Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43

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Atmospheric Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosres

Spatial distribution of the daily precipitation concentration index in T

Southern Russia
⁎
Elena Vyshkvarkovaa, , Elena Voskresenskayaa, Javier Martin-Videb
a
Federal state budgetary scientific institution “Institute of natural and technical systems”, Lenin St., 28, Sevastopol 299011, Russian Federation
b
University of Barcelona, Montalegre, 6, Barcelona 08001, Spain

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The territory of Southern Russia presents a great diversity of climates and complex orography that lead to a very
Concentration index different precipitation distribution. Annual precipitation amounts differ between 222 mm in the coast of the
Daily precipitation Caspian Sea and > 2000 mm in the highest parts of the Caucasus Mountains. In order to investigate the sta-
Southern Russia tistical structure of daily precipitation across the study region the daily precipitation Concentration Index (CI)
was used. In present paper, the CI was calculated for 42 meteorological stations during the 1970–2010 period.
The analysis of precipitation concentration identified that the distribution of daily precipitation is more regular
over the west, north and south regions compared to the east (the Caspian Sea coast and the Caspian Depression).
The Crimean peninsula is characterized by low CI values in the north and high values in the eastern part.

1. Introduction
The analysis of precipitation in a daily resolution constitutes a
subject of great interest, because of its strong temporal variability. A lot
of environmental phenomena as floods, drought and soil erosion,
landslides, clogging of reservoirs by sediments, etc. result from the
temporal irregularity of rainfall. Due to the fact that heavy rainfall is
concentrated in a few days per year, the appearance or not of these days
can change the character, rainy or dry, of a year. Therefore this interest
is not only of a climatological nature, but also refers to other areas of
the environment and of society. In general terms the water manage-
ment, land uses and the territorial planning should take into account
the daily concentration of rainfall for better planning of water re-
sources, agriculture, buildable land, communication routes, etc.
For the South of Russia, which presents great geographical variety
(high mountains, seas, different climates), such studies are especially
important. One good example involves the floods in Krasnodar Krai in
Russia in early July 2012, when the equivalent fell of what would ty-
pically be two to five months' rainfall in a short period of time
(Meredith et al., 2015). Similar examples for Europe are an unusual wet
summer in 2014 in Southern Europe (Italy and the surrounding coun-
tries) when the monthly rainfall in July 2014 was 84% above (more
than three standard deviation) normal with respect to the 1982–2013
July climatology (Ratna et al., 2017) and an intense precipitation event
over Northern Greece (Pytharoulis et al., 2016).
Precipitation has been investigated in Russia in different aspects.
According to the IPCC report (Hartmann et al., 2013) since about 1950
the number of heavy precipitation events over land has increased in
more regions, including the territory of Russia. An increase in daily
precipitation maxima in the Black Sea zone and the steppe zone
(southern part of European Russia) have been indicated (Ashabokov
et al., 2017). Trends in summer season climate for Eastern Europe and
Southern Russia in the early 21st century and relate these to large-scale
circulation types and synoptic circulation processes have been in-
vestigated in Lebedeva et al. (2016). Positive trend in the precipitation
regime have been also found in the Altai Mountains (south Siberia)
(Malygina et al., 2017). In the same time no significant trends in annual
mean precipitation and daily extreme precipitation events have been
found in Arctic region (Marshall et al., 2016; Serreze et al., 2015).
The use of daily data enables us to increase our knowledge of the
temporal structure of precipitation at a detailed resolution. Monthly,
seasonal or annual precipitation amounts provide valuable information
on distribution over the territory and on temporal variability, but they
cannot provide information about the frequency, number of rainy days,
or gaps in precipitation series. However, there are various statistical
procedures for precipitation analysis.
Martín-Vide (2004) presented a precipitation Concentration Index
(CI) intended to evaluate the contribution of the very rainy days to the
total amount, because a few daily events produce a high percentage of
total monthly, seasonal or annual precipitation. He used CI in penin-
sular Spain to analyze the concentration of the different daily amounts
and found that index ranges from 0.55 to 0.70 (for 1951–1990 period)

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aveiro_7@mail.ru (E. Vyshkvarkova).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.12.003
Received 15 August 2017; Received in revised form 5 December 2017; Accepted 5 December 2017
Available online 06 December 2017
0169-8095/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
E. Vyshkvarkova et al.
and divides the territory into two regions: an eastern part with high
concentration and the rest of the country, which presents more regular
daily precipitation. This methodology was subsequently applied to in-
vestigation of precipitation concentration in the Mediterranean basin
(Benhamrouche and Martín-Vide, 2012; Coscarelli and Caloiero, 2012),
for the territory of Europe (Cortesi et al., 2012), in China (Zhang et al.,
2009; Li et al., 2011), in northern Africa (Benhamrouche et al., 2015),
in South America (Sarricolea and Martín-Vide, 2014; Llano, 2017), in
USA (Roye and Martin-Vide, 2017), other Asian countries (Alijani et al.,
2008; Suhaila and Jemain, 2012) and around the world (Monjo and
Martin-Vide, 2016). For example, on the global scale (Monjo and
Martin-Vide, 2016) the highest precipitation concentrations correspond
to arid and semi-arid regions and to areas are influenced by warm seas,
such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Western Mediterranean and the Arabian
Sea. Earlier, such studies with good detailing for different regions of
Russia were not carried out.
The present paper attempts to analyze the spatial distribution of the
Concentration Index over the territory of Southern Russia. The results
can improve knowledge of the structure of daily precipitation and may
have important effects on environmental phenomena and water man-
agement.
2. Study area
The territory of Southern Russia is situated in the European part of
Russia and includes the South and North Caucasus federal districts
(between latitudes 41° and 52° N and longitudes 32° and 50° E).
The territory of Southern Russia borders to the north-west with
Ukraine and to the south with Georgia. It is bordered by the Black Sea
and the Sea of Azov to the west, the Caspian Sea to the east and the
Caucasus Mountains to the south. Furthermore, the Crimean Mountains
lie to the south-east of the Crimean peninsula (Fig. 1). The territory of
Southern Russia is divided into three parts: flat, foothills and
Fig. 1. Geographical location of the study area.
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Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43
mountains. They differ in their relief, climate, soil and vegetation.
The crest of the Greater Caucasus forms a barrier between the
temperate mid-latitude and the subtropical climatic zones by impeding
the movement of cold air masses from the north into Transcaucasia and,
conversely, the flow of warm air masses into Ciscaucasia (or the North
Caucasus) from the south. Ciscaucasia has a semiarid climate in the
west and a drier, more desert-like climate in the east. Not only is the
Caucasus situated in the transition between the temperate and sub-
tropical zones, but also in the border area, located in the area of in-
fluence between humid air masses of the Atlantic and the
Mediterranean, and dry continental air masses formed over inland of
Eurasia. Differences caused by this bilateral influence become greater as
a result of the relief. The dimensions of the Black and Caspian seas are
insufficient for marine-type air masses to form above them.
Most of Southern Russia presents a temperate continental climate.
In this regard, the climate is characterized by warm and long summers –
average July temperature is between + 20 °C and + 24 °C. The average
January temperature varies from − 2 °C to − 5 °C. Average annual
rainfall shows a decrease from 400 to 600 mm in the west to
200–400 mm in the east. The greatest amount of precipitation for the
month drops in June – July (50–70 mm) in the west of the region. Snow
cover in the region appears from the end of November to the beginning
of December, and there is steady snowfall in late December and early
January. In the east two thirds of the precipitation falls in the warm
season (April to October). A large amount falls in the summer when
evaporation exceeds precipitation. A large proportion of precipitation
(around 80%) falls as rain, another 15% in the form of sleet, and only
about 5% in the form of snow.
The subtropical climate type is located on the Black Sea coast of the
Caucasus. Spurs of the Caucasian mountains protect the coast against
the penetration of cold air masses from the East European Plain in the
winter, and the average January temperature in the area is therefore
positive. Summers are warm and long. The average temperature in July
E. Vyshkvarkova et al.
is between + 22 °C and 26 °C. The climate of the coast is both warm and
humid. On average, rainfall totals approximately are 800 mm, pre-
senting a relatively uniform distribution throughout the year. Moisture
increases from the coasts to the foothills. To the south of Tuapse annual
rainfall is 1200 mm, but rapidly decreases to 800–900 mm in the area
of Gelendzhik and to 400 mm in the area of Anapa – Novorossiysk. In
the western part, on the sea-facing slopes (up to 600 m), rainfall reaches
2000–2400 mm. Increased cyclonic activity causes winter maximum
precipitation on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the cold season.
The highest parts of the Caucasus Mountains are characterized by a
mountain climate. Snowfall in such conditions does not have sufficient
time to melt, which results in the formation of glaciers. Apart from low
temperatures throughout the year, the climate is characterized by
strong, biting high-mountain winds.
The territory of the Crimean peninsula is relatively small, but it is
characterized by a wide variety of climate types – steppe, mountain and
the climate of the southern coast of Crimea. Each type of climate zone is
exhibits its own characteristics: precipitation patterns, temperature and
other meteorological parameters. The climate of the steppe zone is mild
continental with maximum precipitation total in the summer; annual
precipitation is approx. 350 mm. Crimea's southern coast is character-
ized by a sub-Mediterranean climate with maximum precipitation in
winter; annual precipitation approx. 650 mm.
3. Data and method
Daily precipitation data from meteorological stations over the ter-
ritory of Southern Russia were obtained in the present study. A total of
123 stations were registered in the study area. But a part of the station
series presents an insufficient number of years of observations or gaps,
or end in the mid-90s. Such series were removed from the dataset and
as a result, 42 precipitation series out of 123 were selected. The ob-
servation period is 1970–2010. Data were taken from the website of the
European Climate Assessment & Dataset project (Klein Tank et al.,
2002). Data quality control was performed by means of RClimDex
software (freely available from http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/
software). Negative values were identified and removed of time
series. The number of missing values in each year was calculated
(if < 20% of the data values are missing in every year this time series
was considered suitable for subsequent analysis). Outliers were iden-
tified as values that lie outside 4 standard deviations of the mean of the
time series. Then all outliers were analyzed: compared with the known
extreme events, and compared with nearby stations data on the same
date. Station characteristics are shown in Annex A and in Fig. 2.
Precipitation concentration was determined with the Concentration
Index based on the methodology proposed by Martín-Vide (2004). The
definition of the index is reduced to calculating the concentration
curves that relate the accumulated percentages of precipitation con-
tributed by the accumulated percentage of days on which it took place.
The Concentration Index allows identifying regions with high and low
precipitation intensity too.
The use of the CI makes it possible to improve knowledge of the
spatial and temporal structure of daily precipitation. CI values are more
informative than monthly, seasonal or annual precipitation amounts. It
makes it possible to identify areas that are prone to hydrological and
geomorphological hazards, such as floods or drought, soil erosion and
landslides. The methodology for calculating the Concentration Index is
sensitive to data, therefore only good quality daily data were used. This
is the main problem, since many stations have gaps in the data series.
According to the previous studies CI > 0.61 is high,
0.55 < CI < 0.61 is moderate and CI < 0.55 is low. The value of the
index of 0.61 corresponds approximately to the fact that 70% of the
total precipitation amount occurs on the 25% of the rainiest days. The
CI has a value between 0 and 1. It is calculated as the ratio between the
areas comprised by the concentration curve and the equidistribution
line, and 5000, what is the area of the lower triangle.
38
Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43
Mapping of the results was done using ArcGIS 10.1, as a method of
interpolation was chosen kriging technique.
4. Results
The concentration curves were calculated for 42 meteorological
stations across the territory of Southern Russia for the 1970–2010
period. The results (constants a and b and also the CI) are presented in
Annex B. The difference between the values of the index is shown in
Fig. 3 by the example of the concentration curves for two stations:
station with the highest index value (0.632, Kaspiyskiy (Lagan)) and
with the lowest value (0.557, Nyzhniohirsk). Station Nyzhniohirsk is
located in the flat part of the Crimean peninsula and is characterized by
a continental climate. Precipitation distribution during the year is
characterized by a semi-continental type with a slight excess of pre-
cipitation amount in the spring-summer season compared with the
autumn-winter. Annual precipitation amount is about 400 mm. Station
Kaspiyskiy (Lagan) is located on the Caspian Sea coast. This region is
characterized by small amount of precipitation (only 200–250 mm per
year).
The CI values are represented in Fig. 4 through isopleths, which
enable the spatial patterns of daily precipitation concentration to be
studied throughout a large area of Southern Russia. Several zones can
be determined across the territory of the Southern Russia.
The region presenting high values of CI (over 0.61) is observed on
the coast of the Caspian Sea and in the territory of the Caspian
Depression. High СI values in this region (reaching 0.632) can be ex-
plained by the geographical location. This region is characterized by a
small amount of precipitation throughout the year (Fig. 5). In general,
over the territory of the studied region there is an increase in the index
from the west to the east. Ciscaucasia has a semiarid climate in the west
and a drier, more desertlike climate in the east. In the rest of the region
the index values are in the range of 0.58–0.6.
Special attention should be paid to the Crimean peninsula. Despite
its small size, it is characterized by climate diversity. We found an area
exhibiting high values of CI in the south-eastern part of the Crimean
peninsula (Feodosia).This region is characterized by a moderately
warm steppic climate with hot and dry summers.
The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for the analysis of the
statistical relations between the values of the Concentration Index and
the precipitation parameters and the geographical factors. Pearson's
correlation between the CI and the annual precipitation, annual number
of rainy days and annual coefficient of variation is not significant at the
5% significance level. There is not a direct relationship between the
Concentration Index and annual precipitation. СI value 0.58 was found
in the north part of the region (annual precipitation amount is
400–500 mm), and in the highest parts of the Caucasus Mountains,
where precipitation amounts exceed 1500 mm. Significant correlation
was found between CI and some geographical factors. The correlation
between longitude and the CI is positive and significant (r = 0.44, p-
value < 0.05). The correlation between altitude and the CI is negative
and significant (r = − 0.3, p-value < 0.05). Generally, the highest
areas are characterized by lower values of the CI. However, the altitude
also has no direct effect on precipitation amount. For example, station
Akhty has altitude 1047 m, but annual precipitation amount does not
exceed 400 mm.
5. Discussion
5.1. Comparison between the results in Southern Russia and other countries
Daily concentration of precipitation was previously studied on
global and regional scales. In most regions, where daily precipitation
was studied by means of the Concentration Index, values of CI vary
greatly compared with the territory of Southern Russia.
The annual values of the concentration index found across Europe
E. Vyshkvarkova et al.
Fig. 2. Location of meteorological stations in Southern Russia.
Fig. 3. Concentration curves for Kaspiyskiy (Lagan) and Nyzhniohirsk stations
(1970–2010).
(Cortesi et al., 2012) are between 0.51 and 0.72 for the 1971–2010
period. Significant statistical correlations were reached between the
number of rainy days and the CI throughout Europe, where Pearson's
coefficient is clearly significant and negative. In Southern Russia, CI
values fall within the same range but with less variation (0.557–0.632),
and present the highest value in the Caspian Sea. One remarkable dif-
ference between the present paper and the other studies lies in the
density of meteorological stations employed. The higher number of
stations in relation with the surface of the study area enabled a more
detailed study of the distribution of precipitation concentrations over
the territory of Southern Russia. Coscarelli and Caloiero (2012), for a
part of Italy (Calabria), showed that CI ranges from 0.433 to 0.628 for
the 1916–2006 period. The authors divided the region into two parts:
the western side of the region with the lowest values of CI, and the
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Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43
eastern side, presenting the biggest contrast in daily rainfall.
The highest CI values in Iran were found on the coasts of the Persian
Gulf and the Caspian Sea (Alijani et al., 2008). Our research provided
the same results. The highest precipitation concentrations were found
on the coast of the Caspian Sea and in the territory of the Caspian
Depression, but with lower index values (CI = 0.632). Increasing from
west to east, in the distribution of CI was also found in Peninsular
Malaysia (Suhaila and Jemain, 2012). The eastern parts of these regions
are characterized by higher CI values. Comparison between CI values in
Europe and in the Pearl River basin indicates that concentrations in the
Pearl River basin were higher than that European region, with larger CI
values. The CI values of the Pearl River basin (Zhang et al., 2009) range
from 0.74 to 0.80 for the 1960–2005 period. This might be accounted
for by the different climatic systems of Europe and of the Pearl River
basin. The Pearl River basin is characterized by a monsoon climate with
extremely irregular temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation.
Caloiero (2014) estimated the CI values for the New Zealand and
showed a different behavior between North Island, with the highest
rainfall concentration, and South Island, what can be divided into two
parts: the western side of the island with lowest CI values and the
eastern side with CI values comparable to those of North Island.
Investigation of daily precipitation structure through the
Concentration Index was also done in North and South America.
Concentration index values in USA (Roye and Martin-Vide, 2017) are
similar to those in Europe and ranges from 0.52 to 0.72 for the
1956–2006 period. In South America, in Argentina (Llano, 2017) values
of CI are between 0.54 and 0.68 for the period 1999–2014. The highest
CI values are typical for the North of the country and the Atlantic coast.
5.2. Atmospheric circulation over the territory of Southern Russia
As it was said above, increasing from west to east in the distribution
of the CI is typical of the European countries and the territory of
Southern Russia. In peninsular Spain and the region of Italy this is due
E. Vyshkvarkova et al.
Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of CI values.
to the Mediterranean depressions, apparently, which produce highly
contrasting daily amounts (sometimes very large). In the case of the
territory of southern Russia, this is accounted for by the location of the
region.
There are highly diverse movements of air masses and types of
transformation thereof in the territory of the North Caucasus. The re-
gion is located on the border of temperate and subtropical latitudes, not
far from the Mediterranean Sea. There are no significant orographic
barriers from the north to the Arctic Ocean. In the south, on the con-
trary, there are high mountains.
In all seasons of the year several air masses can penetrate the North
Caucasus: the cold dry air of the Arctic, the moisture-laden air masses
forming above the Atlantic Ocean, the humid tropical air mass of the
Mediterranean and finally, although very rarely, air from the desert
uplands of the Near East and the Middle East; although tropical, this air
tends to be dry. But the biggest amount of precipitation is associated
with the western winds, which carry moisture from the Atlantic. Their
moisture is intercepted by the slopes of mountains and hills facing west,
and to the east the climate becomes drier and more continental. On the
plains in winter, the cold air of Siberia and Kazakhstan (Siberian an-
ticyclone) collides with relatively warm air, established over the Black
Sea (the Black Sea depression). The streams of dry, strongly cooled air
move in the direction of Ciscaucasia under the influence of the Siberian
anticyclone. Due to a significant difference in pressure, air flows
quickly, forming strong, often stormy, easterly and north-easterly
winds. These winds prevail throughout the winter in the Caspian and in
the eastern parts of Ciscaucasia. There is almost no precipitation due to
the dryness of the air they bring. The air of the Siberian anticyclone
rarely penetrates further to the west. The whole of Western Ciscaucasia
is under the influence of the Black Sea depression: from here come
cyclones, which bring abrupt warming and heavy precipitation. In
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Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43
spring pressure weakens, thus establishing the conditions for an active
invasion of warm Mediterranean air. Already at the beginning of May,
over the whole territory of the North Caucasus, except for the high-
lands, summer conditions are established. In summer, incoming air is
actively transformed under the influence of the much warmed earth's
surface; the terrain of the region forms its own air (similar to the tro-
pical type). An anticyclone in the mid- and high troposphere occurs
above the plains, often for many weeks, with its characteristic weather
features: hot days prevail, with weak winds, small clouds and strong
warming of the surface layer of air, with hardly any rain. Occasionally
anticyclone conditions are replaced by periods involving passage of
cyclones. They usually move from the Atlantic through Western Europe,
Byelorussia and Ukraine, and to a much lesser extent, from the Black
Sea. Cyclones almost always originate in the west or north-west, and as
they move to the east and southeast, the air masses they bring lose their
moisture reserves. Therefore, not only in winter, but also in summer,
the western plain of Ciscaucasia is moistened more abundantly than the
eastern plain. At the start of autumn the features of summer circulation
still remain. Subsequently, the earth's surface starts to cool down no-
ticeably. And in November over the whole territory of the North
Caucasus, winter-type circulation is established. Thus, the winter and
summer precipitation regimes are irregular, which leads to high values
of the Concentration Index. Transitional seasons (spring and autumn)
are short and do not make a big contribution to precipitation dis-
tribution. So, the complex orography, the diversity of climates and the
essential features of atmospheric circulation lead to a very different
precipitation distribution in study region.
6. Conclusions
The precipitation Concentration Index was used in the present study
E. Vyshkvarkova et al. Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43

Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation in 1970–2010.

to investigate the statistical structure of precipitation intensity based
upon daily precipitation datasets. Analysis of rainy days is very im-
portant due to their great impact on environmental events such as
floods, droughts, soil erosion and also on water management.
The Concentration Index values obtained at 42 meteorological sta-
tions over the territory of Southern Russia range from 0.557 to 0.632.
The spatial analysis of the CI demonstrated different behaviours of
precipitation patterns, especially between east and other regions.
During the studied period, the eastern part of the region shows the
highest concentration of rainfall, whilst the northern, southern and
western parts exhibit relatively regular precipitation. The highest pre-
cipitation concentrations were found on the coast of the Caspian Sea
and in the territory of the Caspian Depression. This region is char-
acterized by a small annual amount of precipitation, as well as a low
annual number of rainy days. The Crimean peninsula is characterized
by low CI values in the north and high values in the east. The great
variety of climates in the territory of Southern Russia does not enable
significant correlations between the annual precipitation and the CI. In
addition, annual precipitation amount is not a precise indicator of the
temporal distribution of precipitation during the year. The same annual
amounts of precipitation may correspond to different daily distribution.
But significant correlation with main geographical factors was found:
positive between the CI values and longitude and negative between the
index and altitude. In the future, it is planned to continue work and
analyze the trend and distribution of the Concentration Index by sea-
sons.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by Spanish project CSO2014-
55799-C2-1-R and Climatology Group 2014SGR300. The authors are
grateful to the anonymous reviewers for the precious remarks and
comments which led to improve the initial version of this paper. We
would like to thank Evgeniy Rybalko for his technical assistance.

Annex A

Geographic coordinates, average annual precipitation (P), coefficient of variation (CV) and average number of rainy days (N) for meteorological
stations across Southern Russia during the 1970–2010 period.

Station Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) P (mm) N СV (%)

Akhty 41,47 47,73 1047.0 393 91 15

Anapa 44,90 37,30 30.0 513 106 22
Armavir 44,98 41,12 159.0 629 127 20
Astrakhan 46,28 48,05 − 23.0 222 75 27
Budennovsk 44,80 44,10 136.0 421 129 18

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E. Vyshkvarkova et al. Atmospheric Research 203 (2018) 36–43

Buynaksk 42,82 47,12 472.0 463 110 20

Certkovo 49,40 40,20 145.0 540 129 23
Chornomorske 45,52 32,72 10,0 377 98 29
Cimljansk 47,63 42,12 64.0 472 120 23
Derbent 42,07 48,30 − 19.0 387 91 20
Dzankoj 45,70 34,40 8,0 385 109 22
Elista 46,32 44,30 151.0 363 111 19
Feodosia 45,03 35,38 22.0 477 109 22
Frolovo 49,80 43,70 119.0 450 113 22
Gigant 46,52 41,35 79.0 532 127 15
Gudermes 43,40 46,10 75.0 456 111 27
Jaskul 46,20 45,40 − 7.0 263 81 24
Juzhno-Suhokumsk 44,35 45,83 19.0 294 87 26
Kaspiyskiy (Lagan) 45,40 47,40 − 24,0 223 78 27
Kerch 45,36 36,39 49.0 446 96 22
Kislovodsk 43,90 42,72 890.0 657 129 19
KrasnajaPoljana 43,60 40,20 566.0 1993 173 15
Krasnodar 45,03 39,15 29.0 705 122 20
Mahackala 42,97 47,55 28.0 356 93 26
MineralnyeVody 44,20 43,10 316.0 500 118 18
Nyzhniohirsk 45,45 34,71 20,0 417 106 28
Primorsko-Ahtarsk 46,03 38,15 3.0 597 112 18
Remontnoe 46,60 43,70 106.0 419 106 22
Rostov-na-Donu 47,25 39,82 66.0 609 125 20
Sevastopol 44,62 33,53 7,0 442 98 24
Shadzhatmaz 43,73 42,67 2070.0 642 147 19
Simferopol 44,95 34,12 181.0 513 115 25
Sotchi 43,58 39,77 57.0 1658 141 18
Stavropol 45,05 42,02 473.0 555 118 16
Taganrog 47,20 38,95 30.0 571 120 20
Tuapse 44,10 39,10 41.0 1391 138 17
Urjupinsk 50,80 42,00 110.0 444 130 22
VerhnijBaskuncak 48,20 46,70 35.0 279 91 25
Volshskiy 48,67 44,45 28.0 407 121 25
Yalta 44,48 34,16 72,0 573 109 34
Yevpatoriia 45,19 33,38 6,0 387 103 26
Zelenchukskaja 43,87 41,57 928.0 732 137 16

Annex B

Values of constants a and b and Concentration Index (CI) for stations across Southern Russia during the 1970–2010 period.

Station a b CI Station a b CI

Akhty 0.0416 0.0312 0,579 KrasnajaPoljana 0.0273 0.0357 0,604

Anapa 0.0520 0.0290 0,561 Krasnodar 0.0338 0.0333 0,597
Armavir 0.0340 0.0332 0,599 Mahackala 0.0316 0.0337 0,613
Astrakhan 0.0350 0.0326 0,605 MineralnyeVody 0.0305 0.0341 0,612
Budennovsk 0.0196 0.0384 0.632 Nyzhniohirsk 0.0545 0.0285 0,557
Buynaksk 0.0345 0.0328 0,605 Primorsko-Ahtarsk 0.0380 0.0320 0,591
Certkovo 0.0441 0.0307 0,574 Remontnoe 0.0357 0.0325 0,602
Chornomorske 0.0467 0.0299 0,575 Rostov-na-Donu 0.0394 0.0319 0,582
Cimljansk 0.0350 0.0328 0,597 Sevastopol 0.0401 0.0316 0,584
Derbent 0.0371 0.0319 0,604 Shadzhatmaz 0.0440 0.0306 0,576
Dzankoj 0.0487 0.0296 0,568 Simferopol 0.0336 0.0332 0,601
Elista 0.0316 0.0338 0,607 Sotchi 0.0312 0.0343 0,598
Feodosia 0.0293 0.0344 0,618 Stavropol 0.0381 0.0320 0,591
Frolovo 0.0509 0.0292 0,564 Taganrog 0.0346 0.0330 0,597
Gigant 0.0303 0.0343 0,607 Tuapse 0.0292 0.0349 0,605
Gudermes 0.0369 0.0322 0,597 Urjupinsk 0.0367 0.0324 0,592
Jaskul 0.0344 0.0328 0,606 VerhnijBaskuncak 0.0443 0.0305 0,579
Juzhno-Suhokumsk 0.0306 0.0339 0,616 Volshskiy 0.0326 0.0335 0,605
Kaspiyskiy (Lagan) 0.0278 0.0346 0,632 Yalta 0.0377 0.0320 0,593
Kerch 0.0443 0.0304 0,581 Yevpatoriia 0.0461 0.0301 0,575

42
E. Vyshkvarkova et al.
Kislovodsk 0.0406 0.0315 0,581
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