© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERNAL
CORROSION & EROSION RISK MODEL FOR
AN ONSHORE-OFFSHORE CRUDE OIL
PIPELINE
1
Anand Kumar Tewari, 2Deepak Agarwal, 3R P Badoni
1,2
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Noida, India
3
University of Petroleum & Engineering Studies, Dehradun India

Abstract: Any risk mechanism is preliminary driven two important factors namely consequences of failures and chances of failure.
Any risk assessment scheme has several stages of which includes identification of hazards, potential effects, evaluation of risk,
assessment of the risk assessment & implementation of mitigation measures. Several branches of engineering & management use
risk management as a tool to decide their strategy & planning either in a new venture or in maintaining the existing strategy. Present
paper deals with the approach of risk management tool for integrity management of hazardous pipelines. Further, a very critical
asset to a pipeline industry is its pipeline which serves as a lifeline to a company’s business. Although stakes are always high
associated with hydrocarbon pipelines but these stakes are multiplied when one discusses about an offshore pipeline system.

Corrosion is one of the most recognized mode of a pipeline failure. Pipeline corrosion is usually studied in two different groups.
Environmentally assisted corrosion also known as external corrosion and corrosion due to carrier fluid know as internal corrosion.
This paper primarily deals with one of the very critical mechanism of failure which is internal corrosion and erosion of pipeline.
Paper elaborates the development of an internal corrosion & erosion risk model and its evaluation on an onshore offshore pipeline
network.

Index Terms - Internal Corrosion, Risk assessment, onshore & offshore pipeline
I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Pipeline failures:

The major causes of pipeline failures are common all around the developed and developing world, data for United States,
Europe indicate Corrosion as one of the major threats for pipeline failure, and same is the trend in other regions of the world.
However, unlike USA and Europe, availability of authentic data for these regions is limited, same is true for India as well. It is
expected that with the emergence of a strong pipeline regulatory regime in India, availability of such data is likely to be better in
future. 10th Report of EGIG elaborates the various failures observed in the pipeline system in Europe. This indicates the vulnerability
of a pipeline system to internal corrosion.

Figure 1: Failure Frequency by the mechanism of failure (10th EGIG Report)

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1.2 Introduction of Risk Assessment:
Risk management is defined to take necessary actions to identify the hazards and control the risk associated to the identified
hazards. Preliminary objective of risk management in a pipeline system is to reduce the occurrence of failure to the minimum
acceptable level or to reduce the effect of a failure. A pipeline system have potential dangers for the operator, general public,
environment as well as the user. Risk assessment and adopting the requirement maintenance strategy based on risk assessment
provides better reliability on the pipeline network.

Any risk management strategy usually have 6 components

 Identification of probable damage mechanism
 Identification of the consequences
 Data collection for the developed model
 Evaluation of risk
 Development of the mitigation procedure
 Implementation of the mitigation strategy

The General Risk Assessment Equation is [2]

Risk = Probability X Consequence

The paper attempts to cover only a fraction of Risk that is arising out of internal corrosion of a crude oil offshore pipeline. Thus,
more appropriate equation would be

Risk= (Probability X Consequence) X Internal Corrosion (Offshore)

A general scheme followed for assessment of Risk arising out of 3rd party activity is depicted hereunder in a schematic form

Identification of Identification of Impact

Threats for Internal for Pipeline Failure
Corrosion
Derive a Scoring Scheme Device scoring scheme for
for each threat socio-economic impact

Join threat and impact data to

get risk model

Segment pipeline in
accordance to risk model
Gather field data

Calculate risk based on model

and field data

Figure 2: Third Party Risk modelling of the pipeline.

II. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FOR INTERNAL CORROSION

As a first step towards risk assessment, extensive literature survey was carried out to identify the factors for internal corrosion
damage. [3-8] To calculate possibility of internal corrosion damage to a pipeline, the primary requirement is to identify the factors
that play a role in occurrence as well as deterrence to internal corrosion. While certain parameters play a dominant role, the others
little less dominant but in order to quantify the over all probability of internal corrosion. A brief of the identified parameters are
displayed in figure 3.

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Data for internal

corrosion

Figure 3: Parameters for internal corrosion in an offshore pipeline system

III. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FOR EROSION

Erosion related factors were evaluated based on existing literature and previous experience. Detailed identified parameters for
erosions are shown in figure 4. [9]

Figure 4: Parameters for erosion in an offshore pipeline

[10]
Erosion is model as & general formulation was described in eq-1 was used for evaluation of erosion in a straight pipe

𝐸̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝑝 K𝑈𝑝𝑛 𝐹(𝛼) 𝑒𝑞 − 1
Where
𝛼 is angle in degree
F(𝛼) depends on angle and material
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K & n are material constants
𝑚̇ 𝑝 is mass flow rate of the impinging particles
𝐸̇ is for erosion rate
U is the flow velocity
IV. DYNAMIC SEGMENTATAION
Pipeline properties are referenced from chainages and hence qualified as linear assets. Risk assessment of a linear asset is slightly
different than a regular component based risk assessment. Linear assets are divided in to component with similar characteristics and
a segment of individual asset is studied for further integrity evaluation. Usually two methods are used for segmentation of a pipeline
(or a linear asset) [11]

 Predefined segmentation (usually valve to valve)

 Dynamic segmentation

In the present paper, linear referencing with dynamic segmentation has been used for evaluation of pipeline risk. Pipeline is
automatically segmented into smaller connected sections with similar risk characteristics.

V. MODEL DESCRIPTIONS AND RESULTS

Model was divided into the following major components & their evaluation results are displayed in figure 5.

Figure 5: Model parameters and complete schema

Based on the characteristics the risk assessment of the section with ILI details is summarized as in figure 6.

Figure 6: Risk related to ILI data over the pipeline

Internal Corrosion results across the network is also evaluated using the same model as briefed in figure 7.

Figure 7: Internal corrosivity of transported fluid across the network

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MIC activity is further evaluated as figure 8.

Figure 8:MIC activity for assessment of internal corrosion

Final result of internal corrosion risk assessment across the network worked out as displayed in figure 9

Figure 9: pipeline risk assessment throughout a network for internal corrosion

With the similar node the erosion related risk was assessed for a pipeline network

Figure 10: pipeline risk assessment throughout a network for erosion

I. CONCLUSION:

A risk model has been developed as detailed in the paper for integrity assessment of a pipeline with respect to internal
corrosion and erosion. The risk result identifies the most critical parameter effecting and contributing to the pipeline integrity for
internal corrosion. Each individual threat can be evaluated in isolation and with the other threats. This provide a better control on
integrity management program for a pipeline in particular and network in general.

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II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. R. P. Badoni, Distinguished Professor, University of Petroleum & Engineering
Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India and his team for guidance with microbial corrosion assessment that greatly improved the
manuscript.

REFERENCE:
[1] 10th Report of the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group (1970-2016)
[2] W.Kent Muhlbauer, Pipeline Risk Management Manual – Ideas, Techniques and Resources
[3] NACE SP0206-2016-SG, Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology for Pipelines Carrying Normally Dry
Natural Gas (DG-ICDA)
[4] NACE SP0116-2016-SG, Multiphase Flow Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (MP-ICDA) Methodology for Pipelines
[5] NACE SP0208-2008-SG, Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology for Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
[6] DNV-RP-F116 Integrity management of submarine pipeline systems
[7] DNV-RP-F101 Corroded pipelines
[8] C. deWaard, U. Lotz and D.E. Milliams: “Predictive Model for CO2 Corrosion Engineering in Wet Natural Pipelines”,
Corrosion, Vol 47, no 12, 1991.
[9] DNV RP O501 Erosive wear in piping systems
[10] G.P. Tilly: “Erosion caused by Impact of Solid Particles”, Treatise of Material Science and Technology, Volume 13, 1979.
[11] Jennifer Cadkin, Dynamic Segmentation in ArcGIS

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