Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1295-1:1998
Incorporating
Corrigendum No. 1
Structural design of
buried pipelines under
various conditions of
loading —
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
ICS 23.040.01
12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 1295-1:1998
National foreword
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 34, an inside back cover and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
This British Standard, having document was last issued.
been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Amendments issued since publication
Engineering, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Board and comes
Amd. No. Date Comments
into effect on 15 June 1998
16110 31 May 2006 Corrections to National Annex
Corrigendum No. 1
© BSI 2006
ICS 23.040.01
Descriptors: Sanitation, water supply, water removal, water pipelines, buried pipes, pressure pipes, sewage, computation, mechanical
strength, loads: forces
English version
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1997-06-29. CEN members are
bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung
1997 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. EN 1295-1 : 1997 E
Page 2
EN 1295-1 : 1997
Foreword
6.4 Buckling of pressure pipes 6
This European Standard has been prepared by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 165, Waste water 6.5 Thrusts and longitudinal stresses 6
engineering, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. 7 Influence of construction procedures 6
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 7.1 General 6
national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement at the latest by January 1998, 7.2 Trenching procedures 6
and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn 7.3 Pipe bedding 6
at the latest by January 1998. 7.4 Filling procedures 7
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following 8 Design philosophies and factors of
countries are bound to implement this European safety 7
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Annexes
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, A (informative) Pipe definition according
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, to cross-sectional behaviour 7
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
B (informative) Nationally established
This standard is intended for use in conjunction with methods of design 7
the series of product standards covering pipes of
various materials for the water industry. B.1 Identification of methods and
addresses where they are available 8
This standard comprises two Parts:
± Part 1: General requirements, dealing with the B.1.1 Austria 8
requirements for structural design of pipelines and B.1.2 Belgium 8
giving the basic principles of the nationally B.1.3 Denmark 8
established methods of design;
B.1.4 Finland 8
± Part 2: Summary of the nationally established
methods of design, giving an overview of these B.1.5 France 8
methods as prepared by the various countries where B.1.6 Germany 8
they are in use.
B.1.7 Netherlands 9
B.1.8 Norway 9
Contents
B.1.9 Spain 9
Page B.1.10 Sweden 9
Foreword 2 B.1.11 Switzerland 10
0 Introduction 3 B.1.12 United Kingdom 10
1 Scope 3 B.2 Description of methods 11
2 Normative references 3 B.2.1 Austria 11
3 Definitions 3 B.2.2 Belgium 12
3.1 Installation terms 3 B.2.3 Denmark 12
3.2 Design terms 4 B.2.4 Finland 13
4 Requirements 4 B.2.5 France 14
5 Basis of design procedures 4 B.2.6 Germany 14
5.1 General 4 B.2.7 Netherlands 15
5.2 External loads 5 B.2.8 Norway 15
5.3 Limit states 5 B.2.9 Spain 15
5.4 Longitudinal effects 5 B.2.10 Sweden 16
6 Additional considerations for pressure B.2.11 Switzerland 17
pipelines 5
B.2.12 United Kingdom 17
6.1 General 5
6.2 Stresses and strains resulting from
simultaneous loads 5
6.3 Effect of pressure on deformation 6
© BSI 2006
Page 3
EN 1295-1 : 1997
1 Surface
2 Bottom of road or railway construction, if any
3 Trench walls
4 Main backfill (3.6)
5 Initial backfill (3.5)
6 Sidefill (3.12)
7 Upper bedding
8 Lower bedding
9 Trench bottom
10 Depth of cover (3.3)
11 Depth of bedding (3.1)
12 Depth of embedment (3.4)
13 Trench depth (3.13)
a Depth of lower bedding
b Depth of upper bedding
c Depth of initial backfill
© BSI 2006
Page 4
EN 1295-1 : 1997
3.1.1 compaction 4.2 The future owner of the pipeline is free to specify
Deliberate densification of soil during the construction the appropriate method of design to be adopted.
process. 4.3 The designer shall determine whether or not the
3.1.2 consolidation pipeline comes within the scope of the methods
covered by this standard.
Time-dependent densification of soil by processes
other than those deliberately applied during 4.4 The design adopted shall be such that
construction. construction may be carried out safely and so as to
ensure that the design assumptions regarding the
3.1.3 embedment
influence of construction procedures and soil
Arrangement and type(s) of material(s) around a characteristics will be satisfied.
buried pipeline which contribute to its structural
performance. 4.5 Subject to the other requirements of clause 4,
design should be carried out preferably using in its
3.2 Design terms entirety one of the methods in annex B of this
3.2.1 bedding factor standard.
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
Ratio of the maximum design load for the pipe, when 4.6 Methods of design, in accordance with annex B,
installed with a particular embedment, to the test load when presented in the form of tables, charts or
which produces the same maximum bending moment. computer programmes, shall be deemed equivalent to a
full calculation, provided that any simplification does
3.2.2 design pressure (DP) not reduce the level of safety to below that which
Maximum operating internal pressure of the system or would be obtained by full design. Outputs from
of the pressure zone fixed by the designer considering computer programmes shall be capable of verification.
future developments but excluding surge.
4.7 Where a design method other than one of those in
3.2.3 load bearing capacity annex B is employed, the designer shall satisfy himself
Load per unit length that a particular combination of that the method constitutes a coherent system and
pipe and embedment can sustain without exceeding a provides the level of safety required.
limit state. 4.8 Account shall be taken of the probable
3.2.4 maximum design pressure (MDP) consequences of pipeline failure in establishing the
Maximum operating internal pressure of the system or acceptable level of safety.
of the pressure zone fixed by the designer considering 4.9 The values adopted for all variables, including
future developments and including surge, where: factors of safety, shall be in accordance with the
± MDP is designated MDPa when there is a fixed method used.
allowance for surge;
± MDP is designated MDPc when the surge is 5 Basis of design procedures
calculated.
5.1 General
3.2.5 silo effect Whilst there are differences between some of the
Effect whereby lateral earth pressure in trench backfill established national design procedures, there are no
causes friction at the trench wall to carry part of the differences in respect of the fundamental basis of
weight of the backfill. design, which is the interactive system consisting of
3.2.6 soil-structure interaction the pipe and the surrounding soil.
Process whereby the deformations of soil and/or pipe The external loadings to be considered shall include
caused by the contact and reaction pressures between that due to the backfill, that due to the most severe
a pipe and the surrounding soil distribute the pressures surface surcharge or traffic loading likely to occur, and
to achieve equilibrium. those due to any other causes, producing a loading of
significant magnitude such as self weight of the pipe
3.2.7 system test pressure (STP) and water weight, as appropriate. The internal pressure
Hydrostatic pressure applied to a newly laid pipeline in in the pipeline, if different from atmospheric, shall also
order to ensure its integrity and tightness. be treated as a loading.
The design of the pipeline, and its embedment, shall
provide an adequate level of safety against the
4 Requirements appropriate ultimate limit state being exceeded. In
4.1 All pipelines shall be designed to withstand the addition, the design loading shall not result in any
various loadings to which they are expected to be appropriate serviceability limit state being exceeded.
subjected, during construction and operation, without
detriment to their function and to the environment.
© BSI 2006
Page 5
EN 1295-1 : 1997
© BSI 2006
Page 6
EN 1295-1 : 1997
Although the application of internal positive pressure effect, and this effect is taken into account for certain
will always produce some degree of re-rounding, the applications.
magnitude is difficult to predict. Also, although pipe The width of the trench can also influence the quality
ovalization benefits from internal pressure, stresses and of the lateral soil support at the sides of the pipes. This
strains may not benefit to the same extent (e.g. when effect is variously covered in the design procedures,
the deflected shape is not elliptical). via the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, the bedding
6.4 Buckling of pressure pipes factor, the soil modulus, etc.
Positive internal pressure assists pipes which are not The slope of the trench sides can affect the magnitude
rigid to resist any tendency to buckle, but since there of the backfill load, and, if vertical trench sides are
can never be complete certainty that the pressure may employed, consideration shall also be given to the
not be removed at some time during the life of the method of support.
pipeline, it is normal to design pipelines to resist If the trench supports are withdrawn after embedding
buckling without this assistance. and/or backfilling, voids are left which can cause
Pipelines subject to hydraulic transients may loosening of the soil, reducing the quality of the
experience sub-atmospheric pressures, and, although embedment and the friction on which the silo effect
these are usually of very short duration, they tend to relies, and also promote long term settlement.
increase the tendency to buckle. The presence of groundwater, and the use of measures
Proper account shall be taken of this possibility in the such as groundwater lowering to remove it during
design of such pipelines, and it is preferable to rely on construction, can have important effects. The absence
a conservative estimate of the sub-atmospheric of groundwater assists in the compaction of backfill,
pressure. When calculating stability, the but the subsequent return of groundwater after
sub-atmospheric pressure shall be added to the completion of backfilling can cause movements of soil
external pressure caused by sustained loading. particles, possibly leading to increased loads and
reduction of support to the sides of the pipe.
6.5 Thrusts and longitudinal stresses
7.3 Pipe bedding
A further effect of the application of internal pressure
in pipes is the generation of thrusts at bends and other If the nature of the ground at the base of the trench is
discontinuities. Depending on the type of provision such that it will not itself provide adequate support,
made for resisting these thrusts, the pipes and fittings then, for all types of pipe, the thickness of lower
may be subjected to additional longitudinal bending bedding shall be designed to ensure adequate support
and/or tensile stresses, and to excessive movement along the length of the pipeline.
which could cause dislocation of joints. Where pipes are installed in soft ground, the thickness
of the lower bedding may need to be increased in
order to prevent excessive settlement of the pipeline.
The thickness of upper bedding should be such as to
ensure that the bending moments in the pipe
(as calculated directly or covered by the bedding
factor) are acceptable.
© BSI 2006
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EN 1295-1 : 1997
deformation) and some into the native soil. The extent soil stiffnesses. This distinction is particularly useful in
to which the total compaction energy is so diverted the evaluation of the backfill load for which the
depends upon the pipe-soil stiffness ratio and the type pipeline should be designed.
of native soil. In other nationally established methods of design, the
Prediction of these effects is difficult and is further distinction between `flexible' and `rigid' is based on the
complicated by the sensitivity of some soils to type of material from which the pipe is made, and the
moisture content. The use of soils which are easy to way in which the material is used. Thus pipes whose
compact, and which have low sensitivity to moisture material would fracture at only small deformations of
content, can therefore greatly reduce the magnitude of the pipe cross-section are regarded as `rigid', whilst
strains developed in pipes as a result of installation. pipes whose cross-sections can deform substantially
without fracture are regarded as `flexible'.
8 Design philosophies and factors of Designers should take account of both considerations,
safety and recognize that the definition of a pipe as `rigid' or
`flexible' according to one approach may not invariably
Field and experimental studies of pipelines show be associated with the same definition in the other
variations in observed earth pressures and pipe approach. Having selected the design procedure to be
deformations, stresses and strains. The main cause of employed, designers should use the method of
these variations is the inevitable inconsistency of soil definition incorporated in that procedure.
characteristics and construction practices, already
described in clause 7 of this standard. The magnitude Whilst materials can be defined as flexible or rigid
of the variation can be reduced by good supervision, according to their failure strain, a pipe made from a
control measurement and by the use of fill materials material with a low failure strain will not necessarily
which are easily placed and treated, but some degree be defined as rigid. Materials which fail at low
of variation is inevitable. elongations, if used in thin-walled pipe, may produce
very flexible pipes, because the deformation of the
Variations in pipe characteristics, such as strength or pipe cross-section corresponding to the limiting strain
elasticity, also occur in practice. in the pipe wall is large. This aspect of material and
Appropriate allowance for these variations should be pipe performance is usually dealt with by calculating
made at the design stage and should be in accordance the pipe deformation corresponding to the limiting
with one of the following design philosophies. strain, and using this as a basis for establishing an
a) The design procedure shall aim to predict the absolute limit on permissible pipe deformation.
mean values of loads, and shall compare these with
the load bearing capacity of the pipeline based on Annex B (informative)
mean values of pipe strength or stiffness (for
example as derived by calculation), and on average Nationally established methods of design
earth pressure distribution assumptions. This annex includes the nationally established methods
b) The design procedure shall aim to predict the of design declared, submitted by and used in member
maximum possible (high fractile or upper bound) countries and collated by the joint working group. The
values of loads, and shall compare these with documents listed in B.1 have been submitted to the
estimates of the load bearing capacity of the pipeline joint working group except those in B.1.4, B.1.9
based on lower bound (or low fractile) values of and B.1.11.
pipe strength or stiffness (for example as established
by testing), and on unfavourable earth pressure
distribution assumptions.
© BSI 2006
Page 8
EN 1295-1 : 1997
© BSI 2006
Page 9
EN 1295-1 : 1997
procedure for plain and reinforced pipes to be laid pipelines are given in:
into the ground, according to CUR report no. 122 (a). ± UNE 88211 Asbestos-cement pipelines. (Guide for
selection of asbestos cement pipes subject to
These standards may be obtained from:
external loads with or without internal pressure).
a) CUR ± UNE 53331 Plasticos. TuberõÂas policloruro de
PO Box 420 vinilo (PVC-U) y polietileno de alta densidad
NL-2800 AK Gouda (PE-HD). Criterio para la comprobacioÂn de los
tubos a utilizar en conducciones con y sin presioÂn
b) Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut (NNI) sometidas a cargas externas (Plastics-uPVC and
Kalfjeslaan, 2 HDPE pipes Ð Guide for selection of gravity and
PO Box 5059 pressure pipelines subjected to external load).
NL-2600 GB Delft
These standards may be obtained from:
B.1.8 Norway AENOR
FernaÂndez de la Hoz, 52
The Norwegian method for concrete pipes is based on
the following documents: SP-28010 Madrid
± Design loads on concrete pipes in road B.1.10 Sweden
construction The Swedish nationally established methods are given
in:
Internal report No. 1521
Norwegian Road Research Laboratory ± VAV P70 MarkavloppsroÈr av plast foÈr
± Earth pressure on concrete pipes sjaÈlvfallsledningar i jord (Buried
gravity sewer plastic pipes)
Internal report No. 1554 Stockholm 1992
Norwegian Road Research Laboratory ± VAV P43 Trafiklast paÊroÈrledning med
These documents may be obtained from: jordoÈverfyllning,
Norwegian Road Research Laboratory September 1982 (Traffic load on buried
Postbox 8142 DEP pipelines)
N-0033 OSLO ± VAV P48 HaÊlfasthetsdimensionering av
roÈrledning av armerad beton med
The Norwegian method for plastics pipes is based on jordoÈverfyllning, July 1986 (Strength
the following document: calculation of buried pipeline of
± VAV P70 MarkavloppsroÈr av plast foÈr reinforced concrete pipes)
sjaÈlvfallsledningar i jord (Buried gravity sewer
± VAV P56 Anvisningar foÈr provning av
plastics pipes) Stockholm 1992.
armerade betonroÈr,
This standard may be obtained from: April 1993 (Instructions for quality
VAV control of reinforced concrete pipes)
Regeringsgatan 86 ± VAV P9 Anvisningar foÈr oarmerade betongroÈr,
S-111 39 Stockholm April 1991 (Instructions for
non-reinforced concrete pipes)
These standards may be obtained from:
VAV
Regeringsgatan 86
S-111 39 Stockholm
© BSI 2006
Page 10
EN 1295-1 : 1997
The following publications are regarded as the primary 8) The Building Regulations 1985: Drainage and
sources of information regarding the standard UK Waste Disposal: Approved Document H.
procedures:
Published by The Stationery Office.
1) BS 8005 : Part 1 Guide to new sewerage
construction Scope: Provides simplified design procedures for
non-pressure pipelines of DN 150 and smaller sizes.
Published by the British Standards Institution
9) Revised bedding factors for vitrified clay drains
Scope: Recommends that all sewerage design should and sewers
normally use the `computed load method based on
the work of Marston, Spangler and others'. Bedding (Information and Guidance Note No. 04-11-02).
factors are recommended for use in rigid pipe Published by the Water Research Centre.
design, and references to other documents are Scope: Provides guidance relating to bedding factors
provided for details of design procedures for rigid for all rigid pipes at an appropriate time.
and flexible pipe sewers.
10) Directive for selection of asbestos-cement pipes
2) BS 8301 Building drainage subject to external loads with or without internal
Published by the British Standards Institution. pressure (ISO 2785)
Scope: Limited to pipes of DN 300 and smaller sizes. Scope: Detailed design procedures for pressure and
Provides simplified design recommendations for non-pressure asbestos-cement pipelines in trench
rigid and flexible pipes in normal installation and embankment installations.
circumstances. NOTES
3) Simplified tables of external loads on buried i) A review of bedding factors and factors of safety for rigid
pipelines pipes is currently being undertaken by the water industry in the
Published by The Stationery Office. UK. Amendments may be introduced from time to time in the
light of experience, research and development.
Scope: Provides simplified design procedure for rigid ii) The documents listed above make reference to certain
pipes, ranging in diameter from DN 100 to DN 3000, further documents for detailed guidance on design, and these
installed in trench conditions. further documents may themselves be regarded as
4) A guide to design loadings for buried rigid pipes representative of the established methods used in the UK.
iii) Also published in the UK, by various pipe manufacturing
Published by The Stationery Office organizations, are design guides and manuals covering the
Scope: Provides detailed design procedure for rigid application of the established methods to specific types of pipe.
pipes installed in trench and embankment Loads on buried concrete pipelines: Tables of total design
conditions. Pressure and non-pressure pipelines are loads in trench (Concrete Pipe Association).
covered. Design tables for determining the bedding construction of
5) Pipe materials selection manual Ð Water vitrified clay pipelines (Clay Pipe Development Association)
mains : UK Edition
Published by the Water Authorities Association and
the Water Research Centre.
Scope: Provides detailed design procedures for
pressure and non-pressure GRP pipelines, and for
pressure pipelines in PVC and polyethylene. Trench
and embankment installations are covered. Provides
general guidance on the design of pipelines using
other materials, and provides references to other
documents for guidance on their detailed design.
© BSI 2006
Page 11
EN 1295-1 : 1997
© BSI 2006
Page 12
EN 1295-1 : 1997
© BSI 2006
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EN 1295-1 : 1997
In the longitudinal direction of the pipe the bedding B.2.3.3 Partial safety factors
reaction is assumed to be uniformly distributed. If the ± Design loads
length of the pipe is large in relation to its diameter,
due consideration shall be given as to the validity of The design load is determined as the sum of the
this assumption. characteristic permanent load and the characteristic
variable load, both multiplied by the actual partial
± Determination of loads safety factor gf.
The permanent and the variable loads are determined For the serviceability limit state gf is 1,0 for both
as follows. types of loads and for the ultimate limit state gf is
± Earth load 1,0 for the permanent load and 1,3 for the variable
The characteristic vertical load on a pipe is: load.
nj = lghd kN/m2 ± Design material parameters
where l is the earth load coefficient, g is the specific The design value of the load bearing capacity of the
weight of the backfill (kN/m3) and hd is the height of pipe is determined as the characteristic value divided
earth cover (m) with the relieving effect of the by the actual partial safety factor gm.
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
lateral pressure being included in l. gm is 1,3 to 1,5 depending on the factory production
The standard gives values for l depending on the control, when estimating the load bearing capacity
installation conditions (e.g. l = 1,6 for normal laying on the basis of full scale tests.
class and g = 21 kN/m3) which can be used instead For reinforced pipes which are structurally analysed
of a closer examination according to Marston. solely on the basis of calculations, partial safety
± Self weight of pipe factors for the reinforcement, respectively the
concrete, shall be fixed according to the standard for
The loading effect of the self weight of the pipe shall
design of concrete structures.
be included, either as a reduction in the load bearing
capacity of the pipe or as an equivalent addition to B.2.3.4 Calculations
the vertical load. It shall be proved that the design load bearing capacity
± Uniformly distributed surface load of a pipe is greater than the design effect of actions
The action on the pipe is nq = lq kN/m2 from a considered.
uniformly distributed characteristic surface ± Determination of effects of actions
load q kN/m2. When determining the internal forces with a view to
± Traffic loads evaluating the serviceability limit state, the elasticity
The action from any wheel loads is determined in theory shall be used with the commonly accepted
accordance with Boussinesq's theory. approximations.
For roads, a three-axle load group is assumed in When determining the internal forces with a view to
which each axle load consists of two wheel loads evaluating the ultimate state, the elasticity theory
of 65 kN for normal and 100 kN for heavy road shall be applied in the case of unreinforced pipes,
traffic. These loads include an impact factor which is and either the elasticity theory or the plasticity
independent of the earth cover. theory in the case of reinforced pipes.
± Load from external and internal water pressure ± Determination of load bearing capacity
The effect on a pipe due to its water-filled state shall For unreinforced pipes the load bearing capacity is
normally be included, either as a deduction in the determined by a calculation on the basis of the
load bearing capacity of the pipe or as an equivalent actual laying conditions and the declared design
addition to the vertical load. strength based on the crushing test load.
For reinforced pipes the load bearing capacity may
B.2.3.2 Safety
be determined on the basis of tests or calculations.
The safety shall be evaluated in accordance with the If calculations are applied, the rules of the standard
partial coefficient method. The load bearing capacity of for design of concrete structures shall be applied.
a pipe can either be determined arithmetically or by a
± Determination of laying depths
combination of calculation and testing.
The maximum and possibly minimum acceptable
In the safety analysis both the serviceability limit state
laying depths for a pipe shall be determined by a
and the ultimate limit state shall be considered.
load estimation in such a way that the actual design
loads are equal to the design load bearing capacity
of the pipe.
B.2.4 Finland
No text available.
© BSI 2006
Page 14
EN 1295-1 : 1997
© BSI 2006
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EN 1295-1 : 1997
in a continuous way from the rigid pipe to the flexible theory is applied and lateral earth pressure is taken
one. This model is based on theories published by into account.
G. Leonhardt.
For the earth loads the rules in CUR report B.2.8.1.2 Traffic load
No. 122 correspond to those in the ATV-standard A 127. The design traffic load is based on an axle load
Different concentration factors are used for surface of 2 3 130 kN which includes a dynamic impact factor.
and earth loads. For concentrated loads due to traffic, The wheel loads are assumed to act on an
Boussinesq's theory is used but modified by a specific area 0,2 m 3 0,6 m and the pressure distribution is
concentration factor to take into account the stiffness calculated according to the theory of Boussinesq.
of the pipe with respect to the surrounding soil. The
traffic load on the pipe is further averaged according B.2.8.2 Design of buried plastic pipes according to
to the theory of Braunstorfinger. VAV P 70 (Swedish standard)
In a third step, bending moments, normal forces and See B.2.10.1.
stresses are calculated by the rules of mechanics. B.2.9 Spain
The following assessment criteria are given.
B.2.9.1 Concrete pipes
± For unreinforced pipes:
The Spanish structural design method for reinforced
Ultimate limit state. The flexural tensile strength is concrete and prestressed concrete pressure pipes
determined from crushing load tests. A reduction considers Marston's theory to evaluate soil actions on
factor of 0,9 is used to take into account the possible the pipe.
long-term nature of some loads.
The theoretical method for calculation of a pipe is
The partial load factors and material parameters to be according to T. Turazza's book on large diameter
used are given in CUR report No. 122. reinforced and prestressed concrete pipes.
± For reinforced pipes: Basic input data includes geometrical characteristics,
The design is based on calculations using basic data concrete and steel characteristics, type of soil, depth
such as concrete grade, steel grade and and overloads, pressure and safety factors to be
reinforcement percentage. One serviceability limit considered.
state (allowable crack width) and three failure
criteria are used. Failure criteria are given for B.2.9.2 Asbestos-cement pipes
bending, shear (diagonal tension) and radial tension. For asbestos-cement pipelines, UNE 88211 is based on
The partial load factors and material parameters to ISO 2785 with some modifications which increase the
be used are given in CUR report No. 122. safety of the method:
± distance between axes for standard vehicles has
B.2.8 Norway been reduced;
B.2.8.1 Design of rigid pipes according to internal ± lateral soil reaction pressure due to deformation of
reports 1521 and 1554 pipe is always disregarded;
± the recommended minimum safety factor for
non-pressure pipes has been increased
from 1,5 to 1,6.
© BSI 2006
Page 16
EN 1295-1 : 1997
The pipe embedment and load distribution is assumed Safety coefficients take into account variations in
to be constant in the longitudinal direction. The resistance and dimensions of pipes, loads, soil
structural system consists of an elastic embedded characteristics and pipe laying procedures.
circular ring.
B.2.10 Sweden
Loads
The following loads are considered: B.2.10.1 Design of buried plastics pipes according to
VAV P 70
± a vertical earth pressure, taking into account the
concentration factor of vertical earth pressure B.2.10.1.1 Soil load
depending on the pipe-soil system stiffness; The soil load can be determined according to the
± a lateral earth pressure resulting from the vertical embankment or to the trench theory. In Sweden,
earth pressure; plastics pipes have traditionally been designed
± vertical superimposed concentrated and distributed according to the embankment theory.
traffic loads, taking into account the road structure; B.2.10.1.2 Traffic load
± internal water load. The influence of traffic load is calculated by applying
Load distribution the pressure distribution according to the theory of
Different soil pressure distributions are suggested Boussinesq. The most common design traffic load
depending on the bedding conditions. recommended in Sweden is presently defined as an
axle load of 2 3 130 kN, which includes a dynamic
Method of calculation impact factor.
The structural calculation method derives the
maximum ring bending moments in the wall of the B.2.10.1.3 Short-term deflection
buried pipe. A distinction is made between the crown, According to the Swedish method, the maximum
the spring line and the invert of the pipe. vertical deflection is determined in the following way.
In the equation to calculate the ring bending moment, First, the theoretical deflection is calculated. To this
the following is taken into account: value are added empirical allowances for deformation
effects caused by the installation method used
± total vertical pressure on the pipe composed of the (installation factor) and by the effect of uneven pipe
earth pressure and the traffic load pressure; bed conditions (bedding condition factor).
± lateral earth pressure;
According to experience the average deflection is in
± internal water load. most cases estimated by just excluding the bedding
The influence of each of these pressures on the ring condition factor.
bending moment is determined by means of so-called The theoretical deflection caused by loads is calculated
ring bending moment factors. These are chosen out of according to the Molin equation (modified Spangler
a table as a function of the bedding angle and the type formula). In this equation, consideration is given to the
of bedding. load factor, the load distribution factor and the lateral
Safety factors soil pressure coefficient.
Three safety factors are determined:
± a safety factor against crushing of a pipe loaded
externally without any internal pressure;
± a safety factor against crushing when an internal
hydraulic pressure is applied together with a ring
bending moment;
© BSI 2006
Page 17
EN 1295-1 : 1997
© BSI 2006
Page 18
EN 1295-1 : 1997
using Rankine's active lateral earth pressure coefficient. design strengths for rigid pipes are close to the lower
Consequently, for both trench and embankment bound. Bedding factor values are also regarded as
conditions, the soil load on flexible pipes is taken as conservative in the light of experimental data. For
the geostatic earth pressure, and on rigid and these reasons, a factor of 1,25 is normally used in rigid
semi-rigid pipes as greater than the geostatic pressure. pipe design, though designers are recommended to
Surcharge loads are calculated using Boussinesq's consider whether there are any particular
theory, for various vehicle wheel loading patterns, circumstances warranting the use of a higher value.
representing the most severe loadings which might In the design procedures for flexible and semi-rigid
apply in various locations. pipes, conservative design is primarily ensured by the
External loads on flexible and semi-rigid pipes are use of soil modulus values regarded as close to the
normally expressed as vertical pressures, and for rigid lower bound. The allowable stress and strain values
pipes as loads per unit length of pipeline. used in design incorporate various specified safety
factors.
B.2.12.1.4 Flexible pipe response
B.2.12.2 Calculation procedures
Pipe deflection and buckling stability are calculated in
all cases. In the case of thermoplastic pipes, the Three basic calculation procedures are used, covering
bending stress is only calculated for pressure pipelines, rigid, semi-rigid and flexible pipes. These three
where it is added to the hoop tensile stress. categories normally include the following pipe
materials:
Pipe deflection is calculated using Spangler's equation,
but using values of the soil modulus and deflection lag
rigid: asbestos cement, clay, concrete and
factor derived from UK research and experience.
reinforced concrete.
Leonhardt's procedure is used for adjusting the soil
modulus to take account of the influence of the native semi-rigid: ductile iron.
soil. flexible: steel, thermoplastics, reinforced
The bending strain in the walls of GRP pipes is thermosetting plastics (GRP).
calculated using Molin's equation, but with values of
the strain factor which are varied to take account not It is also permissible to treat pipelines of
only of pipe and soil stiffnesses, but also of the energy asbestos-cement pipes as semi-rigid, and to design
applied in compacting the soil. according to ISO 2785.
B.2.12.1.5 Semi-rigid pipe response
Pipe wall bending stress is calculated for pressure and
non-pressure ductile iron pipes but it is not added to
the hoop tensile stress in pressure pipes. Deflection is
checked using similar procedures to those for flexible
pipes. Bending stress in the walls of ductile iron pipes
is calculated using the Spangler stress equation. Large
diameter asbestos-cement pipes are regarded as
semi-flexible and may be designed according to
ISO 2785.
© BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
© BSI 2006 19
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
derived from equations (2) and (3). If the lower value +4.0 Cc = 2.19 (H/Bc) 2 0.21
is given by equation (2), then complete projection +5.0 Cc = 2.28 (H/Bc) 2 0.22
conditions exist, whilst if the lower value is given by
equation (3), then incomplete projection conditions NOTE. See NA.4.3 for guidance on values of rsd and p.
apply.
e2KmH/Bc 21 NA.4.1.2 Soil load Wc in narrow trench installations:
Cc = (2) Wc = CdgBd2 (4)
2Km
where
e2KmHe/Bc 21 H H
Cc = + 2 e e2KmHe/Bc (3) 1 2 e22Km9H/Bd
2Km Bc Bc Cd =
2Km9
In which He is the height of the plane of equal For pipelines in trenches, the backfill load is calculated
settlement above the top of the pipe. With Km set according to equation 1 and equation 4 and the lower
at 0.19, the values in table NA.2 are obtained for Cc. value is used for the pipeline design.
NA.4.1.3 For details of soil load in negative
projection conditions, see B.1.12.
NA.4.1.4 Concentrated surcharge load, Wcsu:
Wcsu = PsBc (5)
where the value of the surcharge pressure, Ps, is
obtained from figure NA.6, NA.7, NA.8 or NA.9.
20 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
NA.4.1.5 Equivalent load due to weight of water in The value of Km9 is taken as the lower of the values
pipe, Ww: for the backfill material, and the native soil in the
Ww = Cw¾w;(D – t)2/4 (6) trench sides.
in which the value of Cw is normally taken as 0.75. NA.4.3.2 Settlement deflection ratio
NA.4.1.6 Total design external load, We: The recommended values of the settlement deflection
We = Wc + Wcsu + Ww (7) ratio rsd and ranges for the native soil modulus E93
NOTE. Substitute W’c for Wc for wide trench or embankment are given in table NA.4.
installations.
NA.4.2 Supporting strength of rigid pipes
The supporting strength of rigid pipes is the product Table NA.4 Recommended values for rsd
of the pipe strength and the bedding factor, and must and E93
be at least equal to the total design load calculated Foundation rsd E93
from equation 7. MN/m2
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
Minimum recommended bedding factor, Fm: Unyielding (e.g. rock) 1.0 >14
Fm $ WeFse/Wt (or W9t) (8)
Normal 0.5 to 0.8 3 to 14
Recommended design values of the bedding factor can
Yielding (e.g. soft ground) 0 to 0.5 <3
be obtained from table NA.7. Refer to product
standards for design values of crushing strength (Wt). NOTE. Guidance on the relationship between native soil moduli
and soil types is given in table NA.1.
NOTE 1. For pressure pipelines a reduction factor has to be
applied to the crushing strength to take account of the effect of
the internal water pressure. NA.4.3.3 Projection ratio
NOTE 2. Refer to table NA.5 for recommended values of factor of The projection ratio, p, is calculated as the proportion
safety.
of the pipe external diameter that is above firm
Crushing strength adjustment W9t for reinforced bedding level or the natural ground level. For class D,
concrete pressure pipes: F and N beddings (see table NA.7) the value of p is
W9t = Wt(1 2 Pw/Pu) (9) unity, and for other granular and concrete beddings
The working pressure Pw should not exceed: p is 0.7.
Pu(1 2 Wc/WtFm)/Fsi NOTE. In calculation, the settlement deflection and projection
ratios are used in combination, and design values of their product
Crushing strength adjustment W9t for asbestos cement (rsdp) are often taken as 0.7 for class D, N or F beddings
pressure pipes: (see table NA.7) and 0.5 for classes B and S.
W9t = Wt (1 2 Pw/Pu)0.5 (10) NA.4.3.4 Factors of safety
NOTE. The working pressure Pw should not exceed The recommended minimum values of safety factors
Pu(1 2 (Wc/WtFm)2)/Fsi. Fse and Fsi are given in table NA.5.
NA.4.3 Design data for rigid pipes
NA.4.3.1 Soil properties Table NA.5 Minimum values of Fse and Fsi
In the absence of specific data supporting the use of Pipe Fse Fsi
material
other values, it is normal practice to assume the
Non-pressure Pressure Pressure
following:
Km = 0.19 Clay 1.25 Ð Ð
Km9 = 0.13 Concrete 1.25 1.60 2.0
g = 19.6 kN/m3 DN Fsi
Where soils are more precisely identified, the values Asbestos 1.30 1.50 175 to 225 3.5
given in table NA.3 may be used. cement 250 to 500 3.0
Table NA.3 Values of Km and Km9 for specific 600 to 1000 2.5
soil types NOTE. For reinforced concrete pipes, Fse should not be less
than Wt/Wp.
Type of soil Km or Km9
Granular soils without cohesion 0.190
Maximum for sand and gravel 0.165
Saturated top soil 0.150
Maximum for ordinary clay 0.130
Maximum for saturated clay 0.110
© BSI 2006 21
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
Pe = CcgBc (12) NOTE. The initial deflection is obtained with the value of DLsr set
at 1, and the long-term deflection with DLsr = 1 + 0.8n(DL – 1);
where Cc has the lower of the values derived from where DL is the value obtained from table NA.6. If the working
equations 2 and 3. Equation 3 is solved using table pressure is 3 bar1) or more, and if the depth of cover does not
exceed 2.5 m, the long term deflection can be reduced by the
NA.2, with the settlement deflection ratio rsd evaluated factor DR = 1 – (Pi/40), where Pi is the internal pressure in bars.
as follows:
NA.5.2.4 Bending stress sbs:
rsd = 0.7 (1 2 n) (13)
sbs = EDf(D/D) (t/D) (19)
NA.5.1.3 Soil pressure Pe in trench installations:
NA.5.3 Design data for semi-rigid pipes
CdgBd2
Pe = (14) It is normal practice to assume the following:
nBd + (1 2 n)Bc
Km = 0.19
with the value of Cd obtained from equation 4.
Km9 = 0.13
The design value of soil pressure Pe is the lower of
the values obtained from equations 12 and 14. Values of the deflection coefficient (Kx), deflection lag
factor (DL) and strain factor (Df) for use in
NA.5.1.4 Total vertical external pressure, P:
equations 18 and 19 can be obtained from table NA.6.
P = Pe + Ps (15)
The allowable ovalizations for ductile iron pipes given
NOTE. The value of the surcharge pressure Ps can be obtained
directly from figure NA.6, NA.7, NA.8, or NA.9. in EN 545 and EN 598 are intended to ensure that the
allowable bending stress is not exceeded.
NA.5.2 Supporting strength of semi-rigid pipes
NA.6 Flexible pipes
NA.5.2.1 The modulus of soil reaction (E92) for the
selected pipe surround material, at the chosen level of NA.6.1 Design pressures for flexible pipes
compaction, is obtained from table NA.6. Guidance on Vertical soil pressure Pe:
evaluation of the corresponding modulus for the Pe = gH (20)
native soil (E93) can be found in table NA.1, taking
The total external pressure for design purposes, P, is
account of site investigation data. The effective overall
obtained from equation 15, with the value of surcharge
modulus (E9) may then be obtained using equation 16,
pressure Ps being obtained directly from figure NA.6,
for a particular trench width.
NA.7, NA.8 or NA.9.
22 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
© BSI 2006 23
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
NA.6.2 Supporting strength of flexible pipes NA.6.2.6 Combined stress in thermoplastics, sc:
NA.6.2.1 The modulus of soil reaction (E92) for the sc = (Pi 2 P) D/2t + EDf(D/D)R(t/D) (25)
selected pipe surround material, at the chosen level of NOTE 1. In equation 25 the long term value of E should be used.
compaction, is obtained from table NA.6. Guidance on NOTE 2. The value of P is obtained from equation 15.
evaluation of the corresponding modulus for the NOTE 3. Equation 25 applies to pipes buried with not less
native soil (E93) can be found in table NA.1, taking than 0.75 m cover.
account of site investigation data. NOTE 4. The form of equation 25 differs from the version
appearing in the second edition of the Pipe Materials Selection
NA.6.2.2 The effective overall modulus of soil Manual, in that the total vertical external pressure is deducted
reaction (E9) is obtained from equations 16 and 17. from the internal water pressure, not solely the soil pressure.
NOTE. If the trench width is more than 4.3 times the external NA.6.2.7 Strain in GRP pipes.
pipe diameter, the value of E9 is equal to the value of E92.
a) Bending strain in non-pressure pipes, eb:
NA.6.2.3 Factor of safety against buckling, Fs: eb = Df(D/D) (t/D) (26)
a) With soil support (applies in all cases): where
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
24 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
Yes
No Can required bedding factor be
obtained from standard values
(table NA.7)? Is pipe wall bending stress
calculated from equation 19
acceptable?
Yes
Yes
Figure NA.1 Flowchart for pipeline design Figure NA.2 Flowchart for pipeline
with rigid pipes design with ductile iron pipes
© BSI 2006 25
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
Yes No No
Yes
No
Yes
Is strain calculated from Design acceptable
equation 27 acceptable?
26 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
NOTE. The solid line represents the preferred route. NOTE. The solid line represents the preferred route.
Figure NA.4 Flowchart for pipline design Figure NA.5 Flowchart for pipeline design
with steel pipes with thermoplastic pipes
© BSI 2006 27
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Ma
2
20
Ps , kN/m
in
ro
ad
s
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
10 Lig
9
8
ht
7
roa
6
ds
5
4
Fie
3
lds
2
Inclusive of relevant
impact factors
1
0,5 0,7 0,9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
0,6 0,8 1,0
Cover depth, m
Figure NA.6 Surcharge pressure Ps due to vehicle wheels
28 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
500
2
HP: 700 kN/m tyre pressure
LP: 300 kN/m 2 tyre pressure
200
100
2
Ps , kN/m
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
50
30
20
20
10 10
Wheel load (tonnes)
including impact
factor
5
0,5 1 2 5 10
Cover depth, m
© BSI 2006 29
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
200
100
M
ai
50
n
lin
e
ra
ilw
Li
ay
gh
tr
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
ai
20
lw
2
ay
Ps , kN/m
10
2
0,5 1
2 5 10
Cover depth, m
Figure NA.8 Surcharge pressure Ps due to single track railway
30 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
10
k
k
rac
rac
ack
2 track
5t
4t
5 3 tr
Cover depth, m
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
© BSI 2006 31
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
,,
Y = 1/6 Bc Narrow Wide trench and embankment
trench
,,
300 Wide trench
1.1 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
D 1.1
Embankment
N
D
,,
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
,,
300
,,,,
Wide trench
1.1 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
N 1.1
Embankment
1.1 to 1.3 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
Y
,,
Bc
,,
300
Wide trench
1.5 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
45° F 1.5 1.9 (See ref 9. B.1.12)
,,,,,,
DN/20
Embankment
,,
,,,,,,
approx.
1.5 to 1.9 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
,,,,,, Y
,,
Bc
,,,,,,
Embankment
,,,,,,
1.9 to 2.3 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
,,,,,, Y
32 © BSI 2006
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
,,
Dimensions in millimetres
Bedding detail Bedding class Bedding factors
Y = 1/6 Bc Narrow Wide trench and embankment
trench
,,
Bc
,,,,,,
,,,,,, Y
300 Wide trench
,,,,,,
Embankment
,,,,,,
2.2 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
,,,,,, Y
,,
,,,
11/4 B c Wide trench
Bc+ 200 min. 2.6 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
Unreinforced 2.6
,
Embankment
300 min.
2.6 to 3 .7 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
120° A
Wide trench
,
3.4 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
,,
1/4 Bc Reinforced 3.4
Embankment
1/4 DN min. 2.6 to 3 .7 (See ref 4, B.1.12)
In situ ,,,
,,, Granular bedding Selected backfill All-in granular
material
concrete material material
© BSI 2006 33
BS EN 1295-1 : 1998
NOTE 1. See Table NA.6 for design parameters for embedment classes.
34 © BSI 2006
Licensed copy:Severn Trent Water Ltd, 21/08/2008, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
blank
BS EN
1295-1:1998
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