Communicable Disease

-caused by pathogenic microorganisms

-can be transmitted from an infected person to a susceptible person y direct,
indirect means or through a break in skin integrity.

Communicable Diseases are transmitted through: (DIBA)

Concept: All these modes are under HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION

Horizontal Transmission
-Manner of transfer of microorganisms is in a horizontal position

Vertical Transmission
-Manner in which microorganisms are transferred in vertical manner- from up
going down
Example: infected mother to newborn child transmission

1.Direct Mode of transmission

-person to person transmission

-most common through DROPLET transmission
Ex: Kissing and Sexual Contact
-Happens in Human

2.Indirect Mode of Transmission

-from a source of transmission to a new host with intermediary object

-a bridge connects you to an infected person
-Bridges or intermediate objects
Examples:
 Vehicle-borne Transmission
-non-living things
-articles used by patient like catheter, tubings, linens
 Vector-borne Transmission
-living things but are non-human
-insects, arthropods, rodents

3.Break in Skin Integrity

-Inoculation
-contaminated sharps or needles
-animal bites

4.Airborne Transmission

-microorganisms are suspended in air

-no limitation to distance travelled by microorganism
-microorganisms remains on surface
-travel is limited to a maximum distance of 3 feet.
Infectious Diseases

-There is a presence of a living microorganism in the body

-may not be transmitted through ordinary contact
-need not to be transferred from one person to another

Contagious Diseases

-diseases that can easily be transmitted

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
3 factors for a disease to take place: (HAE)
1.HOST
-A person
-An animal
Types of Hosts: (PCSC)

 Patient
-a person infected manifesting signs and symptoms
-least source of infection

 Carrier
-Individual who harbors microorganisms but shows no signs and
symptoms
-highest potential to spread infection

 Suspect
-Individual whose medical history and symptoms suggest that he may be
developing a specific infection

 Contact
-Individual who come in close association or in contact or exposed to
infected person

2.AGENT
-microorganisms
-they have the highest population among all living things
-not all are susceptible to microorganisms
-not all microorganisms are virulent

Virulence
-strength and power of microorganisms to cause infection
Pathogenicity of microorganisms
-capacity of microorganisms to cause infection

2 most common microorganisms causing infections

 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Causative Agent
(Violet Ball Sa Rotonda Cost Five hundred Philippine Pesos)
(VBSRCFPP)
 Viruses
-smallest known microbes
-Can only multiply in living things
-can pass through body filters:
 Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
 Placental Barrier (PB)

 Bacteria
-can multiply in both living and non-living things
-cannot pass through filters in the body because they are big
-simple, one-celled microbes with double cell membrane that protect them from
harm
-Reproduce rapidly
-most common cause of fatal infectious diseases
 Spirochete
-Bacterium with flexible, slender, undulating, spiral rods that possess cell wall
 Rickettsia
-Small
-gram-negative bacteria
-can induce life-threatening infections
-requires host cell for replication
-usually transmitted through bite of arthropod carriers like lice, fleas, ticks as well
as through waste products

 Chlamydiae
-smaller than rickettsiae but larger than a virus
-most common cause of infection of the urethra, bladder, fallopian tubes and
prostate gland
-most commonly transmitted through sexual contact

 FUNGI
-found almost everywhere on earth
-They live in organic matter, soil, water, animals and plants
-They live inside and outside the body
-they can be harmful or beneficial in cheese,yogurt, beer, wine and certain drugs
 PROTOZOA
-much larger than bacteria
-the simplest single-celled organism of the animal kingdom
-parasitic protozoa absorb nutrients from the body of the host

 PARASITES
-They live on or within other organisms of others
-they live at expense kill their host but take only the nutrients they need
3.ENVIRONMENT
-must be conducive and favourable to growth of microorganisms.
Example: Clostridium tetani will not cause infection in the presence of oxygen
because it is an anaerobic microorganism

TYPES OF INFECTION
(CON)
1.Community Acquired Infection
-Acquired from community
Ex: Dengue, PTB, CAP, Measles

2.Opportunistic
-set’s in if decrease immunity
-cancer,DM2, AIDS, Steroid theraphy, Aging, Stress

3. Nosocomial
-from the health setting after 72hours upon admission

Epidimiology
-study of distribution and pattern of disease

 Sporadic
 Endemic
-always present in a given place
 Epidemic
-sharp increase
-unpredictable pattern
-explosive pattern
 Pandemic
-nationwide or international epidemic
Example: SARS, HIV, EBOLA

STAGES OF INFECTION

1.Exposure
-contact by microbes

2.Incubation
-time for reproduction
-no signs and symptoms
-most dangerous

3.Prodomal
-early vague
-presence of signs and symptoms
-preload to acute stage
-confusing stage to diagnose
4.Acute
-pathognomonic signs exclusive symptoms of the disease
-not all has pathognomonic

5.Convalescene
-recovery

6.Reinfection
-recurrence

7.Relapse
-reactivation

CHAIN OF INFECTION (CRPMPS)

-a cycle
-it is continuous

1.Causative Agent
-microorganisms
2.Reservoir
-a place where microorganisms can live and multiply
Example:
 T.pallidum’s reservoir is the human genitalia
 Measles virus reservoir is the nasopharynx
 Salmonella typhosa’s reservoir are the peye’s patches of the small
intestine
3.Portal of Exit
-from the reservoir, microorganisms look for a way out
-this pertains to the individual’s body system
Examples:
 T. pallidum’s portal of exit is the genitourinary system
 Measles virus portal of exit is the respiratory system
 Salmonella typhosa’s portal of exit is the gastrointestinal tract
4.Mode of Transmission
-when outside of the host, this pertains to the microorganism’s means of
transportation
Examples:
 T.pallidum’d mode of transmission is sexual contact
 Measles virus mode of transmission is airborne nuclei
 Salmonella typhosa’s mode of transmission is fecal-oral ingestion
5.Portal of Entry
-A microorganism’s way in to the new host
-also corresponds to the individual’s body system
Examples:
 T.pallidum’s portal of entry is the genitourinary system
 Measles virus portal of entry is the respiratory system
 Salmonella typhosa’s portal of entry is the gastrointestinal tract
6.Susceptible Host
-objective or goal is to limit, prevent or control spread of communicable diseases
by breaking the chain of diseases
-look for the weakest link in the chain
-among the 6 factors, the MOT is the weakest link

DEFENSE MECHANISM

1.Primary
-non-specific physical and chemical response
 Skin: sweats
 Mucocilliary elevator
 Urine, saliva, tears

2.Secondary
-non-specific cellular response
-increase WBC
2 TYPES
 Granulocytes

A.Neutrophil
-fight bacteria and fungus
B.Eosinophil
-produces anti-histamine
-fights parasite

C.Basophils
-produces histamine
-causes allergic signs and symptoms

 Agranulocyte
A.Monocute: Largest phagocyte
-aka menophage

B.T-Lymphocyte
-aka T cells
-matures in thymus

TYPES:
1.Killer
-fights viruses and cancer
2.Helper
-helps the production of immune response
3.Suppression
-stop response
4.Memory
-it remembers
-cellular immunity
-active long term immunity
C. B Lymphocyte
-aka B cell
-mature in blood stream
-produces Hormonal Immunity

Anti-bodies on Immunoglobulin IG
-V shaped protein
- enhances Phagocytosis

Immunoglobulin (GAMED)
G -Placental Immunity
A -Body Secretion
M -largest IG
E -allergy
D -B cell maturation

THIRD LINE: SPECIFIC RESPONSE

Immunity
-state of having resistance
-state of being free from infection