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LACAMBRA BSN-II
PART 1 DEFINITION OF TERMS
A. Public Health
Science and Art of Preventing Disease, Prolonging Life, Promoting
Health and efficiency through organized community effort for the
sanitation of the environment, control of communicable diseases,
the education of individuals in personal hygiene, the organization
of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and
preventive treatment of disease, and the development of social
machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for
the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits as to
Enable Every Citizen to Realize His Birthright to Health and
Longevity
- Dr. C.E. Winslow
Art of applying Science in the Context of Politics so as to Reduce
Inequalities in Health while ensuring the best health for the
greatest number
- WHO
B. Public Health Nursing
Special Field of Nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public
health, and some phases of social assistance and functions as
part of the total public health program for the promotion of
health, the improvement of the conditions in the social and
physical environment, rehabilitation of illness and disability.
- WHO
C. Community Health Nursing
Service rendered by a professional nurse with communities,
groups, families, individuals at home, in health centers, in clinics,
in schools, in places of work for the promotion of health,
prevention of illness, care of the sick at home and rehabilitation.
- Ruth B. Freeman
Nursing Practice in a wide variety of community services and
consumer advocate areas, and in a variety of roles, at times
including independent practice… community nursing is certainly
not confined to public health nursing agencies.
- Jacobson
The utilization of the Nursing Process in the Different Levels of
Clientele-Individuals, Families, Population Groups and
Communities, concerned with the Promotion of Health,
Prevention of Disease and Disability and Rehabilitation
- Dr. Araceli Maglaya
Part 2 Basic Principles of CHN
A. Brief History of Nursing
The Community is the patient in CHN; The Family is the Unit of
Care; and there are four levels of clientele: Individual, Family,
Population Group (those who share common characteristics,
developmental stages, and common exposure to health problems
—e.g. children, elderly), and the Community
In CHN, the client is considered as an Active Partner, not a
passive recipient of care.
CHN Practice is affected by developments in Health Technology,
in Particular, Changes in Society, in General.
The goal of CHN is achieved through Multi-Sectoral Efforts
CHN is a part of the Health Care System and the larger Human
Services System
B. Philosophy of CHN
A philosophy is defined as a system of beliefs that provides a
basis for a guides action. A philosophy provides the direction and
describes the whats, the whys, and the hows of activities within a
profession.
CHN Practice is guided by the following beliefs:
Humanistic values of the nursing profession upheld
Unique and distinct component of health care
Multiple factors of health considered
Active participation of clients encouraged
Nurse considers availability of resources
Interdependence among health team members practiced
Scientific and up-to-date
Tasks of CHN vary with time and place
Independence or self-reliance of the people is the end goal
Connectedness of health and development regarded
Part 3 Roles and Functions of the Public Health Nurse
A. Roles of the CHN
Clinician or Health Care Provider: utilizes the nursing process in
the care of the client in the home setting through home visits and in
public health care facilities; conducts referral of patients to appropriate
levels of care when necessary
Health Educator: utilizes teaching skills to improve the health
knowledge, skills and attitude of the individual, family and the
community and conducts health information campaigns to various
groups for the purpose of health promotion and disease prevention
Coordinator and collaborator: establishes linkages and
collaborative relationships with other health professionals, government
agencies, the private sector, non-government organizations and
people’s organizations to address health problems
Supervisor: monitors and supervises the performance of midwives
and other auxiliary health workers; also initiates the formulation of
staff development and training programs for midwives and other
auxiliary health workers as part of their training function as supervisors
Leader and Change Agent: influences people to participate in the
overall process of community development
Manager: organizes the nursing service component of the local health
agency or local government unit; also, as program manager, the PHN is
responsible for the delivery of the package of services provided by the
health program to target clientele
Researcher: participates in the conduct of research and utilizes
research findings in practice
B. Responsibilities of the CHN
Be a part in developing an overall health plan, its implementation and
evaluation for communities.
Provide quality nursing services to the four levels of clientele
Maintain coordination/linkages with other health team members, NGO/
government agencies in the provision of public health services
Conduct researches relevant to CHN services to improve provision of
health care
Provide opportunities for professional growth and continuing education
for staff development
C. Specialized Fields of CHN
Community Mental Health Nursing: a unique clinical process which
includes an integration of concepts from nursing, mental health, social
psychology, psychology, community networks, and the basic sciences
Occupational Health Nursing: the application of nursing principles
and procedures conserving the health of workers in all occupation
School Health Nursing: the application of nursing theories and
principles in the care of the school population
Part 4 Levels of Care
A. The Three Levels of Health Care Services
Primary Level of Care: devolved to the cities and
municipalities and is the first contact between the community
people and the different levels of health facility; refers to health
care provided by the health center staff
Secondary Level of Care: rendered by physicians with basic
health training in district hospitals, provincial hospitals, and city
hospitals; these facilities are capable of basic surgical procedures
and simple laboratory examinations; serves as referral center of
primary health facilities
Tertiary Level of Care: rendered by specialists in medical
centers, regional hospitals and specialized hospitals like the Lung
Center of the Philippines; serves as the referral center of
secondary health facilities
B. Three levels of Health Care Services and the Two-Way Referral
System
National Health
Services, Medical
Centers, Tertiary TERTIARY
Teaching and Training
Hospitals
B. Family
-defined by Murray and Zentner is a small social system and
primary reference group made up of two or more persons living
together who are related by blood, marriage or adoption or who are
living together by arrangement over a period of time.
C. Population Groups
- a group of people sharing the same characteristics,
developmental stage or common exposure to particular environmental
factors thus resulting in common health problems
* Vulnerable groups:
Infants and young children
School age
Adolescents
Mothers
Males
Older People
D. Community
-a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries
and/or common values and interests