Lot market to
of the most powerful in human history. A purchase unique Balinese souvenirs.
lake sits in Rinjani's caldera, and within the
lake sits Mt. Baru, another active volcano.
In Rinjani National Park, you may spot
animals such as the rare black Ebony leaf
monkey, long-tailed macaques, the sulfur-
Banda Islands
Bali and Lombok are tried and true vacation spots
for a reason, but the lesser-known Banda Islands
have their own appeal as an off-the-beaten path
getaway. This cluster of 10 islands sits at the edge
of the Banda Sea, whose depths reach more than
6,500 meters. The Bandas have long been on the
radar of those involved in the spice trade, thanks to
their rich source of nutmeg. Called "Eastern
Indonesia's best kept secret," the Bandas hold
untold thrills for divers and sailors in particular.
Pristine dive sites offer a chance to spot sharks, sea turtles, whales,
the endemic Ambon scorpionfish, lobsters, and a plethora of other
ENTERTAINMENT
creatures. You can book accommodations and tours yourself, or opt for
a live-aboard boat, which includes stops at many great dive sites
around the islands.

Jatiluwih Rice Fields, Bali

The beaches may be the first thing that
comes to mind when you think of Bali, but
the verdant rice fields are a close second.
So lush and life-giving are the terraces of
the Jatiluwih Rice Fields that they were
designated a UNESCO Cultural
Landscape as part of Bali's Subak
System. The meticulously cultivated and
irrigated fields are a testament to the
wealth of natural resources in Bali, as
well as the carefully honed skills of the
local farmers. No visit to Bali is
complete without seeing these rich acres.