Chapter 1

The Real Numbers

1.1 The Completeness Property of R

Example 1.1.1 (Bartle 2.3.5 (a) Page 39). A nonempty set S1 with a finite number of elements will
have a least element, say u, and a largest element, say w. Then, u = inf S1 and w = sup S1 . Both the
infinimum and supremum, that is u and v, are members of S1 .

Example 1.1.2 (Bartle 2.3.5 (b) Page 39). Given S2 = {x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1}. Since 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 for all x ∈ S2 ,
we have a lower bound 0, and an upper bound 1.
If v < 1 then there exists some s′ ∈ S2 such that v < s′ , for example s′ = 1. Thus, v is not an upper
bound of S2 , and since v < 1 is arbitrary, we conclude that sup S2 = 1.
If w > 0 then there exists some s′′ ∈ S2 such that s′′ < w, for example s′′ = w/2 < w. Thus, w is not a
lower bound of S2 , and since w > 0 is arbitrary, we conclude that inf S2 = 0.
Note that the infimum and supremum are members of S2 .

Example 1.1.3 (Bartle 2.3.5 (c) Page 39). Given S3 = {x : 0 < x < 1}. Since 0 < x < 1 for all x ∈ S3 ,
we have a lower bound 0, and an upper bound 1.
If v < 1 there exists some s′ ∈ S3 such that v < s′ . Thus, v is not an upper bound of S3 , and since v < 1
is arbitrary, we conclude that sup S3 = 1.
If w > 0 then there exists some s′′ ∈ S3 such that s′′ < w, for example s′′ = w/2 < w. Thus, w is not a
lower bound of S3 , and since w > 0 is arbitrary, we conclude that inf S3 = 0.
Note that the infimum and supremum are not members of S3 .

Problem 1 (Bartle Exercise 1 for Section 2.3). Let S1 := {x ∈ R : x ≥ 0}. Show in detail that the set has
lower bounds, but no upper bounds. Show that inf S1 = 0.
Since x ≥ 0 for all x ∈ S1 , u = 0 is a lower bound of S1 , while S1 has no upper bounds.
If v > 0 then there exists some s′ ∈ S1 such that 0 < s′ < v, for example s′ = v/2 < v. Thus, v is not a
lower bound of S1 , and since v is arbitrary inf S1 = 0. Also, inf S1 ∈ S1 .
Since S1 has no upper bounds sup S1 does not exist.
Problem 2 (Bartle Exercise 2 for Section 2.3). Let S2 := {x ∈ R : x > 0}. Does S2 have lower bounds?
Does S2 have upper bounds? Does inf S2 exist? Does sup S2 exist? Prove your statements.
Since S2 6= ∅ and x > 0, the set S2 is bounded below by 0. Then, from the Completeness Property S2
also has an infimum. For every ε > 0, there exists some sε ∈ S2 such that 0 < sε < 0 + ε; for example

1
sε = ε/2 < ε. Thus, 0 + ε is not a lower bound, and since ε is arbitrary, inf S2 = 0.
Since x > 0, the set S2 has no upper bounds, and by definition sup S2 does not exist.

Problem 3 (Bartle Exercise 3 for Section 2.3). Let S3 := {1/n : n ∈ N}. Show that sup S3 = 1 and
inf S3 ≥ 0.

Since 0 < 1/n ≤ 1 for all n ∈ N, the set S3 has a lower bound 0 and an upper bound 1, and by the
Completeness Property has both an infimum and a supremum.
For every ε > 0 there exists some sε ∈ S3 such that 1 − ε < sε ≤ 1; for example sε = 1. Thus, 1 − ε is not
an upper bound of S3 , and since ε is arbitrary, sup S3 = 1.
Also, for every ε > 0 there exists some sε ∈ S3 such that 0 ≤ sε ≤ 0 + ε, say sε = 0 or sε = ε/2. Thus, 0 + ε
is not a lower bound of S3 , and since ε > 0 is arbitrary, inf S3 = 01 .

Problem 4 (Bartle Exercise 4 for Section 2.3). Let S4 := {1 − (−1)n /n : nN}. Find inf S4 and sup S4 .

Since 1/2 ≤ 1 − (−1)n /n ≤ 2, the set S4 has a lower bound 1/2 and an upper bound 2, and by the
Completeness Property has an infimum and supremum.
For every ε > 0, there exists some sε ∈ S4 such that 1/2 ≤ sε < 1/2 + ε; for example sε = 1/2 + ε/2. Thus,
1/2 + ε is not a lower bound, and since ε > 0 is arbitrary inf S4 = 1/2.
For every ε > 0 there exists s′ε ∈ S4 such that 2 − ε < s′ε ≤ 2, say s′ε = 2. Thus, 2 − ε is not an upper bound
of S4 , and since ε > 0 is arbitrary, sup S4 = 2.

Problem 5 (Bartle Exercise 5(a) for Section 2.3). Let A := {x ∈ R : 2x + 5 > 0}. Find the infimum and
supremum, if they exist.

Since 2x + 5 > 0 we have x > −5/2, and so A has a lower bound −5/2, but no upper bounds. Thus, by
the Completeness Property, A also has an infimum, but the supremum does not exist. For every ε > 0 there
exists aε ∈ A such that −5/2 ≤ aε < −5/2 + ε, say aε = −5/2 + ε/2. Thus, −5/2 + ε is not a lower bound
of A, and since ε is arbitrary, inf A = −5/2.

Problem 6 (Bartle Exercise 5(b) for Section 2.3). Todo...

Problem 7 (Bartle Exercise 5(c) for Section 2.3). Todo...

Problem 8 (Bartle Exercise 5(d) for Section 2.3). Todo...

Problem 9 (Bartle Exercise 6 for Section 2.3). Let S be a nonempty subset of R that is bounded below.
Prove that inf S = − sup{−s : s ∈ S}.

Let S be a nonempty subset of R that is bounded below. Then, by the Completeness Property of R an
infimum of S exists, say w := inf S. Thus w ≤ s for each s ∈ S. But this implies that −s ≤ −w for all
s ∈ S, so that if we define S̄ := {−s : s ∈ S}, then −w is an upper bound for S̄. We must show that −u is
the supremum of S̄. Let −v < −w for all −v ∈ S̄. Then w < v, and since w = inf S there must exist some
t ∈ S such that w < t < v. But this implies that there exists some −t ∈ S̄ such that −v < −t < −w. Thus
−v is not an upper bound of S̄, and since −v is arbitrary, −w = sup S̄. Hence, inf S = − sup{−s : s ∈ S}.

Problem 10 (Bartle Exercise 7 for Section 2.3). If a set S ⊆ R contains one of its upper bounds, show that
this upper bound is the supremum of S.

Let u ∈ S be an upper bound of S. If v is any upper bound of S, then s ≤ v for all s ∈ S. But u ∈ S, so
u ≤ v, and since u is an upper bound then it must be the least upper bound; that is, u := sup S.

Problem 11 (Bartle Exercise 8 for Section 2.3). Let S ⊆ R be nonempty. Show that u ∈ R is an upper
bound of S if and only if the conditions t ∈ R and t > u imply that t ∈
/ S.
1 The question asks to show that inf S ≥ 0. The infimum inf S = 0 is for the case of n → ∞. If n = 2, then inf S = 1/2.
3 3 3
Perhaps ask lecturer to just elaborate a little more on this problem at consultation.

2
 Let S ⊆ R be nonempty. The proof proceeds as follows:
Assume u ∈ R is an upper bound of S. Then s ≤ u for all s ∈ S. Thus, if t > u for all t ∈ R, then t > s for
all s ∈ S. Hence t ∈
/ S.
Conversely, assume that t > u ⇒ t ∈ / S, and suppose, to the contrary, that u is not an upper bound of S.
Then, since S is nonempty there must exist some s ∈ S such that s > u. But s > u ⇒ s ∈ / S, which is a
contradiction. Hence, u is an upper bound of S.
Problem 12 (Bartle Exercise 9 for Section 2.3). Let S ⊆ R be nonempty. Show that if u = sup S, then for
every n ∈ N the number u − 1/n is not an upper bound of S, but the number u + 1/n is an upper bound of
S2.
Let S ⊆ R be a nonempty set, and let u := sup S. For all n ∈ N we have 1/n > 0, so that u − 1/n < u
for all n ∈ N. Thus, there must exist some s ∈ S such that u − 1/n < s < u and so u − 1/n is not an upper
bound of S. However, u < u + 1/n for all n ∈ N, and since u := sup S, we have that s ≤ u < u + 1/n for all
s ∈ S. Hence, u + 1/n is an upper bound of S for all n ∈ N.
Problem 13 (Bartle Exercise 10 for Section 2.3). Show that if A and B are bounded subsets of R, then
A ∪ B is a bounded set. Show that sup(A ∪ B) = sup{sup A, sup B}.
Let A ⊆ R and B ⊆ R. Let u := sup A and v := sup B. Also, let w := sup{u, v}.
For all a ∈ A and all b ∈ B we have a ≤ u ≤ w and b ≤ v ≤ w respectively. Thus w is an upper
bound for A ∪ B. We need to show that w is the supremum (least upper bound) of A ∪ B. If z is any
upper bound of A ∪ B, then z is also an upper bound of A and B; that is, u ≤ z and v ≤ z. Hence
w ≤ z, and since z is any upper bound of A ∪ B, w must be the least upper bound, and we conclude that
sup(A ∪ B) = sup{sup A, sup B}.
Problem 14 (Bartle Exercise 11 for Section 2.3). Let S be a bounded set in R and let S0 be a nonempty
subset of S. Show that inf S ≤ inf S0 ≤ sup S.
Since the set S is bounded, the Completeness Property of R ensures that S has an infimum and a
supremum. If s0 ∈ S0 , then s0 ∈ S, so that s0 ≤ sup S for all s0 ∈ S0 . This implies that sup S0 ≤ sup S.
Similarly, inf S ≤ s0 for all s0 ∈ S0 , so that inf S ≤ inf S0 . Hence, inf S ≤ inf S0 ≤ sup S0 ≤ sup S.
Problem 15 (Bartle Exercise 12 for Section 2.3). Let S ⊇ R and suppose that s∗ := sup S belongs to S. If
u∈
/ S, show that sup (S − ∪{u}) = sup{s∗ , u}.
Since u ∈ / S and s∗ ∈ S we have that u 6= s∗ . Thus we consider only the two cases that u < s∗ and
∗
s < u.
Now, if u < s∗ then s∗ = sup{s∗ , u} since s∗ is an upper bound which is contained in the set {s∗ , u}. Also,
for all s ∈ S we have that s ≤ u < s∗ so that s∗ is an upper bound of the set S ∪ {u}, and since s∗ is
contained in this set, s∗ = sup (S ∪ {u}).
Similarly, if s∗ < u, then u = sup{s∗ , u} and consequently u = sup (S ∪ {u}).

Problem 16 (Bartle Exercise 13 for Section 2.3). Todo...

Problem 17 (Bartle Exercise 14 for Section 2.3). Todo...

1.2 Applications of the Supremum Property

Example 1.2.1 (Bartle 2.4.1 (a) Page 40). Let S be a nonempty subset of R that is bounded above, and
let a be any number in R. Define the set a + S := {a + s : s ∈ S}. Show that sup(a + S) = a + sup S.
Solution: Let u := sup S. Then for all s ∈ S we have a + s ≤ a + u, and so a + u is an upper bound of
2 The converse is also true. See Exercise 2.4.3 in Bartle

3
 the set a + S. Consequently, sup(a + S) ≤ a + u.
Now, if v is any upper bound of a + S, then a + s ≤ v for all s ∈ S. Thus s ≤ v − a for all s ∈ S, and so
v − a is an upper bound for S. But since u := sup S, we have that u ≤ v − a, and so a + u ≤ v. Since
v is any upper bound of a + S we have a + u ≤ sup(a + S). Now we have that sup(a + S) ≤ a + u and
a + u ≤ sup(a + S), which means that sup(a + S) = a + sup S.

Example 1.2.2 (Bartle 2.4.1 (b) Page 41). Suppose A and B are nonempty subsets of R that satisfy the
property
a ≤ b for all a ∈ A, b ∈ B
Prove that
sup A ≤ sup B
Solution: For any given b ∈ B we have that a ≤ b for all a ∈ A. Thus b is an upper bound of A, and so
sup A ≤ b, where sup A is the least upper bound of A. Since sup A ≤ b holds for all b ∈ B, we have that
sup A is a lower bound of the set B. Hence, we conclude that sup A ≤ sup B.

Example 1.2.3 (Bartle 2.4.2 Page 41). Suppose that f and g are real-valued functions with common
domain D ⊆ R. We assume that f and g are bounded.
1. Show that if f (x) ≤ g(x) for all x ∈ D, then sup(D) ≤ sup g(D). Solution: Firstly, f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤
sup g(D). This implies that sup g(D) is an upper bound for f (D). Hence, sup f (D) ≤ sup g(D).

Example 1.2.4 (Bartle 2.4.2 (b) Page 41). Todo...

Example 1.2.5 (Bartle 2.4.2 (c) Page 41). Todo...

Problem 18 (Bartle Exercise 1 for Section 2.4). Show that sup{1 − 1/n : n ∈ N} = 1.
Let S = {1 − 1/n : n ∈ N}. Since 1 − 1/n < 1 for all n ∈ N we have an upper bound of 1 for S. Thus the
Completeness Property ensures that a supremum of S exists. For every ε > 0, the Archimedean Property
implies that there exists some nε ∈ N such that 1/ε < nε . Thus 1/nε < ε so that 1 − ε < 1 − 1/nε < 1.
Since 1 − 1/nε ∈ S we know that 1 − ε is not an upper bound of S, and since ε > 0 is arbitrary, sup S = 1.
Problem 19 (Bartle Exercise 2 for Section 2.4). If S := {1/n − 1/m : n, m ∈ N}, find inf S and sup S.
Since −1 ≤ 1/n − 1/m ≤ 1, the set S has a lower bound −1 and an upper bound 1. By the Completenes
Property the set S has an infimum and a supremum.
Infimum: We have that 1/n − 1/m ≥ 1/n − 1 > −1. Then −1 is indeed a lower bound. For every ε > 0
there exists an n ∈ N such that 0 < 1/n < ε. Thus −1 < 1/n − 1 < ε − 1 = −1 + ε. But 1/n − 1 ∈ S. Hence,
−1 + ε is not a lower bound of S, and since ε > 0 is arbitrary, inf S = −1.
Supremum: The set S has the property S = −S. Thus, we can invoke the earlier result inf S = − sup{−s :
s ∈ S}. Since inf S = −1 we have −1 = − sup{−s : s ∈ S} = − sup(−S) = − sup S. This implies that
sup S = 1.
Problem 20 (Bartle Exercise 3 for Section 2.4). Let S ⊆ R be nonempty. Prove that if a number u in R
has the properties: (i) for every n ∈ N the number u − 1/n is not an upper bound of S, and (ii) for every
number n ∈ N the number u + 1/n is an upper bound of S, then u = sup S.3
3 This is the converse of Exercise 2.3.9 in Bartle

4
 Todo...
Problem 21 (Bartle Exercise 4 (a) for Section 2.4). Let S be a nonempty bounded set in R. Let a > 0, and
let aS := {as : s ∈ S}. Prove that

inf(aS) = a inf S, sup(aS) = a sup S

Supremum: Let u := sup S. Then s ≤ u for all s ∈ S, so that as ≤ au; that is, au is an upper bound for
the set aS. Consequently, sup(aS) ≤ au. If v is any upper bound of aS, then as ≤ v for all s ∈ S, and so
s ≤ v/a for all s ∈ S; that is, v/a is an upper bound for S. Thus, u ≤ v/a, so that au ≤ v, and since v is any
upper bound of aS, we have au ≤ sup(aS). Combining the inequalities sup(aS) ≤ au and au ≤ sup(aS), we
have
sup(aS) = a sup S
Infimum: Todo...
Problem 22 (Bartle Exercise 4 (b) for Section 2.4). Let S be a nonempty bounded set in R. Let b < 0, and
let bS := {bs : s ∈ S}. Prove that

inf(bS) = b sup S, sup(bS) = b inf S

Since b < 0, we consider −b > 0 and apply the results of the previous exercise (Exercise 2.4.4 (a) Bartle).
Define S̄ := {−s : s ∈ S}. Then inf(bS) = inf(−b · S̄). But inf(−b · S̄) = −b inf S̄, so that inf(bS) = −b inf S̄.
Also from an earlier result (Exercise 2.3.6 Bartle) inf S̄ = − sup S. Thus, inf(bS) = −b(− sup S) and we
have our final result inf(bS) = b sup S.
Todo sup(bS) = b inf S...
Problem 23 (Bartle Exercise 5 for Section 2.4). Let S be a set of nonnegative real numbers that is bounded
above and let T := {x2 : x ∈ S}. Prove that if u = sup S, then u2 = sup T . Give an example that shows that
the conclusion may be false if the restriction against negative numbers is removed.
Todo...
Problem 24 (Bartle Exercise 6 for Section 2.4). Let X be a nonempty set and let f : X → R have bounded
range in R. If a ∈ R, show that Example 2.4.1(a) (in Bartle) implies that

sup{a + f (x) : x ∈ X} = a + sup{f (x) : x ∈ X}

Show that we also have

inf{a + f (x) : x ∈ X} = a + inf{f (x) : x ∈ X}
Supremum: Let u := sup X. Then f (x) ≤ u for all x ∈ X, so that a + f (x) ≤ a + u for all x ∈ X; that
is, a + u is an upper bound of a + f (x) for all x ∈ X. Thus sup{a + f (x) : x ∈ X} ≤ a + u.
Todo: Finish...
Problem 25 (Bartle Exercise 7 for Section 2.4). Let A and B be bounded nonempty subsets of R, and let
A + B := {a + b : a ∈ A, b ∈ B}. Prove that

sup(A + B) = sup A + sup B, inf(A + B) = inf A + inf B

Supremum: Let u := sup A and v := sup B. The a ≤ u for all a ∈ A and b ≤ v for all b ∈ B. Thus,
a + b ≤ u + v for all a ∈ A, b ∈ B so that u + v is an upper bound for the set A + B. Hence, from the
Completeness Property, a supremum for A + B exists, and sup(A + B) ≤ u + v = sup A + sup B. It needs
to be shown that u + v is the supremum (least upper bound) of A + B. We can do so by showing that for
every ε > 0 we can find a sε ∈ A + B such that (u + v) − ε < sε ≤ u + v. If we choose aε ∈ A such that
u − ε/2 < aε ≤ u and bε ∈ B such that v − ε/2 < bε ≤ v then we have (u − ε/2) + (v − ε/2) < aε + bε ≤ u + v,
or simplified
(u + v) − ε < aε + bε ≤ u + v

5
But aε + bε ∈ A + B, and since ε > 0 is arbitrary we know that (u + v) − ε is not an upper bound of A + B,
so that u + v is the supremum and
sup(A + B) = sup A + sup B
Problem 26 (Bartle Exercise 8 for Section 2.4). Let X be a nonempty set, and let f and g be defined on X
and have bounded ranges in R. Show that
sup{f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X} ≤ sup{f (x) : x ∈ X} + sup{g(X) : x ∈ X}
and that
inf{f (x) : x ∈ X} + inf{g(X) : x ∈ X} ≤ inf{f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X}
Give examples to show that each of these inequalities can be either equalities or strict inequalitles.
Supremum: Let u := sup f (X) and v := sup g(X). Then f (x) ≤ u and g(x) ≤ v for all x ∈ X. Thus
f (x) + g(x) ≤ u + v for all x ∈ X, so that u + v is an upper bound of the set {f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X}. This
implies that {f (x) + g(x) : g ∈ X} ≤ sup{f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X} ≤ u + v. Hence,
sup{f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X} ≤ sup{f (x) : x ∈ X} + sup{g(X) : x ∈ X}
Infimum: Let u := inf f (X) and v := inf g(X). Then u ≤ f (x) and v ≤ g(x) for all x ∈ X, and consequently
u + v ≤ f (x) + g(x) for all x ∈ X. Then u + v is a lower bound of the set {f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X}, which
implies that u + v ≤ inf{f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X} ≤ {f (x) + g(x) : g ∈ X}. Hence,
inf{f (x) : x ∈ X} + inf{g(X) : x ∈ X} inf{f (x) + g(x) : x ∈ X}
Problem 27 (Bartle Exercise 9 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 28 (Bartle Exercise 10 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 29 (Bartle Exercise 11 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 30 (Bartle Exercise 12 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 31 (Bartle Exercise 13 for Section 2.4). Given any x ∈ R, show that there exists a unique Z such
that n − 1 ≤ x < n.
In the trivial case where x = 0 then n = 1 is the unique element of Z. If x > 0, then by an earlier result
(Corollary 2.4.5 in Bartle), there exists an nx ∈ N such that nx − 1 < x < nx . If x < 0, then we can apply
the same argument to −x > 0. Thus, we know that given an arbitrary x ∈ R, there exists some nx ∈ Z such
that nx ≤ n < nx .
We must show that such an nx ∈ Z is unique. Suppose, without loss of generality, that mx < nx also
satisfies mx − 1 ≤ x < mx . Also, we know that mx ≤ nx − 1 since nx , mx ∈ Z. We now have the inequality
mx − 1 ≤ x < mx ≤ nx − 1 ≤ x < nx , which is a contradiction as it implies x < x. Hence, the assumption
that there also exists mx < nx satisfying mx − 1 ≤ x < mx is false, and so we have uniqueness.
Problem 32 (Bartle Exercise 14 for Section 2.4). If y > 0, show that there exists n ∈ N such that 1/2n < y.
For each n ∈ N we have that n < 2n . Thus we also have that 1/2n < 1/n. But from an earlier result
(Corollary 2.4.5 Bartle), we know that given y > 0 there exists some ny ∈ N such that 0 < 1/ny < y. Hence,
for each y > 0 we have that 0 < 1/2n < 1/n < y; that is, 1/2n < y.
Problem 33 (Bartle Exercise 15 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 34 (Bartle Exercise 16 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 35 (Bartle Exercise 17 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 36 (Bartle Exercise 18 for Section 2.4). Todo...
Problem 37 (Bartle Exercise 19 for Section 2.4). Since x < y and u > 0, we know that x/u < y/u. Then,
by the Density Theorem, there exists some r ∈ Q such that x/u < r < y/u. But this implies that x < ru < y.
Hence the set {ru : r ∈ Q} is dense in R.

6
1.3 Intervals
Problem 38 (Bartle Exercise 1 for Section 2.5). If I := [a, b] and I ′ := [a′ , b′ ] are closed intervals in R,
show that I ⊆ I ′ if and only if a′ ≤ a and b ≤ b′ .
Let I ⊆ I ′ . Then a, b ∈ I ′ so that a′ ≤ a, b ≤ b′ , or a ≤ a′ and b ≤ b′ .
Conversely, suppose a′ lea and b ≤ b′ . Then for any x ∈ I we have a ≤ x ≤ b, so that a′ ≤ x ≤ b′ . Thus
x ∈ I ′ for all x ∈ I, and hence, I ⊆ I ′ .
Problem 39 (Bartle Exercise 2 for Section 2.5). If S ⊆ R is nonempty, show that S is bounded if and only
if there exists a closed bounded interval I such that S ⊆ I.
Let S be bounded by a lower bound a and an upper bound b. Then for any s ∈ S we have a ≤ s ≤ b.
Hence s ∈ [a, b], and so S ⊆ I where I := [a, b].
Conversely, let S ⊆ I where I is the closed bound interval I := [a, b]. But then a ≤ s ≤ b for all s ∈ S.
Hence, S is bounded.
Problem 40 (Bartle Exercise 3 for Section 2.5). If S ⊆ R is a nonempty bounded set, and IS := [inf S, sup S],
show that S ⊆ Is . Moreover, if J is any closed bounded interval containing S, show that IS ⊆ J.
The set S is nonempty and bounded, so the Completeness Property ensures that the infimum and
supremum of S exist. Since inf S ≤ s ≤ sup S for all s ∈ S, we know that s ∈ IS = [inf S, sup S] for all
s ∈ S. Hence, S ⊆ IS .
Since J is any closed bounded interval, let J := [a, b]. If S ⊆ J then a ≤ s ≤ b for all s ∈ S. Thus a is a lower
bound of S and b is an upper bound of S, and by the Completeness Property, the infimum and supremum
of S exist. Thus a ≤ inf S and sup S ≤ b. But IS = [inf S, sup S], so by Exercise 2.5.1 Bartle, IS ⊆ J.
Problem 41 (Bartle Exercise 4 for Section 2.5). Leave.
Problem 42 (Bartle Exercise 5 for Section 2.5). Leave.
Problem 43 (Bartle Exercise 6 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 44 (Bartle Exercise 7 for Section 2.5). Let In := [0, 1/n] for n ∈ N. Prove that ∩∞
n=1 In = {0}.

Since 0 ∈ [0, 1/n] for all n ∈ N, we know that {0} ∈ ∩∞n=1 In . Thus we know that ∩n=1 In is nonempty
∞

and contains {0}. Let x ∈ ∩n=1 (x is arbitrary). But this is only true if x ∈ [0, 1/n], so that 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/n
∞

for all n ∈ N. We must show that x = 0. From the Archimedean Property implies that for every ε > 0 there
exists some nε ∈ N such that 0 < 1/nε < ε. Thus we now have that 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/nε < ε. But since ε > 0 is
arbitrary, we can make it as small as we like, and hence, x = 0.
Problem 45 (Bartle Exercise 8 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 46 (Bartle Exercise 9 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 47 (Bartle Exercise 10 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 48 (Bartle Exercise 11 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 49 (Bartle Exercise 12 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 50 (Bartle Exercise 13 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 51 (Bartle Exercise 14 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 52 (Bartle Exercise 15 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 53 (Bartle Exercise 16 for Section 2.5). Todo...
Problem 54 (Bartle Exercise 17 for Section 2.5). Todo...