CHEMICAL REACTIONS & EQUATIONS

Class 10th Maharashtra Board New Syllabus

Prepared By – PAWAN WAGH ACADEMY

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Chemical Changes

Chemical changes take place on the molecular level. A chemical change produces
a new substance. Examples of chemical changes include combustion (burning),
cooking an egg, rusting of an iron pan, and mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide to make salt and water.

Physical Changes

Physical changes are concerned with energy and states of matter. A physical
change does not produce a new substance. Changes in state or phase (melting,
freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation) are physical changes. Examples
of physical changes include crushing a can, melting an ice cube, and breaking a
bottle.

The meaning of Chemical Reaction

A chemical equation is a chemist’s shorthand expression for describing a chemical

change. As an example, - consider what takes place when iron rusts. The equation
for this change is:
Fe + O2 → Fe2O3
In this expression, the symbols and formulas of the reacting substances, called the
reactants, are written on the left side of the arrow and the products of the reaction
are written on the right side. The arrow is read as “gives”, “yields”, or “forms” and
the plus (+) sign is read as “and”. When the plus (+) sign appears between the
formulas for two reactants, it can be read as “reacts with”. (The + sign does not
imply mathematical addition.)

Balancing the chemical equation

As it is written, the equation indicates in a qualitative way what substances are

consumed in the reaction and what new substances are formed. In order to have
quantitative information about the reaction, the equation must be balanced so that it
conforms to the Law of Conservation of Matter. That is, there must be the same
number of atoms of each element on the right hand side of the equation as there are
on the left hand side. If the number of atoms of each element in the equation above
are counted, it is observed that there are 1 atom of Fe and 2 atoms of O on the left
side and 2 atoms Fe and 3 atoms of O on the right.
Fe + O2 → Fe2O3
Left side: Right side: Here you can take any
1 atom Fe 2 atoms Fe reaction to balance.

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2 atoms O 3 atoms O
The balancing of the equation is accomplished by introducing the proper number
or coefficient before each formula. To balance the number of O atoms, write a 3 in
from of the O2 and a 2 in front of the Fe2O3:
Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
The equation, above, now has 6 atoms of O on each side, but the Fe atoms are not
balanced. Since there is 1 atom of Fe on the left and 4 atoms of Fe on the right, the
Fe atoms can be balanced by writing a 4 in front of the Fe:
4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
This equation is now balanced. It contains 4 atoms of Fe and 6 atoms of O on each
side of the equation. The equation is interpreted to mean that 4 atoms of Fe will
reaction with 3 molecules of O2 to form 2 molecules of Fe2O3.

It is important to note that the balancing of an equation is accomplished by placing

numbers in front of the proper atoms or molecules and not as subscripts. In an
equation, all chemical species appear as correct formula units. The addition (or
change) of a subscript changes the meaning of the formula unit and of the equation.

Steps of balancing the chemical equation

A chemical reaction in balanced by step by step. Trial and error method is
used balance the chemical reaction.
Step 1- write the chemical equation from the given word equation
NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4+ H2O
Step 2 - check the given equation whether it is balanced or not by
comparing the number of atoms of the various elements present on the
two sides of equation.
Step 3- it is convenient to start balancing an equation from the
compound which contains the maximum number of atoms.
Step 4 – Write down the final balanced equation after balancing it.
[Here you can take any other reaction to show balancing process]

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TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Most inorganic reactions can be classified into one of five general categories:
direct union or combination, decomposition, displacement, metathesis or double
displacement, and combustion reactions. Each of these will be discussed in more
detail in the following sections.

1. Direct Union or Combination Reactions

Any reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product is
a direct union or combination reaction. The general form of a direct union reaction
is Here you can take X, Y, Z
X + Y → XY or A, B , C

This type of reaction generally takes place between the following types of
compounds: A
a. A metal + non-metal
Here also add textbooks
2 Na + Cl → 2 NaCl equations
sodium chloride

Fe + S → FeS
iron(II) sulphide
b. Metal oxide + non-metal oxide
K2O + SO3 → K2SO4
Potassium sulfur potassium
oxide trioxide sulphate
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
Calcium carbon calcium
oxide dioxide carbonate

c. Non-metal + non-metal
C + O2 → CO2
Carbon dioxide

N2 + 3 Cl2 → 2 NCl3
Nitrogen trichloride

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2. Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition is the reverse of combination. That is, a single reactant is broken
down into two or more products either elements or compounds. A decomposition
reaction will take place because the compound is unstable or as a result of heating
or electrical decomposition (electrolysis). The general form for a decomposition
reaction is:
XY → X + Y
Some examples of decomposition reactions are:

2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2
mercury(II) oxide

2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
potassium potassium
chlorate chloride

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

calcium calcium carbon
carbonate oxide dioxide

3. Displacement Reactions (Sometimes called oxidation-reduction equations)

A displacement reaction involves an element reacting with a compound whereby
the element displaces a second element from the compound. The general form of
this type reaction is:
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reactions usually occur between the following combinations:
a. An active metal + an acid
When a metal which is above hydrogen in the activity series is reacted with an
acid, hydrogen is liberated and a salt is formed.
Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
hydrochloric zinc
acid chloride

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
Sulfuric magnesium
acid sulphate

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b. A metal + a salt
Each metal in the activity series displaces any metals below it to form a salt in
solution.
Cu + 2 AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
Silver copper(II)
nitrate nitrate

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
copper(II) iron(II)
sulphate sulphate
c. A Halogen + halide salt
A halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, At) will displace any less active halogen from a halide salt.
The order of activity decreases going from top to bottom down the halogen family
in the periodic table.
Cl2 + 2 NaI → 2 NaCl + I2
Sodium sodium
iodide chloride
4. Metathesis or Double Displacement Reactions
A metathesis is a double displacement reaction that usually occurs in water
solution. The general form of a metathesis reaction is:

AB + CD → AD + CB

In order to have any appreciable degree of completion of metathesis reactions, one

or both of the products must become unavailable for the reverse reaction. the
principal conditions that favor the completion of these reactions are:
(1) Formation of an insoluble compound - a precipitate
(2) Formation of a gas
(3) Formation of water
Metathesis reactions are generally classified as precipitation reactions or as
neutralization reactions.
a. Precipitation Reactions
In this type of reaction, two compounds which are water soluble react to form two
new compounds, one of which is a precipitate (i.e. insoluble in water). The
precipitate is often indicated by an arrow pointing downward, ↓, written next to its
formula.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
silver sodium silver sodium
nitrate chloride chloride nitrate

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BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ + 2 KCl

barium potassium barium potassium
chloride sulphate sulphate chloride

b. Neutralization Reactions (sometimes called acid-base reactions)

A neutralization reaction occurs between an acidic compound and a basic
compound to form a chemical salt and water.
1. Reaction between an acid and a base
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
hydrochloric sodium sodium water
acid hydroxide chloride

H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 → MgSO4 + H2O

Sulfuric magnesium magnesium water
acid hydroxide sulfate
2. Reaction between a metal oxide and an acid.
When oxides of many metals are added to water, bases are formed.
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Calcium calcium
Oxide hydroxide
(a metal oxide) (a base)
Generally, these metal oxides are called basic anhydrides and they act like bases
when mixed with acids.

CaO + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2O

Calcium hydrochloric calcium
Oxide acid chloride

Na2O + 2 HNO3 → 2 NaNO3 + H2O

sodium nitric sodium
oxide acid nitrate

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3. Reaction between a non-metal oxide and a base.

Many non-metal oxides are classified as acid anhydrides.These form acids when
mixed with water.
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3
Sulfur sulfurous
dioxide acid
(a non-metal oxide)

Non-metal oxides act as acids when mixed with a base.

SO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO3 + H2O
sulfur sodium sodium
dioxide hydroxide sulfite

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O

carbon calcium calcium
dioxide hydroxide carbonate

5. Combustion Reactions
Combustion reactions generally apply to organic compounds, such as
hydrocarbons, which are used as fuels. In these cases, the compound is being
burned in air (or oxygen) and producing carbon dioxide and water as products. A
general form for a combustion reaction is:

CnH2n+2 + [(3 n +1 )/2] O2 → n CO2 + (n+1) H2O

Note: The actual coefficients will vary based on the composition of the starting
compound. Some examples of combustion reactions are:

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

Propane

2 C4H10 + 9 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

Butane

C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

Ethanol

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Exothermic and Endothermic reactions

Many chemical reactions give off energy.
Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions.
KNO3 (s) + H2O (l) + Heat KNO3(aq)

Some chemical reactions absorb energy and are called endothermic reactions.

NaOH (s) + H2O (l) NaOH(aq) + Heat

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction

The chemical reaction in which a reactant combines with oxygen or loses hydrogen to
form the product is called oxidation reaction.
Here some of the examples show the gaining/combining the oxygen

2Cu(s) + O2(g) 2CuO(s)

2Mg + O2 2MgO
C + O2 C02

Similarly the chemical reaction in which reactants lose hydrogen to form product is
also oxidation.
MgH2 Mg + H2

+ H2

The chemical reaction in which reactants gain hydrogen is reduction reaction.

Similarly the chemical reaction in which reactants lose oxygen atom to form
product is also reduction.

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Redox Reaction

When oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously in a given chemical

reaction, it is known as redox reaction.
Redox Reaction Oxidation + Reduction
2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O

Neutralization

A salt is any compound which can be derived from the neutralization of an acid
and a base. The word "neutralization" is used because the acid and base properties
of H+ and OH- are destroyed or neutralized. In the reaction, H+ and OH- combine to
form HOH or H2O or water molecules. Neutralization is a type of double
replacement reaction. A salt is the product of an acid-base reaction and is a much
broader term then common table salt as shown in the first reaction.

The following are some examples of neutralization reactions to form salts.

a. HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + HOH

b. H2SO4 + 2 NH4OH --> (NH4)2SO4 + 2 HOH

c. 2 NaOH + H2CO3 --> N2CO3 + 2 NaOH

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Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction

1. Nature of the Reactants- On reaction of both Al and Zn with dilute hydrochloric
acid H2 gas is liberated and water soluble salts of these metals are formed.
However, the reaction of aluminium metal takes place faster as compared to zinc
metal. The nature of the metal is responsible for this difference. Al is more
reactive than Zn. Therefore the rate of reaction of Al with hydrochloric acid is
higher than that of Zn. Nature or reactivity of reactants influences the rate of a
chemical reaction.
2. Size of the Particles of Reactants - The rate of a reaction depends upon the size
of the particles of the reactants taking part in the reaction. Smaller the size of the
reactant particles, higher is the rate of the reaction.
3. Concentration of the reactants - Concentrated acid reacts faster than dilute acid,
which means that rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of
reactants. For example Dilute HCl reacts slowly with CaCO 3 and thereby CaCO3
disappears slowly and CO2 also liberates slowly. On the other hand the reaction
with concentrated HCl takes place rapidly and CaCO3 disappears fast.

4. Temperature of the Reaction- In decomposition reaction of lime stone. The lime

water does not turn milky before heating the lime stone; because of the zero rate
of reaction. From this it is learnt that the rate of a reaction increases on
increasing the temperature.

5. Role of Catalyst- On heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) decomposes slowly. The

rate of the above reaction neither increases by reducing the particle size nor by
increasing the reaction temperature. However, KClO3 decomposes rapidly in
presence of manganese dioxide (MnO2) to liberate O2 gas. No chemical change
takes place in MnO2 in this reaction. “The substance in whose presence the rate
of a chemical reaction changes, without causing any chemical change to it, is
called a catalyst.”

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Important points to remember

Corrosion
Due to various components of atmosphere, oxidation of metals takes place,
consequently resulting in their damage. This is called ‘corrosion’. Iron rusts and a
reddish coloured layer is collected on it. This is corrosion of iron. Corrosion is a very
serious problem.

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Rancidity

Most any food can technically become rancid. The term particularly applies to oils.
Oils can be particularly susceptible to rancidity because their chemistry which
makes them susceptible to oxygen damage. When food scientists talk about
rancidity, they are often talking about a specific type of rancidity involving oxygen
damage to foods, and this type of rancidity is called "oxidative rancidity." During
the process of oxidative rancidity, oxygen molecules interact with the structure of
the oil and damage its natural structure in a way that can change its odour, its taste,
and its safety for consumption.

Oxidation of fats, generally known as rancidity, is caused by a biochemical

reaction between fats and oxygen. In this process the long-chain fatty acids are
degraded and short-chain compounds are formed. One of the reaction products is
butyric acid, which causes the typical rancid taste.

Rancidification is the decomposition of fats, oils and other lipids by hydrolysis or

oxidation, or both. Hydrolysis will split fatty acid chains away from the glycerol
backbone in glycerides. These free fatty acids can then undergo further auto-
oxidation. Oxidation primarily occurs with unsaturated fats by a free radical-
mediated process. These chemical processes can generate highly reactive
molecules in rancid foods and oils, which are responsible for producing unpleasant
and noxious odours and flavours. These chemical processes may also destroy
nutrients in food. Under some conditions, rancidity, and the destruction of
vitamins, occurs very quickly.

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