Bamboo Structural Strength Analysis and Evaluation

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY
BAMBOO STRUCTURAL JOINT CONNECTIONS STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND

EVALUATION
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
Civil Engineering Department
Holy Trinity University
Puerto Princesa City
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the
Degree of Civil Engineering
by
Mark Juvel C. Gabinete
JULY 2018
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
As we know that the bamboo is used for several years in constructing a building even in
the past decades. Despite the fact that human society has a long history of using bamboo, there is still a
lack of modern and industrialized application of bamboo materials in construction. Promoting the
application of bamboo in construction could provide a potential solution to the sustainable, green and
environment-friendly development of construction industry. Modern Bamboo Structures is the first of its
kind covering the applications of bamboo materials in modern structures. ( Yan Xiao et. al. 2008) The
shoots of bamboo are very popular vegetables in Asian countries and the culms end uses are many and
various: musical instruments, furniture, garments, scaffoldings, paper, food, building components. ( Irene
Caltabiano, 2008) .
As the bamboo is used as constructing building this must be able to be a replacement of steel.
Both engineered bamboo materials, scrimber and laminated bamboo, exhibit the anisotropic behaviour
typical of natural bamboo, and similar to that of fiber reinforced composites.( Michael Ramage et. al,
2015 ) However, bamboo scaffolds are generally erected by scaffolding practitioners based on their
intuition and experiences without any structural design. In general, column buckling is considered to be
one of the critical modes of failure in bamboo scaffolds, often leading to their overall collapse.( S.L.Chan
et. al, 2003).
The strength of the bamboo must be find before it is used as joints as the replacement for timber
and steel. Besides,by comparing with those of other materials such as Larix gmeini,Fraxinus
mandshurica,Cunningharnia lanceolata,Phyllostachys pubescens,fired perforated brick and
concrete,conclusions could be made that glued laminated bamboo wood was a kind of material with
excellent physical and mechanical performances including comparatively higher ultimate tensile and
compressive strength and better plastic performance in shear resistance,etc.So,glued laminated bamboo
wood could be used as column or beam not only in common structures but also in complicated ones such
as tress and I-beam.( ZHANG Ye-tian and HE Li-ping, 2007 ) Some work on variation of tensile
properties of bamboo along and across the fiber direction of bamboo has reported but variation of tensile
properties of fibers and matrix of bamboo culms along the length of bamboo is hardly reported.( C.S.
Verma et. al, 2012 ) Optimization on the use of bamboo requires comprehensive understandings of the
physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. When using bamboo as a building material, one needs to
know its specific gravity, stiffness and bending strength properties.( Ruy A.Sá Ribeiro et. al 2017 )
Joint structure that is made of bamboo with treatment can be made as a replacement for steel and
timber as constructing truss. Fabrication of roof trusses is about the most promising use of bamboos.
Literally, any span of truss is possible.( K. A. Solomon-Ayeh, 2010) It is here that engineered bamboo
can be of great value to civil engineers owing to several noteworthy features. From environmental
consideration, production of every ton of bamboo consumes about a ton of the atmospheric CO2, in
addition to releasing fresh oxygen into the atmosphere. From structural engineering point of view,
bamboo has competitive strength characteristics. Typically, species like dendrocallamus giganteus (DG)
have tensile strength of about 120 MPa, compressive strength of 55 MPa and Young’s modulus of 14
GPa. These figures do not compare badly with mild steel which has an ultimate strength of 410 MPa,
yield strength of 250 MPa and Young’s modulus of 20 GPa.( Suresh Bhalla et. al, 2008) These lashed
connections also don’t fully utilize the full strength of bamboo member. Because they rely solely on
friction, the load transfer between members is limited and thus structures require more members to do the
same job that one could if it were well connected. Finally complex geometries with many members
framing into one node or three dimensional space frames are difficult if not impossible to construct.(
Lucas Hogan and Graham Charles Archer, 2009)
As of in the Philippines there are different types on how they construct joints on bamboo.
Furthermore in sustainability, the dimension of time remains a variable. How long we expect a building to
serve? And among other long-lasting questions, is bamboo an ultimateanswer to the great challenge of
humanity i.e. to turn to another and live in harmony with nature,or is it merely some kind of exotic ritual
of pseudo-naturalism to satisfy our unquenchable thirst inconsuming statuses and symbols? As the wind
blows, we shall not expect answers from thewailing bamboo, nor from the twisting groves which signify a
coming typhoon. (Andrea Fitrianto, 2015)
And the jointing method is used here in Palawan with the usage of the four types of bamboo that
can be normally found in the island. As of that we are here to identify the strength, problem and the
evaluation of the bamboo joint products using the different kinds of jointing after the bamboo put into a
process of treatment.

Conceptual Framework
As a careful study of the related literature and studies particularly on the bamboo products the
researcher came up with the conceptual framework.
The availability of this product that can be easily be found even in our backyard. This plant that
has so many products that could be produce for. In the case of this we should analyzed its strength that we
can even put it in construction with the cement.
In this case the study used to know on what part of the bamboo tree is more reliable to be used in
the construction. We will talk also here the proper way of treatment uses for the products to be steady for
how many years and how this product could be used as the replacement for the timber and steel.

Research Paradigm
Bamboo Species
Treatment
Properties of mortar
- Water cement
INPUT ratio
Structural strength of
bamboo
Jointing using the 3 kinds of

jointing method
- Bolted connection
- Ringed connection
- Bamboo slats
connection
PROCESS Strength of bamboo testing
tension, compression and

flexural
Truss made of bamboo
Strength of the bamboo result
Tension, compression, flexural
OUTPUT

04. Statement of the Problem
This research intended to analyze the strength of bamboo used as joint in structural and the
evaluation of its rendition.
1. What describe the joint strength of different bamboo species in terms of:
a) Tensile strength and
b) Compressive strength
c) Flexural strength?
2. What describe the joint strength of treated and untreated different bamboo species in terms of:
d) Tensile strength and
e) Compressive strength
f) Flexural strength?
3. What is the most appropriate jointing method that can be used in terms of.
a. Tensile strength and
b. Compressive strength
c. Flexural strength?
4. Is there any significant difference between the bamboo species and their jointi g strength in term sof
a. Tensile strength
b. Compressive strength and
5. Is there any significant difference between the joint strength of treated and untreated different
bamboo species in terms of:
g) Tensile strength and
h) Compressive strength
i) Flexural strength?
6. Is there any significant difference between jointing method and the following

7. Is there any significant relationship between the bamboo treatment durations and their jointing
strength in terms of
a. Tensile strength
b. Compressive strength and
8. Is there any significant relationship between the joint strength different bamboo species and the
bamboo structural strength in terms of:
j) Tensile strength and
k) Compressive strength
l) Flexural strength?
9. Is there any significant relationship between mortar properties and the following bamboo jointing
methods
10. What describe the structural strength of bamboo truss made of different species of the most
appropriate jointing methods.
Significance of the Study
This study is more important to know if the bamboo could be the most appropriate alternative for
timber and for the population that is in poverty that they can even build their own house without thinking
that their structures may be not suitable in terms of the strength of it and for the terms of its lifetime.
To the field of Civil Engineering, to identify the most suitable bamboo in building in terms of its
tensile, compressive and flexural strength.

For the Civil Engineering, it give more knowledge for the students, about the tensile and shear
strength of the various types of bamboo.
For the researcher, to open his mind curiosity regarding a typical structural joint. Also it is very
much important and significant to him. And to know the strength of the various types of the bamboo.
Future researcher for them to have the reference for their study and at the same time to encourage
other future researchers to involve themselves.
06. Scope and Delimination
Problem. The study is all about the strength of the bamboo In terms of tensile, compressive and
flexural as a structural joint.
Time Frame. This study was started on July 2018 and finished on March 2019.
Locale. This study took place at kilometer 106, Barangay Caramay, Roxas Palawan, heading
north of Palawan.
Research Locale

Definition of Terms
In order to facilitate deep insight and understanding of information conveyed in this study, the
following terms are defined operationally or theoretically:
Flexural Strength. is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of an

unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending.
Tensile Strength. the resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum
amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material.
Truss. is a structure consisting of members / elements that takes only tension or compression and
no bending is induced what so ever.
Compressive Strength. the resistance to failure under the action of compressive forces.
is an important parameter to determine the performance of the material during service conditions.
Structural joint. A joining of two pieces of material in wood, metal or plastics by mechanical
means
Mortar. A plastic building material (such as a mixture of cement, lime, or gypsum plaster with
sand and water) that hardens and is used in masonry or plastering.
Water Cement Ratio. The ratio of mixing water to cement in a concrete expressed by volume or
by weight or as the number of gallons of water per bag of cement.

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
The literature cited in this study were derived from books, magazines, journals and
other reading materials which were written by either local or foreign authors. They were
presented to substantiate the stand of the present study.
Local Literature
The investigation of natural products for use in construction continues to grow to

fulfil the need for sustainable and locally available materials. Bamboo, being globally
available and rapidly renewable, is an example of such a material. Structural and
engineered bamboo products are comparatively low-energy-intensive materials with
structural properties sufficient for the demands of modern construction. However, the lack
of appropriate building codes and standards is a barrier to engineers and architects in
using the material. This paper describes the existing national and international codes and
looks towards the future development of comprehensive standards directly analogous to
those in use for timber.( Michael Ramage et. al)
As cited by (Janssen, J, 1981) the experimental bridge of the American Army on

the Philippines in 1937 (Kumpe). There is no literature on any systematic research in this
respect. The number of influencesto be studied (listed in par. 4.3.) should be enlarged
with the diameter of the steel bolts, and the direction of the force.
Foreign Literature
Bamboo Jointing is most problematic parts of Bamboo building constructions, Most

bamboo structural failures occurs at joints. Several studies conducted however, still needs more
additional study to find solutions most relatively perfect. Early study by ( Der and Ellingson,
1955) sectional building structure and couplings and connections therefor, and particularly to
sectional construction kits utilizing as elements, sections of natural bamboo. Extensive use of
bamboo for structural frame purposes in making various devices, building structures and the like,
has been very limited due to the impracticability of coupling bamboo sections together to form
strong.
According to (Ghavani and Moreira,1996) In the assembly of space structures the most
difficult part is the joining of the elements. Joint using aluminium or steel plates and pin joints in
bamboo considering the safe distance between the holes and to the extreme end of the bamboo
pole. The presence of bamboo diaphragm under the pin hole reduces the risk of splitting failure.
The reinforcement of the bamboo under the steel pin hole would improve the splitting failure of
bamboo ( Moreira et al, 2012). In addition ( Moreira and Ghavani, 2012) Bamboo joints at the
hole can be improved by reducing the stress concentration factors, through applying reinforcing
elements such as natural fiber straps composites close to the hole.
As stated by (Fu it al., 2012)The sleeve-bolt connection and the groove-plate connection
are two major forms of bamboo’s joints under tension and compression load, and the strength of
these two connections is normally governed by the brittle failure mode of shearing-split. It is found
that the joint with sleeve-cement connection behaves more ductile under tension and possesses
higher strength under compression than those with the sleeve-bolt and groove-plate connections.
The sleeve-cement connection ensures effective transition of the axial load in the bamboo joint,
Failure mode of the joints with sleeve-bolt connection and the groove-plate connection is governed
by shearing-split, and the performances of these two bamboo joints are rather brittle under axial
load. Failure mode of the sleeve-cement is relative slip between bamboo and cement mortar and
this joint has good ductility. Under tension loading, deformation capacity of the sleeve-cement is
over twice than that of the other types of bamboo joints; while under compression loading, the load
capacity of the sleeve-cement is over three times than that of the other two types of bamboo joints.
According to (Fu et al., 2013) Major forms of bamboo joints mainly rely on bolts and
shear strength of bamboo, and the strength of the connection is normally governed by brittle failure
mode of shearing-split. T he bamboo joints behaves ductile under tension and possesses high
strength under compression but leaves much to be optimized in its design. a new configuration of
sleeve-gypsum bamboo joint is designed by replacing cement with gypsum and improving surface
treatment of inner walls of bamboo tube. Mentioned by ( Li et al,. 2013) The connection to
improve the joint region’s stiffness and overall performance of the steel plates welded to the core
of the connection the number of the bolts have little effect on the shear deformation at the core and
the ultimate load capacity of the joints, but changes of stiffener and weld size of the steel tube have
obvious influences on the rotational stiffness and anti-seismic parameters.
According to ( Disen and Clouston, 2013) Assembled Structures safely double pin ended
joints particularly for connection design. As stated by (Awaludin and Andriani,2014) Bamboo
construction is the connection system where failure of the connection develops at low level of
loading associated with bamboo splitting, single-bolted bamboo joints in Four joints are loaded in
perpendicular loading direction, and the rest are loaded in parallel loading direction or overlap
connections. As cited by ( Villegas, 2015) ,The joint connects two GA slats by using two small
curved steel plates, a bolt, and a nut, which are used to apply high compressive deformation in the
radial direction.A simple new joint to connect GA slats was developed by applying high
compressive strain along the thickness of the slats or radial direction using a bolt, a nut, and two
curved small steel plates. The mechanical tests of the proposed joint showed failures by shear on
the planes parallel to the fibers. Added by ( Garcia et al, 2015), Joints recommended by the
Colombian construction code use bolts, curved cuts and mortar injection to increase the transverse
strength.T he ring applies an external pressure to the culm and creates a compressive
circumferential stress distribution, which counteracts the creation of longitudinal splits. Moreover,
even after initial fissures the ring avoids the separation of the parts, which generates ductile modes
of failure( Garcia et al, 2015).
Types of connections can partially restrict the rotation in the supports, despite being
essential for modeling and structural design. The influence of each component on the connection
behavior under different configurations ( Pedro et al.2015). Joints connections Strength and
ductility of the proposed connection higher than those reported in other study for a connection
composed of screw bars, plates, fish-mouth cuts, and injection with mortar.( Moran et al, 2015).
As cited by ( Moran et al., 2016) Mechanical joints are not efficient and their construction is a
tedious task, which increases labor costs and prevents its widespread use in house projects. Metal
connectors for GA elements that increase the efficiency of the joints and reduce the time of
construction.
The connection system determines the strength of bamboo truss structures. The bolt
tightening force on the truss structure greatly affects the strength of bamboo truss structure.
Variations of bolt tightening force on connection system of bamboo truss structure with wooden
clamp. (Masdar et al., 2017) . As mentioned by ( Trujillo and Malkowska, 2018) ,Three
connection design properties (dowel embedment strength, slip modulus and screw withdrawal
capacity) were determined for one species of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia Kunth) using
experimental methods adopted from timber engineering.
Bamboo Jointing is most problematic parts of Bamboo building constructions, Most bamboo
structural failures occurs at joints. Several studies conducted however, still needs more additional
study to find solutions most relatively perfect. Early study by ( Der and Ellingson, 1955) sectional
building structure and couplings and connections therefor, and particularly to sectional
construction kits utilizing as elements, sections of natural bamboo. Extensive use of bamboo for
structural frame purposes in making various devices, building structures and the like, has been
very limited due to the impracticability of coupling bamboo sections together to form strong.
According to (Ghavani and Moreira,1996) In the assembly of space structures the most
difficult part is the joining of the elements. Joint using aluminium or steel plates and pin joints in
bamboo considering the safe distance between the holes and to the extreme end of the bamboo
pole. The presence of bamboo diaphragm under the pin hole reduces the risk of splitting failure.
bamboo ( Moreira et al, 2012). In addition ( Moreira and Ghavani, 2012) Bamboo joints at the
hole can be improved by reducing the stress concentration factors, through applying reinforcing
elements such as natural fiber straps composites close to the hole.
As stated by (Fu it al., 2012)The sleeve-bolt connection and the groove-plate connection
are two major forms of bamboo’s joints under tension and compression load, and the strength of
these two connections is normally governed by the brittle failure mode of shearing-split. It is found
that the joint with sleeve-cement connection behaves more ductile under tension and possesses
higher strength under compression than those with the sleeve-bolt and groove-plate connections.
The sleeve-cement connection ensures effective transition of the axial load in the bamboo joint,
According to (Fu et al., 2013) Major forms of bamboo joints mainly rely on bolts and
shear strength of bamboo, and the strength of the connection is normally governed by brittle failure
mode of shearing-split. T he bamboo joints behaves ductile under tension and possesses high
strength under compression but leaves much to be optimized in its design. a new configuration of
sleeve-gypsum bamboo joint is designed by replacing cement with gypsum and improving surface
treatment of inner walls of bamboo tube. Mentioned by ( Li et al,. 2013) The connection to
improve the joint region’s stiffness and overall performance of the steel plates welded to the core
of the connection the number of the bolts have little effect on the shear deformation at the core and
the ultimate load capacity of the joints, but changes of stiffener and weld size of the steel tube have
obvious influences on the rotational stiffness and anti-seismic parameters.
According to ( Disen and Clouston, 2013) Assembled Structures safely double pin ended
joints particularly for connection design. As stated by (Awaludin and Andriani,2014) Bamboo
construction is the connection system where failure of the connection develops at low level of
loading associated with bamboo splitting, single-bolted bamboo joints in Four joints are loaded in
perpendicular loading direction, and the rest are loaded in parallel loading direction or overlap
connections. As cited by ( Villegas, 2015) ,The joint connects two GA slats by using two small
radial direction.A simple new joint to connect GA slats was developed by applying high
the planes parallel to the fibers. Added by ( Garcia et al, 2015), Joints recommended by the
Colombian construction code use bolts, curved cuts and mortar injection to increase the transverse
strength.T he ring applies an external pressure to the culm and creates a compressive
circumferential stress distribution, which counteracts the creation of longitudinal splits. Moreover,
even after initial fissures the ring avoids the separation of the parts, which generates ductile modes
of failure( Garcia et al, 2015).
Types of connections can partially restrict the rotation in the supports, despite being
behavior under different configurations ( Pedro et al.2015). Joints connections Strength and
ductility of the proposed connection higher than those reported in other study for a connection
composed of screw bars, plates, fish-mouth cuts, and injection with mortar.( Moran et al, 2015).
As cited by ( Moran et al., 2016) Mechanical joints are not efficient and their construction is a
tedious task, which increases labor costs and prevents its widespread use in house projects. Metal
connectors for GA elements that increase the efficiency of the joints and reduce the time of
construction.
clamp. (Masdar et al., 2017) . As mentioned by ( Trujillo and Malkowska, 2018) ,Three
connection design properties (dowel embedment strength, slip modulus and screw withdrawal
capacity) were determined for one species of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia Kunth) using
experimental methods adopted from timber engineering.
As cited by(Haiyang Zhang, 2017)Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) linear-
vibration welded joints with three different combinations between the inner and outer surfaces
were studied in this paper. The tensile-shear strength, the microstructures and welded layer
thickness observed by SEM and the density profiles measured by X-ray densitometer of the welded
samples have been considered and compared. The maximum average tensile-shear strength of
outer-outer, inner-inner and outer-inner welded joints were 5.91, 7.15 and 6.24 MPa, respectively.
And only the inner-inner welded joints have the bamboo failure after the shear test. The welded
joint is composed of a lot of bamboo fibers entangled in the molten and flown intercellular
materials which decide the final mechanical performance of the welded joints. The thickness of
the outer-outer welded layer is the smallest and the inner-inner welded layer is the highest.
However, the maximum density reached in the inner-inner welded joint is smaller than in the outer-
outer welded joint owing to the different vascular distribution in the cross section of the moso
bamboo. The relative density can be used to reflect the tensile-shear strength of the welded joints.
The natural structure of bamboo really do have significant influences on the welded interface.
This paper describes the development of a parametric modeling system that enables the
design of customized bamboo pole joints, where the geometry of each bamboo piece becomes the
main design constraint. Rules of design are identified in traditional bamboo-jointing practice
through the analysis of a bamboo catalogue. This knowledge informs the constructive principles
of the system. Output data of the system successfully formulates the design of a customized
bamboo jointing system. The effort of this paper suggests that further development of an
application or software to facilitate the design of parametric bamboo joints is a feasible project
that could help bamboo to have a solid presence in modern building industry. Lastly, the paper
hints that transference of parametric technology is a promising domain that could potentially be
applied to streamline the use of other natural materials.by (Olivia Espinosa Trujillo and Tsung-
Hsien Wang, 2015)
According to (AliAwaludin and VikiAndriani, 2014)Bamboo has a pipe-like cross-
section and excellent mechanical properties, especially tensile and compressive strength
with a specific gravity varies from 0.55 to 0.75. Thus bamboo is now becoming an
important sustainable construction material, especially in rural areas. One crucial issue in
bamboo construction is the connection system where failure of the connection develops
at low level of loading associated with bamboo splitting. In this study, seventeen single-
bolted bamboo joints in total were prepared. Four joints are loaded in perpendicular
loading direction, and the rest are loaded in parallel loading direction or overlap
connections. These joints were a double-shear configuration of bamboo Wulung
(Gigantochloa atroviolacea) connected by 12-mm bolts and were tested under a quasi-
static load.
Related Studies
These studies undertaken by Filipinos and their foreign counterparts are
presented to support, and intensify the findings of the present work.
Local Studies
Vernacular construction methods in the Philippines include the use of lashing,

instead of nailing the bamboos, which in turn prevents the bamboo from splitting. The
traditional knowledge has been adapted to available materials such as rattan, rope and
fishing line. The latter is a strong material that improves the performance of the
connections with greater durability, and it is also widely used in the area. Therefore,
fishing line has been selected as material for this project. The selection of method and
material has an influence on the design, as they define the connections in three
dimensions instead of in-plane joints, consequently the geometry of the whole house.(
Ana Gatóo et. al)
a systematic approach on how to join bamboo. The underlying variety of bamboo

joints is as follows:
These four construction models are not used systematically, because in my o pinion the
method how to join them is more important. A joint between two pieces of bamboo can
be made either by contact between the full cross-sections of both bamboos, or by
collecting forces from óne cross section to a joining element, which in its turn transfers
the forces to the other bamboo.
"Collecting the forces'' may occur:
o from a node
o from the inside of the bamboo culm,
o from the cross section,
o from the outside of the bamboo culm.
"The joining element" may have the appearance of:
 a point which is technically of no use,

 166 a linear element (bolt, pin, etc.),
 to be divided into "parallel with the bamboo" // and "transverse to the
bamboo" ...
 a plane (but this possibility coincides with "contact between full cross
section").
Foreign Studies
One crucial issue in bamboo construction is the connection system where failure of
the connection develops at low level of loading associated with bamboo splitting. Single -bolted
bamboo joints in total were prepared. Four joints are loaded in perpendicular loading direction,
and the rest are loaded in parallel loading direction or overlap connections. These joints were a
double-shear configuration of bamboo Wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea) connected by 12-mm

bolts and were tested under a quasi-static load. Some of them were reinforced with natural fiber
(Indonesian name, “ijuk”) and fiber reinforced plastic (FRP). The results showed that a significant
increase of joint slip modulus and load carrying capacity was found in the joints reinforced with
FRP. The wrapping effect caused by FRP sheets successfully postpones the bamboo splitting
failure, while in the case of joints reinforced with natural fiber ijuk, this increase is negligible
Connections in bamboo constructions are regarded as the weakest parts and have hindered
the optimal utilization of excellent bamboo engineering properties. Various methods of bamboo
jointing, including the authors’ proposal where Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) in the form of
sheets is used to improve the structural performance of bolted bamboo joints. The test results
showed a significant increase of join slip modulus and lateral load capacity of the bolted bamboo
connections due to wrapping effects when they are reinforced with FRP sheets, especially the
overlap joints. (Fu et al., 2013) Major forms of bamboo joints mainly rely on bolts and shear
strength of bamboo, and the strength of the connection is normally governed by brittle failure mode
of shearing-split. A sleeve-cement connection has been proposed. The novel type of the bamboo
joints behaves ductile under tension and possesses high strength under compression but leaves
much to be optimized in its design. a new configuration of sleeve-gypsum bamboo joint is designed
by replacing cement with gypsum and improving surface treatment of inner walls of bamboo tube.
In addition, three other connections including the sleeve-bolt, the sleeve-bolt-cement and the
sleeve- cement are introduced and studied.
( Li et al,. 2013) The exterior joint of the steel-bamboo composite I-section beam and box columns
is constructed through T-stub and bolts and strengthened by steel tubes with steel plate welded
around the core of the connection to improve the joint region’s stiffness and overall
performance.Taking the number and the strength of the bolts as variables,quasi-static tests were
performed on 6 composite beam-column exterior joints with or without stiffeners to evaluate the
P-hysteretic curves of the joints,the rotation between beams and columns and the shear
deformation of the steel plates welded to the core of the connection. The dissipative
coefficient,ductility,and other anti-seismic parameters of the composite beam-column exterior
joints were derived,based on which,the theoretical calculation methods of the rotation at the
connection were analyzed.The result shows that the strength and the number of the bolts have little
effect on the shear deformation at the core and the ultimate load capacity of the joints,but changes
of stiffener and weld size of the steel tube have obvious influences on the rotational stiffness and
anti-seismic parameters.Based on the displacements at the ends of the beam and the stress-strain
curve within elastic range of the steel-bamboo composite joint,the simplified mechanical model
and the method to calculate the rotation of the connection. ( Der and Ellingson, 1955) sectional
building structure and couplings and connections therefor, and particularly to sectional
construction kits utilizing as elements, sections of natural bamboo. Extensive use of bamboo for
structural frame purposes in making various devices, building structures and the like, has been
very limited due to the impracticability of coupling bamboo sections together to form strong, rigid,
joints other than by the primitive means of using twisted bamboo thongs. Nails, bolts, screws and
a wide variety of cements, have been attempted as couplings for structurally joining bamboo
sections but aside from rather expensive joints such as are used in fishing poles which have only a
very limited applicability, mechanical fastenings have been in general, failures because of the
tendency of the bamboo to split from bulkhead to bulkhead and because of inability-in obtaining
any cement satisfactory for strength requirements.
(Fu et al., 2012)The sleeve-bolt connection and the groove-plate connection are two major
forms of bamboo’s joints under tension and compression load, and the strength of these two
connections is normally governed by the brittle failure mode of shearing-split. A new configuration
of sleeve-cement bamboo joint is designed. Comparative loading tests were carried out to study
the static tensile and compressive performances of the bamboo joints. It is found that the joint with
sleeve-cement connection behaves more ductile under tension and possesses higher strength under
compression than those with the sleeve-bolt and groove-plate connections. The sleeve-cement
connection ensures effective transition of the axial load in the bamboo joint, and there are more to
be optimized in its design. Comparative loading tests were carried out to study the static tensile
and compressive performances of the bamboo joints. The following conclusions can be drawn:
Evaluation of the load bearing capacity of the bamboo joints with sleeve-bolt connection and
groove-plate connection.
Bamboo has been nowadays recognized as one of the most sustainable potential structural
materials. However, the irregularity in cross sections and the inefficient joint configuration could
be bottlenecks in developing future large span bamboo structures. A novel spatial composite
structure is proposed with the methodology of bamboo-cable structural systems which consist of
bamboo, steel elements and adhesive construction materials. Meanwhile, key technical difficulties
involved with this application are carefully investigated and analyzed, which we target to address
in the near future. Additionally, several tentative structural styles are presented in order to explore
the application of this bamboo composite structure. Hopefully, fabrication of bamboo can be
standardized and large-span bamboo structures can be realized (Hu et al.,,2015).
Different from shear failure, splitting failure has an additional geometrical resistance. It is
shown that shear stress has a free path to propagate through parenchyma cells. The compression
stress normal to fibers restrains the crack initiation under relatively high shear stress parallel to
fibers. The presence of bamboo diaphragm under the pin hole reduces the risk of splitting failure.
bamboo.The safe distance between sequential pins supporting bamboo axial forces has to be better
investigated on futures works with the objective of establishing the minimum distance between
the holes. Tensile tests of the pin joints conjugated with FEM analysis are being investigated with
the objective of establishing more reliable methods. Future works have to consider Fracture
Mechanics Theory for better understanding of the crack propagating behaviour. ( Moreira et al,
2012).
In addition, Bamboo connections cannot be easily built due to the hollow cylindrical shape
and the high dimensional variation and transverse weakness of the culms, which tend to fail by
longitudinal splitting. Joints recommended by the Colombian construction code use bolts, curved
cuts and mortar injection to increase the transverse strength. These joints require high labor
intervention and cannot be used in massive projects using prefabricated processes. We explore the
use of thin steel semi-rings to connect bamboo culms. As the rings (formed with two semi-rings)
are thin enough they can conform to the irregularities of the culm after being tighten. Thus, the
ring applies an external pressure to the culm and creates a compressive circumferential stress
distribution, which counteracts the creation of longitudinal splits. Moreover, even after initial
fissures the ring avoids the separation of the parts, which generates ductile modes of failure(
Garcia et al, 2015).
In particular, Low cost housing projects that allow its quickly and easy construction are
usually pinned, assuming that there is no moment transmission between the different elements,
however, some types of connections can partially restrict the rotation in the supports, despite being
behavior under horizontal loads was assessed, testing seven different configurations ( Pedro et
al.2015)
According to (Ghavani and Moreira,1996) In the assembly of space structures the most difficult
part is the joining of the elements. Different joints have been studied. The study of a joint using
aluminium or steel plates and pin joints in bamboo is presented. The safe distance between the
holes and to the extreme end of the bamboo pole is established using Finite Element
MethodBamboo space structures can be used successfully in building construction. Rapidly
Assembled Structures safely double pin ended joints. Mentioned ( Disen and Clouston, 2013). by
Reliable bamboo design are scarce, particularly for connection design. Traditional connections
involve friction-tight lashings (eg. ropes and cords of dried grasses) and pin-and-socket
connections such as dowels and pegs, but more recent advances have involved integration with
steel hardware and concrete .
As stated by ( Ghavani and Moreira, 1996) Material and structural forms must integrate
to create a pleasing solution to complex architectural design problems considering a long life, low
maintenance buildings, capable of change over time. Responsible engineering involves a
permanent search for better use of structural forms and materials is by jointing process of
bamboos.In addition ( Moreira and Ghavani, 2012) A simple bamboo pin joint as commonly
used in many types of structures especially in plane and space structures , nonlinear pressure
distributions at the contact area of a steel pin in a bamboo circular hole were analyzed considering
the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the functionally graded material wherein local stress are
relatively high showing that this type of connection depends on local reinforcements to be a safe
connection. Bamboo joints at the hole can be improved by reducing the stress concentration
factors, through applying reinforcing elements such as natural fiber straps composites close to the
hole.
As cited by ( Moran et al., 2016) Mechanical joints are not efficient and their construction
is a tedious task, which increases labor costs and prevents its widespread use in house projects.
Metal connectors for GA elements that increase the efficiency of the joints and reduce the time of
construction. Classical mechanical design methodology has been used, considering first the
specifications needed to fulfill the product functions, following with the evaluation of two design
alternatives capable to achieve the conceptual design. Added to , These connections are considered
unable to transmit moment, which preclude using walls without diagonals for several types of
applications. To overcome this problem, a new beam-column connection uses three steel angles
and five pairs of thin light steel semi-rings, which can accommodate a range of culm sizes.
Connections. Strength and ductility of the proposed connection higher than those reported in other
study for a connection composed of screw bars, plates, fish-mouth cuts, and injection with mortar.(
Moran et al, 2015)
As mentioned by ( Trujillo and Malkowska, 2018) ,Three connection design properties
(dowel embedment strength, slip modulus and screw withdrawal capacity) were determined for
one species of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia Kunth) using experimental methods adopted from
timber engineering. 151 embedment strength and slip modulus tests were undertaken using smooth
dowels with diameters ranging from 3 to 16 mm, whilst 240 screw withdrawal tests were
undertaken using 3.5–5 mm diameter self-tapping screws. Using regression analysis, predictive
equations for the three connection design properties were derived, based on fastener diameter,
density and bamboo wall thickness. Coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.45 to 0.82.
The predictive equations for embedment strength and screw withdrawal were adapted to output
characteristic values and then compared to similar equations derived for timber contained in
Eurocode 5, the latter would seem inappropriate for bamboo.
clamp. The bolt tightening force amounting of 2830 N, produced the optimum connection strength
on bamboo truss structure with wooden clamps. (Masdar et al., 2017)
Building with bamboo is becoming very popular as a construction material, dDespite its
increasing popularity it is still the domain of a few experienced builders who know how to build
with bamboo connection details with bamboo like nails and screws are not suitable. In traditional
cultures lashing and pinning was the most common form of connection. In the 20th century Simon
Velez pioneered the use of steel bolts and cement, which changed how bamboo structures were
built. Designers and engineers have used various other connection details like clamps, plates, hubs,
etc. to create bamboo structures but there are no standard connections available in the market
(Vahanvati,2015).As stated by (Awaludin and Andriani,2014) Bamboo construction is the
connection system where failure of the connection develops at low level of loading associated with
bamboo splitting, single-bolted bamboo joints in Four joints are loaded in perpendicular loading
direction, and the rest are loaded in parallel loading direction or overlap connections. These joints
were a double-shear configuration of bamboo Wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea) connected by
12-mm bolts and were tested under a quasi-static load. Connections in bamboo constructions are
regarded as the weakest parts and have hindered the optimal utilization of excellent bamboo
engineering properties.
As cited by ( Villegas, 2015) Guadua angustifolia (GA) bamboo joints based on the ductile
behavior of the material under compression along the thickness of the culm or radial direction, a
new joint to connect GA slats was developed. The joint connects two GA slats by using two small
radial direction. To further determine the performance of the joint, two beam prototypes were
developed and tested. A simple new joint to connect GA slats was developed by applying high
the planes parallel to the fibers.
As cited by (David G. Vesey, 2002)0 The bamboo jointing method was of particular
interest because the German Building Authorities required a quite rigorous justification. In the past
traditional bamboo joints were made by soaking strips of bamboo and lashing around the poles.
The arrangement for number of lashes was decided by the bamboo master based on experience.
More recently galvanized mild steel wire was used and recently the lashing material is a 6mm wide
flat strip of black polypropylene-polyethylene (PP-PE).
Chapter 3
Research Design and Procedures
This chapter presents the methods and procedures used, specially the materials
used, instruments, equipment, data gathering techniques and statistical treatment.
Research Method
This study used the mixed – group design of the experimental method of research.
In other words, the experimental method of research investigates the effect of

independent variables to the dependent variables. In an experimental method or
research, there is also the control group.
Instrumentation
The study used standard tools and equipments such as the following: bamboo
species that can be found in Palawan, flexure machine, tensile testing machine and
compression machine. These are used to determine the strength of the bamboo samples
in terms of tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural strength.
Sampling
The materials used in the study was the available bamboo species in palawan.
All materials were taken from Roxas Palawan and the samples gathered were
processed at Roxas Palawan.
In the conduct of experiment, three sets of sample specimens were set. There
were a minimum of 36 samples of bamboo specie per test. The first set of sample was
the untreated bamboo species with mortar infill. The second set of sample was the
bamboo species treated with salt water also with mortar infill. Another set of samples was
also with mortar infill but the bamboo species are treated with polyphenol. This is the third
treatment. In this study, the treatment was conducted to analyze which of this could be
possible to strengthen the capability of the bamboo.
This is summarized as follows:
Table 1
Summary of Sample Specimen
Experimental Sample/ specie

Tensile
Type of jointing Untreated bamboo Bamboo treated Bamboo treated
species with salt water with polyphenol
Bolted 4 4 4
Rings 4 4 4
Bamboo slats 4 4 4
Compression
Bolted 4 4 4
Rings 4 4 4
Bamboo slats 4 4 4
Flexure
Bolted 4 4 4
Rings 4 4 4
Bamboo slats 4 4 4
Treatment
Treatment Patong Tering Bayog Kawayan
age
7 9 9 9 9
14 9 9 9 9
28 9 9 9 9
56 9 9 9 9
Research Procedures
This study used the standard procedure of the materials selection and testing of
the three sets of samples. The said laboratory procedures were derived from the
Engineering manual for material testing and laboratory.
The laboratory procedures started with the selection and gathering of materials
used in this study. The materials were gathered and stored at Hydraulics laboratory room.
The first thing to do is to get the properties of bamboo specie. Their compressive, tensile
and flexural strength without the mortar infill.
All materials were prepared and made ready for the testing. The first week of
samples were prepared. The cutting of the bamboo culm size per test. Compressive
strength sample with a length of 10 cm with a rod of 20 cm., the flexural strength sample
having a length of 20 cm with a rod 30cm and the tensile strength with a 40 cm bamboo
culm with a rod of 10 cm.. The bamboo samples are soaked on the treatment according
to the treatment time and each time of the treatment day the sample are being tested
using the calibrated 10,000psi compression machine.
The materials used by the researcher for the study are bamboo specie that could
be easily acquired.. The collected samples were stored and tested in a room temperature
with labels at Holy Trinity University, Hydraulic Laboratory.
Data Gathering Techniques
The study used the standard procedure of materials selection and testing as stated
in the procedure using standard tools and equipment. The results of laboratory test of
samples were gathered and tabulated. Personal observation was also utilized in addition
to the experimental process.
The intervening variables such as water-cement ratio and consistency were

extracted from laboratory results of the given materials that were stated in the procedure.
The compressive strength and flexural strength of experimental sample were

obtained through the use of compression machine in Hydraulics Laboratory, Holy Trinity
University. The compressive strength and flexural strength that has been derived from
the results of the laboratory determined through the strength effects, quality of samples
and was utilized to distinguish difference among the three sets of sample per specie.
The tensile strength of experimental sample were obtained through the use of tensile
machine in Cebu city. The tensile strength that has been derived from the results of the
laboratory determined through the strength effects, quality of samples and was utilized to
find the difference of each specie.
The obtained and extracted results from laboratory tests of dependent and
intervening variables were correlated to the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of
each samples per specie of bamboo.
Statistical treatment
All the pertinent results, data and information gathered from the laboratory test in
the course of the research study were compiled, tabulated, interpreted and analyzed with
the use of appropriate research instruments and mathematical formula.
1. Simple Descriptive and Comparison of the results of each sets of sample was used
to determine its variation
The acceptance of concrete had to satisfy the following conditions:
a. No single test compressive strength shall be more than 500psi below specified
compressive strength of class A at proportion of 1:2:4 is 3,000psi or each
sample should not less than 2,400psi.
b. The level of effects of concrete according to Bureau of Research Standards.
Numerical Individual
Verbal Equivalent
Compressive Strength
Less than 2,400psi Not Satisfactory (NS)
2,400psi – 3,000psi Satisfactory (S)
Above 3,000psi Very Satisfactory (VS)
c. The paste epoxy content of concrete according to failure cracks.
Failure Cracks Verbal Interpretation
Random cracks(brittle) Low Epoxy (LE)
Diagonal cracks less than 51˚ Moderate Epoxy (ME)
Diagonal cracks more than

High Epoxy (HE)
51˚
2. Weighted mean and the standard deviation was used to determine the
acceptability and quality of materials as well the infrastructures.
Formula:
∑𝑥
𝑊𝑋 =
𝑛
1
∑(𝑥 − 𝑊𝑋)2 2
𝑆=[ ]
(𝑛 − 1)
where:
WX = weight mean
x = individual compressive strength
n = number of sample
S = Standard Deviation
According to National Structural Code of the Philippines, the statistical results were
interpreted and accepted as follows:
Level of Quality of Compressive
Standard Deviation Strength of Concrete Mixture and
Infrastructure
Below 300psi Excellent Quality (EQ)
300 to 400psi Very Good Quality (VGQ)
400 to 500psi Good Quality (GQ)
500 to 600psi Fair Quality (FQ)
Above 600psi Poor Quality (PQ)
3. ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference in the compressive
strength between the controlled and experimental samples and the cited factors to the
compressive strength.
Formula:
𝑀𝑠𝑏
𝐹 − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑀𝑠𝑤
where:
F = analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Mssn = mean of sum of square of row
Msw = mean of sum squares within group
Msse = mean of sum square of within group
Msb = mean of sum of squares between group
Mssc = mean of sum of square of between column
4. Correlation ratio was used to determine the effects of factors to the compressive
strength of bamboo joints.
∑ 𝑁𝑖ŷ𝑖 2 − 𝑁ŷ2
𝐸2 =
∑ 𝜎𝑦𝑖 2 − 𝑁ŷ2
∑ 𝑦1 + ∑ 𝑦2
Ŷ=
𝑁
∑ 𝑦 2 = ∑ 𝑦1 2 + ∑ 𝑦2 2
where:
Ni = number of data
N = total number of data
Ŷ,ŷc’ = mean of data
The basis interpreting were the following:
Numerical Value Verbal Interpretation
0 No effects (NE)
±0.001 to ±0.09 Slight Effects (SE)
±0.10 to ±0.20 Low Effects (LE)
±0.21 to ±0.40 Moderate Effects (ME)
±0.41 to ±0.70 High Effects (HE)
±0.71 to ±0.90 Very High Effects (VHE)
5. T- test was used to determine the significant relationship between the bamboo
property and compressive strength.
(𝑛 − 2)
𝑡 = 𝑟√
(1 − 𝑟 2 )
where:
t = t – computed value
r = correlation ratio
n = number of data

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HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

BAMBOO STRUCTURAL JOINT CONNECTIONS STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

Jointing using the 3 kinds of

PROCESS Strength of bamboo testing

tension, compression and

Truss made of bamboo

Strength of the bamboo result

Tension, compression, flexural

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

04. Statement of the Problem

a. Tensile strength and

Significance of the Study

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

06. Scope and Delimination

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

Flexural Strength. is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of an

HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY

presented to substantiate the stand of the present study.

The investigation of natural products for use in construction continues to grow to

As cited by (Janssen, J, 1981) the experimental bridge of the American Army on

Bamboo Jointing is most problematic parts of Bamboo building constructions, Most

These studies undertaken by Filipinos and their foreign counterparts are

presented to support, and intensify the findings of the present work.

Vernacular construction methods in the Philippines include the use of lashing,

a systematic approach on how to join bamboo. The underlying variety of bamboo

"Collecting the forces'' may occur:

"The joining element" may have the appearance of:

 a point which is technically of no use,

double-shear configuration of bamboo Wulung (Gigantochloa atroviolacea) connected by 12-mm

Research Design and Procedures

In other words, the experimental method of research investigates the effect of

This is summarized as follows:

Experimental Sample/ specie

Data Gathering Techniques

The intervening variables such as water-cement ratio and consistency were

The compressive strength and flexural strength of experimental sample were

Less than 2,400psi Not Satisfactory (NS)

2,400psi – 3,000psi Satisfactory (S)

Above 3,000psi Very Satisfactory (VS)

c. The paste epoxy content of concrete according to failure cracks.

Failure Cracks Verbal Interpretation

Random cracks(brittle) Low Epoxy (LE)

Diagonal cracks less than 51˚ Moderate Epoxy (ME)

Diagonal cracks more than

F = analysis of variance (ANOVA)

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